Lecture Notes on Precalculus

Dr. Eleftherios Gkioulekas

Copyright c 2010 Eleftherios Gkioulekas. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this document provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.

Contents PRE1: PRE2: PRE3: PRE4: PRE5: PRE6: PRE7: PRE8: Review of geometry Trigonometric functions Trigonometric identities Trigonometric equations and inequalities Application to Triangles Vectors Sequences and series Conic sections 4 10 39 54 85 104 124 142

Trigonometric identities ab sin(a b) = sin a cos b sin b cos a cos(a b) = cos a cos b sin a sin b tan a tan b tan(a b) = 1 tan a tan b cot a cot b 1 cot(a b) = (!!) cot b cot a 2a

sin(2a) = 2 sin a cos a cos(2a) = cos2 a sin2 a = 2 cos2 a 1 = 1 2 sin2 a 2 tan a tan(2a) = 1 tan2 a cot2 a 1 cot(2a) = 2 cot a

sin(a + b) sin(a b) = sin2 a sin2 b cos(a + b) cos(a b) = cos2 a sin2 b 3a = sin(3a) = 4 sin3 a + 3 sin a cos(3a) = +4 cos3 a 3 cos a tan(3a) = In terms of cos 2a 1 + cos(2a) 1 cos(2a) sin2 a = cos2 a = 2 2 1 + cos(2a) 1 cos(2a) 2 2 tan a = cot a = 1 + cos(2a) 1 cos(2a) tan(a/2) 2 tan(a/2) 1 tan2 (a/2) sin a = cos a = 1 + tan2 (a/2) 1 + tan2 (a/2) 2 tan(a/2) 1 tan2 (a/2) tan a = cot a = 2 tan(a/2) 1 tan2 (a/2) 3 tan a tan3 a 1 3 tan2 a

Transformation to sum 2 sin a cos b = sin(a b) + sin(a + b) 2 cos a cos b = cos(a b) + cos(a + b) = 2 sin a sin b = cos(a b) cos(a + b) product ab a b sin a sin b = 2 sin cos 2 2 a+b ab cos a + cos b = 2 cos cos 2 2 a+b ba cos a cos b = 2 sin sin (!!) 2 2 sin(a b) tan a tan b = cos a cos b sin(b a) cot a cot b = (!!) sin a sin b

Also note the factorizations: (/2) a (/2) a cos 2 2 a (/2 b) a sin a cos b = sin a sin(/2 b) = 2 sin cos 2 1 + cos a = 2 cos2 (a/2) 1 cos a = 2 sin2 (a/2) 1 sin a = sin(/2) sin a = 2 sin (/2 b) 2

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References The following references were consulted during the preparation of these lecture notes. (1) Pistodes (1988): Algebra. I., unpublished lecture notes. (2) Pistodes (1989): Algebra. II., unpublished lecture notes. (3) Xenou (1994): Algebra and Analytic Geometry. 1, , Ekdoseis ZHTH. (4) Xenou (1995): Algebra B, Ekdoseis ZHTH. Lecture notes by Pistodes are available for download at http://www.math.utpa.edu/lf/OGS/pistodes.html