Error rate model for high-speed digital network

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Elektrorevue 2005/35 20.6.2005

Error rate model for high-speed digital network

Ing. Petr Ivaniga, PhD. Information network department Faculty of management science and Informatics, University of Zilina e - mail: Petr Ivaniga@frkis.fri.utc.sk ESK VERZE

Contents

Error characteristics is the decisive factor for the digital networks transmission quality definition. The ITU-T G.826, G.828 and G.829 recommendations identify error parameters for high-speed digital networks in relation to G.821 recommendation. The paper describes the relations between individual error parameters and the error rate, assuming that these are invariant in terms of time.

1 Introduction
The recommendation ITU G.826 defines qualitative parameters and final values for high-speed error transmission evaluation. In this recommendation are eliminated following problems, that were not solved in G.821 [2] recommendation. The qualitative requirements were defined for the channel with the high-speed transmission of 64 kb/s. Application for the high-speed network going out of the multiplex factor 2048:64 = 32 was little deep. The qualitative parameters definition was aimed at defective bits measuring, and therefore the measuring during the operation was very difficult. These absences conducted to the statement of following requirements: Usibility of the given recommendation for higher transmission speed The possibility of qualitative parameters measuring during the operation Transmission of measured medium independence Applied transmission system of measured independence (plesiochronous, synchronous or cellular). The regulations for the measurments are defined in M 2100 [3], M2101.1[4] and M.2110 [5] recommendations. The values defined in G.826 recommendation are related to the hypotetic reference junction ended- end of the length of 27000 km regardless to the transmission medium.

2 Recommendation G.826 Validity Area

It is possible to create the digital connection using arbitrary transmission system (plesiochronous , synchronous , or cellular). ATM system does not include the influence of ATM multiplex, which is defined in ITU I.356 [6] recommendation. Pictures 1 and 2 ilustrate the validity area of this

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recommendation. Points A and B in the picture 1 are the physical interface regarding to G.703 recommendation for PDH and SDH systems. G.826 recommendation is related only to the physical layer, but not to ATM interface, as seen in the picture 2.

picture1: ITU G.826 recommendation validity area for PDH and SDH systems.

PL - physical layer, ATM - ATM layer, AAL - ATM adaptation layer picture 2: ITU G.826 recommendation validity area for cellular systems.

3 Error Units and Error Parameters Definition

ITU G.826 recommendation follows four basic parameters for the block error rate valuation: Errored Block (EB) - block, which contains one, or more error bits Errored Second (ES) - limited period of one second, which contains one, or more error blocks. Severely Errored Second (SES) - length interval of one second, which contains at least 30% of error blocks, or severely errored limited period. Background Block Error (BBE) - block, does not belong to severely errored second. Severely errored limited periods for measuring during the operation are defined differently for PDH (Plesiochrone Digitale Hierarchie) and SDH (Synchrone Digitale Hierarchie) systems. In this category are defined alarms as loss of signal, loss of framing synchronization, alarm broadcasting AIS (Alarm

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Indication Signal) signal reception. Severely errored limited occurs, when the error rate is bigger than . DM (Degraded Minute) parameter - reduced quality minute, which was defined in G.821 recommendation, did not approve in the experience and is not applied in G.826 recommendation. We acquire absolute values of these quantities by error units measured as stated above. It is naturally more effectual to use relative values. G.826 recommendation defines three relative error parameters. Errored Second Ratio (ESR) - error seconds-to-total sum of seconds in followed measuring interval ratio. Severely Errored Second Ratio (SESR) - severely errored seconds-to-total sum of seconds in followed measuring interval ratio. Background Block Error Ratio (BBER)- error blocks-to-total sum of blocks in measuring time interval ratio. These error parameters are valid, assuming that the system is serviceable. According to ITU G.826 recommendation, in case at least 10 seconds with error rate bigger than follow one after another, the transmission system is not serviceable. The system becomes serviceable, when at least 10 seconds, that are not severely errored, follow one after another, as seen in the picture 3.

picture 3. Example, when the system is out service

4 Asymptotic Probabilities of Basic Parameters

The relations between the error parameters and the error rate can be formulated using the Poisson distribution or the Neyman -A distribution [7]. This distribution describes in estimated time interval the appearance of error aggregations, that has the Poisson distribution and errors inside the error aggregations have also the Poisson distribution.

4.1. The Probability of the

Error Block Appearance

error block can be

Regarding to the Poisson error aggregations distribution, the probability of the formulated:

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(1) BER - error rate - number of bits in block - average number of errors in aggregation The BER variable lies in interval 0, constant ) error block appearance lies in

and the probability of

interval 0 - 0,95. This statement is valid regarding to the severely errored second definition. Assuming . This statement enables to that the number of error blocks per second is bigger than 30%, is formulate the expression of equivalent formulated: (2) In chart 1 are compared probability models of the Poisson, Binomial and Equable distributions assuming that the middle value of error aggregation and block length is diffterent. error rate threshold for the severely errored second parameter

Probability model

= 18 792 bits

= 6120 bits

= 2048 bits

Poisson distribution

1.83 .

5.50 .

1,74 .

Binomial distribution

1.88 .

5.54.

1.78 .

Equable distribution

1.54 .

4.63 .

1,46 .

Chart 1. Threshold error rate value of severely errored second for different probability models and different blocks length. As seen in the chart 1, the difference of the threshold values between the Poisson and the Binomial distribution is inconsiderable, but the Equable distribution has harder requirements on the transmission system.

4.2.

Probability of

Errored Second Appearance

errored second appearance can be formulated: (3)

Regarding to the equation (1), the probability of

- number of blocks per second probability of error block appearance

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Regarding to the 3

rule

is valid the relation je - li (4) assuming that the probability of

probability of the error second formulation lies in interval the error block is expression

. By the linear approximation of the equation (1) can be formulated following

(5) which is morraly exact (the error approximation is less than )

By comparison of expressions (1) and (5) for fixed value of BER error rate is valid the relation (6) (6) Regarding to the equation (6) for different error rate values is valid, that the probability of error blocks appearance and the probability of error seconds appearance is equal . For example for the VC-4 = 18792, is valid . From the chart 1 for Poisson distribution virtual bin with is evident and by substitution into the expression (6) is valid (7)

4.3 Probability of

Severely Errored Second Appearance.

The probability of the error second appearance can be formulated using the binomial distribution (8) - probability of error second appearance - number of error blocks - total number of blocks for normal distribution with middle value and , by the approximation of the binomial distribution from the equation (8) is evident, assuming that , the relation (10) quadratic deviation are valid following relations (9)

(10)

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supposing, that the

ratio is bigger or equal 0,3, the

probability can be defined as the sum

(11) regarding to the assumption from the equation (10) can be the sum in the equation (11) substituded by the integral

(12)

5 Error Parameters Simulation

The main criteria for the achievement of the parameters defined in ITU-T G.826 recommendation is, that the transmission system does not exceed the limit values defined in chart 2: Transmission speed Mb/s Bit / block 1,5 - 5 > 5-15 > 15 - 55 > 55 - 160 > 160 - 3500

800 - 5000

2000 - 8000

4000 - 20000

6000 - 20000

1500-30000 remark in [1 ]

ESR SESR BBER

0.04 0.002 2 remark in [1]

0.05 0.002 2

0.075 0.002 2

0.16 0.002 2

remark in [1] 0.002

Chart 2: The values of error parameters defined in ITU-T G.826 recommendation.

Assuming that the probability of error block formation has a probability distribution approximated by the Poisson probability distribution, then is valid the following relation: (13) - number of bits in block - error rate - average number of errors in error aggregations

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The formula (13) is valid, assuming that the parameters are invariant in terms of time and it is possible to deduce the probabilities of ES and SES events formation. In case of time-dependent error rate parameter, is this problem more difficult. The simulation is realised by repetition of specified number of experiments for several error rate values, that lie in interval . In this interval should be the boundary value of the error rate, that means of the solution. For the needs of the simulation is necessary to know the size of the transferred blocks and also the number of dispatched blocks per second. Is necessary to set the transmission speed and the size of dispatched blocks from the chart 2 in this program.

Obr.4. ESR-,SESR-,BBER-error rate dependence diagram By applying the Monte Carlo method on the simulation of errors formation in time interval, the number of errors in one second of measured interval can be seen from the relation (13) and at the same time it is necessary to re-count the ESR coefficient, which is the errored seconds-to-total number of seconds in measured interval ratio. In case, when the number of error blocks per second is bigger than 30 % of total number of dispatched blocks, the SES meter (non-acceptable second) of events increases, in opposite case increases the BBE meter (error block, which did not occur as a part ot the non-acceptable second). The SESR and BBER coefficients can be re-counted according to the length of the interval. Assuming that the parameters are invariant in terms of time, is the number of experiment repetition the time interval, and therefore by the increase of time interval length increases also the exactness of individual coefficients calculation. It is possible to make a programme-controlled change of the measured error rate interval along with the movement, which defines the measure of the error rate change in each simulation cycle. The ESR,SESR and BBER coefficients-BER resultant dependences are visible in the picture 4. In case, that one of the coefficients exceeds the limit value, specified in ITU- T G.826 recommendation, there is a limit line segment parallel with the x axis displayed in the diagram in the picture 4.

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6 Conclusion
The G.821 and G.826 recommendations can be appraisaled according to different definitions, and therefore it is necessary to illustrate the connection between the error bits, that are defined in G.821 recommendation and the error blocks, defined in G.826 recommendation. These connections are fairly influenced by time distribution of error bits. For the evaluation according to the G.826 recommendation is operative the fact, that the current number of error bits in the error block is not important, if the severely errored extent does not follow. The G.826 recommendation is tolerant towards the error bits, that occur in aggregations, because in this case a big number of error bits per one second result markedly smaller number of error blocks. In opposite case the same number of error bits divided equally during the second can evoke a bigger number of error blocks. As seen in the diagram in the picture 4, the SESR jump coefficient changes its value in a small interval from 0 to 1. The value of the ESR coefficient increases exponentially along with the error rate increase. The BBER copies the ESR value until the point, when the SESR starts to increase, and at the time starts the BBER a sharp decrease. It is evident from the simulation results, that the biggest barrier of the achievment of the parameters defined in ITU-T G.826 recommendation is the BBER boundery value, what means, that in real systems occur with higher probability errors in aggregations, what results, that the SES event occurs earlier than the BBE event, for that is the BBER event counted, what consistently copy the ITU-G.826 boundery values. This work is assisted by the FRI FGU 11/2005 institutional grant.

7 Applied Acronyms List

PDH - plesiochronous digital hierarchy SDH - synchronous digital hierarchy ATM - asynchronous transmission mode AAL - adaptation layer PL - physical layer EB- block, in which occurs one or more error bits ES - error second SES - severely errored second BBE - error blcok, which is not a part of severely errored second ESR - errored seconds-to-total number of seconds in followed measured interval ratio SESR - severely errored seconds-to-total number of seconds in followed measured interval ratio BBER- error movements-to-total number of blocks in measured time interval ratio AIS - alarm transmission signal DM - minute of reduced quality

8 Bibliography
[1] ITU - T Recommendations G.826 - Error performance parameters and objectives for international digital parths at or above the primary rate [2] ITU - T Recommendations G.821- Error performance of an international digital connection operating at a bit rate below the primary rate.

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[2] ITU - T Recommendations G.826 - Error performance parameters and objectives for international digital parths at or above the primary rate. [3] ITU - T Recommendation M.2100 - Performance limits for bringing - into - service and maintenance of international PDH paths, sections and transmission systems. [4] ITU - T Recommendation M.2101,1 - Performance limits for bringing - into - service and maintenance of international SDH paths and multiplex sectins. [5] ITU - T Recomendations M.2110 - Bringing - into - service of international PDH paths, sections and transmission systems and SDH paths and multiplex sections. [6] ITU- T Recommendation I.356 - ATM cell transfer performance [7] Ivaniga, P.: Error rate model for evaluation of error aggregations in digital error link tracts. Elektrorevue 2003/38 s.1-9. ISSN 1213 - 1539 [8] Feher, K.: Telecomunications Measurement, Analysis and Instrumentation. Prentice - Hall, 1987. [9] Ivaniga, P.: Error rate model for high-speed transmissions. Elektrorevue 2004/37 s.1-7, ISSN 1213-1539 [10] Minkin,V.,Voschinin,A.:Asymptotic metod for predicting Error performance parameters and objectives for constant bit rate digital paths. JOURNAL OF RADIO ELECTRONIC N 2,2000 ,Russian Academy of Sciences. ISSN 1684-1718. [11] Ivaniga,P.: Definition of error rate parameters for high-speed transmissions. 10th international scientific conference COFAX-TELECOMMUNICATIONS, 2004 Bratislava [12] Ivaniga,P., Herman,I.: Definition of Error Parameters for High Speed transmission. 27 th International Conference TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING TSP-2004, September 2 to3 ,2004 Brno Czech Republic. TSP-ISBN 80-214-2684-5. [13] Miku,L.: Effective work on PC. ilina, ICP 2001, ISBN 80-88888-71-9.

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