MOBILE COMMUNICATION STANDARDS

By Pradip Paudyal

GSM (GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE)

2 G, digital standard Wide range of services through the use of ISDN GSM Services and Features Teleservices: standard mobile telephony Data services: Packet switched traffic; Computer to computer communication

GSM SERVICES AND FEATURES

User Services are categorized as: Telephone Services: emergency calling, facsimile, videotext and teletext. Barrier Services/ Data Services: Limited to layer 1, 2, 3 of OSI model, support packet switched protocol, data rates from 300bps to 9.6 Kbps.

GSM SERVICES AND FEATURES

Supplementary ISDN Services: digital in nature Call diversion Caller identification Closed user group Short massaging services SMS call broadcast

GSM SERVICES AND FEATURES

Features Subscriber Identity Module; Memory devices stores the information such as subscriber identity number, network, country, privacy keys . On the air privacy: Cryptography key known only for carrier and changes with time for the user;

GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE CONT..

BSS (Base Station Subsystem) Also known as radio subsystem, provides and manages radio interface for transmission path. Contains many BS, BSC and MS NSS (Network Switching Subsystem) Manage switching function of the system Allow the MSC to communicate with other network such as PSTN and ISDN.

GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE CONT

NSS handles the switching of GSM call between external networks and BSCs NSS is responsible for managing and providing access to databases. MSC control the traffic among BSCs

GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE CONT

Contains three databases called; Home Location Register (HLR): Contains subscriber information and location information of user. Each subscriber is assigned a unique IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) number to identify the each home user. Visitor Location Register (VLR): Temporary store the IMSI and customer information for each roaming subscriber who is visiting particular coverage area of MSC. VLR are linked between several adjoining MSCs in particular geographical region.

GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE CONT

Authentication Center (AuC): Strongly protected database which handles the authentication and encryption keys for every single subscriber in HLR and VLR. Contains a register called EIR (Equipment Identity Register).

GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE CONT

OSS (Operation Support Subsystem) Support the operation and maintenance of GSM Allows the system engineer to monitor, diagnose and troubleshoot of all aspect of GSM system. Support one or more OMC (Operation and Maintenance Center)

GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE CONT

Three main function of OSS are: To maintain all telecommunication hardware and network operation with a particular market. Manage all charging and billing procedure Manage all mobile equipment in the system

INTERFACES USED IN GSM

INTERFACES USED IN GSM CONT

Interface which connect BTS and BSC called Abis interface. Abis interface carries traffic and maintenance data. BSCs are physically connected through dedicated/leased line or microwave link to the MSC A interface uses an SS7 protocol A interface allows service provider to use base station and switching equipment made by different manufacturer.

GSM RADIO SUBSYSTEM

Use two band of 25 MHz. 890-915 MHz band is used for reverse link. 935-960 MHz band is used for forward link. It use FDD, TDMA and FHMA. Available band is divided in to 200 KHz subchannel called ARFCN (Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number) ARFCN denotes forward and reverse channel pairs which are separated by 45 MHz and shared by 8 time slots. 0.3 GMSK Modulation

GSM RADIO SUBSYSTEM

GSM FRAME STRUCTURE

GSM RADIO SUBSYSTEM

SIGNAL PROCESSING

Several successive operations have to be performed to convert a speech signal into a radio signal and back.

SIGNAL PROCESSING The following operations take place on the transmitting side: Source coding: Converts the analogue speech signal into a digital equivalent. Channel coding: Adds extra bits to the data flow. This way redundancy is introduced into the data flow, increasing its rate by adding information calculated from the source data, in order to allow detection or even correction of bit errors that might be introduced during transmission.

SIGNAL PROCESSING
Interleaving:

Changes sequence of data stream

Reduces loss sequential data (Burst Error Random Error)

Improves ability to reconstruct original data

Block Interleaver Input Data : 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . . . . 59, 60 Data Input Data Output

1 13 25 37 49

2 14 26 38 50

3 15 27 39 51

4 16 28 40 52

5 17 29 41 53

6 18 30 42 54

7 19 31 43 55

8 20 32 44 56

9 21 33 45 57

10 22 34 46 58

11 23 35 47 59

12 24 36 48 60

Block Interleaver Output Data : 1, 13, 25, 37, . . . . . . 48, 60

SIGNAL PROCESSING Ciphering: Modifies the contents of these blocks through a secret code known only by the mobile station and the base station. Burst formatting: Adds synchronization and equalization information to the ciphered data. Part of this is the addition of a training sequence. Modulation: Transforms the binary signal into an analogue signal at the right frequency. Thereby the signal can be transmitted as radio waves. The receiver side performs the reverse operations as follows: Demodulation: Transforms the radio signal received at the antenna into a binary signal.

SIGNAL PROCESSING Deciphering: Modifies the bits by reversing the ciphering code. De-interleaving: Puts the bits of the different bursts back in order to rebuild the original code words. Channel decoding: Tries to reconstruct the source information from the output of the demodulator, using the added coding bits to detect or correct possible errors, caused between the coding and the decoding. Source decoding: Converts the digitally decoded source information into an analogue signal to produce the speech.

GSM CHANNELS

Channels Traffic Channels (TCH): may be full rate or half rate When transmitted at full rate user data is contained within one time slot per frame; but for half rate same time slot but in alternative frame
Full rate TCH Full Rate Speech Channel (TCH/FS): 13 Kbps from the source and after channel coding 22.8 Kbps. Full Rate Data Channel for 9600 Bps Full Rate Data Channel for 4800 Bps Full Rate Data Channel for 2400 Bps Half rate TCH Half Rate Speech Channel: 6.5 Kbps from the speech coder and after channel coding 11.4 Kbps Full Rate Data Channel for 4800 Bps Full Rate Data Channel for 2400 Bps

GSM CONTROL CHANNEL

Control Channels: For signaling and synchronization commands Broadcast Channel (BCH) Forward link and in TS0 of certain frame
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH): Used to broadcast certain information such as cell and network identity, operating characteristics of cell, list of channel that are currently being used Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH): TS0 on every 10 frames, frequency synchronization of user to system Synchronization Channel (SCH): to identify serving base station

GSM CONTROL CHANNEL

Common Control Channel (CCCH): If channel is not used by BCH or if idle

Paging Channel (PCH): Provides paging signal from BS to MS, transmits IMSI number of user along with request for acknowledgement from the mobile unit on RACH, to broadcast text message e.g. SMS Random Access Channel (RACH): Reverse link channel, to ACK page from PCH and to originate mobile call. (slotted ALOHA ) Access Grant Channel (AGCH): used by BS to provide forward link communication to mobile and carries data which instruct mobile to operate on particular channel.

GSM CONTROL CHANNEL

Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

Stand Alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH): carries the signaling data just before TCH assignment by BS, to remain in connection when BS and MSC verify the subscriber unit and allocate resource for mobile. E.g. temporary channel Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH): Associated with TCH/SDCCH, on forward link used to send slow (13th frame)but regularly changing control information e.g. transmit power level and timing, on reverse link received signal strength and quality of TCH and BCH strength from neighboring cell. Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH): Carries urgent message e.g. hand-off request, by stealing time slot from TCH.

EXAMPLE OF GSM CALL

First MS must be synchronize with near by BS as it monitors BCH. By receiving FCCH (frequency Correction Channel), BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel) and SCH (Synchronization Channel) message the subscriber would be locked on system and appropriate BCH. First user dial the number and press send button MS will transmit a burst of RACH (Random Access Channel) data using same ARFCN as locked with BS. BS responds with AGCH; which assign a new channel for SDCCH (Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel ) connection. Once tuned to SDCCH, MS waits for SACCH (Slow Associated Control Channel) which gives power level and timing command.

EXAMPLE OF GSM CALL

Then MS is able to transmit normal burst message. SDCCH send message between MS and BS; making care of validation and authentication. After few second MS is commanded by BS via SDCCH to retune to a new ARFCN and new TS for TCH assignment. Then speech data is transferred on forward and reverse link.

ABOUT IS-95 CDMA

IS-95 is specified as: Reverse Link: 824-849 MHz Forward Link: 869-894 MHz Forward and reverse is separated by 45 MHz Maximum user data rate is 9.6 Kbps

 Forward IS-95B Channel Structure

 Forward IS-95B Channel Structure

Pilot Channel (Walsh Code 0)
- The

Pilot is structural beacon which does not contain a

character stream

- Allows Mobile to Acquire the System

- Reference Signal for System Acquiring, Timing, Coherent Modulation - Provides Mobile with Signal Strength Comparison during handoffs - Transmitted Constantly - Non-Modulated Spread Spectrum Signal (Transmit Short PN

Code)
- Has Unique PN Offset(512) for each Cell or Sector - Approximately 20% of radiated BTS power is in the pilot

 Forward IS-95B Channel Structure

Sync Channel (Walsh Code 32)
- Used by Mobile to Synchronize with System - Carries a data stream of system identification and Parameter information used by MS during system acquisition - Pilot PN Offset - System Time

- Long PN Code
- System ID -Network ID - Paging Channel Data Rate - Tx at 1200 bps

 Forward IS-95B Channel Structure

Paging Channel (Walsh Code 1 up to 7)
- Used by Base Station to :

-Page Mobile Information -Transmit Overhead -MS Control -Assign Mobile to Traffic Channel

- Provides Mobile with:

-System parameter Message - Neighbor List Message

-Access Parameter Message

-CDMA Channel List Message - Tx at 9600 or 4800 bps

 Reverse IS-95B Channel Structure

 Reverse IS-95B Channel Structure

Access Channel - Used by Mobiles not yet in a call to transmit : -Registration Requests -Call Setup Requests

-Page Responses
-Order Responses - other Signaling information - Be really just a public Long Code Offset unique to the BTS Sector - Be Paired to Paging Channel (Each Paging Channel can have up 32 access channels) - Tx at 4800 bps, 20ms frame length

 Reverse IS-95B Channel Structure

Traffic Channel
- Be used by individual users during their actual calls to transmit traffic to the BTS - Be really just a user-specific public or private Long Code Mask - there are many reverse Traffic channels as there are CDMA phones in the world - 64-ary Orthogonal Modulator : For Non-coherent detection - Data Burst Randomizer : For Power Control and Variable Rate Transmission

SUMMARY OF POWER CONTROL

Reverse Open Loop Power Control

Mobile
Reverse Closed Loop Power Control

BTS
or
Signal Strength Measurement

BSC

Adjust Fwd. power Reverse Outer Loop Power Control

FER

Setpoint

FER

Forward Link Power Control

All types of power control work together to minimizes power consumption at the mobile stations and BS, and increases the overall capacity of the system

FORWARD QUICK POWER CONTROL

Received the Frame Quality Information from the Forward Link Outer-loop Algorithm

Outer Loop Correction Closed-loop Control Demodulate and measure Eb/Nt Eb/No No Eb/Nt>Eb/No? Up Power Control Bit

Yes Down Power Control Bit Mobile Station Puncture to Power Control Subchannel

Base Station Power Control Command Measurement Power Control Command Measurement

DECT

DECT (Digital European Cordless Telephone) standardized by ETSI (ETS 300.175-x) for cordless telephones standard describes air interface between base-station and mobile phone DECT has been renamed for international marketing reasons into Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication Characteristics

frequency: 1880-1990 MHz channels: 120 full duplex duplex mechanism: TDD (Time Division Duplex) with 10 ms frame length multiplexing scheme: FDMA with 10 carrier frequencies, TDMA with 2x 12 slots modulation: digital, Gaussian Minimum Shift Key (GMSK) power: 10 mW average (max. 250 mW) range: ca 50 m in buildings, 300 m open space

DECT SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE REFERENCE

MODEL
D4 PA PA PT PT D3 D2 FT local network VDB HDB D1 global network local network

FT

PA - Portable Application PT - Portable radio Transmission FT - Fixed radio Transmission HDB - Home Data Base VDB - Visitor Data Base

DECT REFERENCE MODEL

C-Plane U-Plane
application processes signaling, interworking

network layer data link control

management

OSI layer 3 data link control OSI layer 2

close to the OSI reference model management plane over all layers several services in C(ontrol)- and U(ser)plane

medium access control physical layer OSI layer 1

DECT LAYERS I

Physical layer

modulation/demodulation generation of the physical channel structure with a guaranteed throughput controlling of radio transmission

channel assignment on request of the MAC layer detection of incoming signals sender/receiver synchronization collecting status information for the management plane

MAC layer
maintaining basic services, activating/deactivating physical channels multiplexing of logical channels

e.g., C: signaling, I: user data, P: paging, Q: broadcast

segmentation/reassembly error control/error correction

DECT LAYERS II

Data link control layer

creation and keeping up reliable connections between the mobile terminal and basestation two DLC protocols for the control plane (C-Plane) several services specified for the user plane (U-Plane)

null-service: offers unmodified MAC services frame relay: simple packet transmission frame switching: time-bounded packet transmission error correcting transmission: uses FEC, for delay critical, time-bounded services bandwidth adaptive transmission Escape service: for further enhancements of the standard

DECT LAYERS III

Network layer
similar to ISDN (Q.931) and GSM (04.08) offers services to request, check, reserve, control, and release resources at the basestation and mobile terminal resources

necessary for a wireless connection necessary for the connection of the DECT system to the fixed network

main tasks
call control: setup, release, negotiation, control call independent services: call forwarding, accounting, call redirecting mobility management: identity management, authentication, management of the location register

DECT: For detailed Ref: T.S.R

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