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MATRIC NO:
090405036
ABSTRACT
A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or crust, which allows hot magma, volcanic ash and gases to escape from below the surface.
Volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging. A midoceanic ridge, for example the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has examples of volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates pulling apart; the Pacific Ring of Fire has examples of volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates coming together. By contrast, volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust in the interiors of plates, e.g., in the East African Rift, the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and the Rio Grande Rift in North America. This type of volcanism falls under the umbrella of "Plate hypothesis" volcanism. Intraplate volcanism has also been postulated to be caused by mantle plumes. These socalled "hotspots", for example Hawaii, are postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs from the core-mantle boundary, 3,000 km deep in the Earth.
Death toll
33000
Event
Mount Vesuvius
location
Pompeii and Herculaneum, Italy
date
April 24, AD 79
Human consequence
Many of the victims have been found with the tops of their heads missingtheir brains having boiled and exploded.
Environment consequence
The eruption, which is said to have lasted 19 hours, buried Pompeii in ten feet of volcanic ash. The intense heat perhaps as much as 750 degrees carbonized much of the organic material in the area.
2. 3.
10000 6,000
Indonesia Italy
1586 December 1631 The 1631 eruption killed as many as 6,000 people when lava flows consumed many of the surrounding The notorious Mt. Vesuvius has erupted more than a dozen times since it destroyed the towns of Pompeii and
4.
700
Komagatake
Japan
1640
5.
1,475,
Oshima,
Japan
1741
6.
2,957
Papandayan
Indonesia
1772
7.
9350
Laki
Iceland
June 8, 1783
8.
1,377
Asama
Japan
1783
9.
15000
Mount Unzen
Japan
1792
10.
1,200
Mayon,
Philippines
1814
11.
92000
Mount Tambora
Indonesia
towns. Boiling water ejected from the volcanos added to the destruction. It made a devastating effect on coastal cities and man It made a devastating effect on coastal cities and man Caused fire outbreaks killing 2957 persons. Killed about 25% of the population (33% were killed about 70 years before by smallpox) Caused fire outbreaks killing 1377 persons. The resulting avalanche created a tsuanami which killed 12,000 to 15,000 in nearby towns. Caused fire outbreaks killing 1200 persons. The eruption of Tambora killed an estimated 92,000 people, including 10,000 from explosion and ash fall, and
Herculaneum
Tsunami
Tsunami
Ash flows
Mud flows
The eruption of Mt. Unzen was followed by an earthquake, which collapsed the east flank of the dome Mudflows
The concussion from the explosion was felt as far as a thousand miles away. Mt. Tambora , which was more than
12.
700
ruiz,
Colombia
1845
13.
1,000
Cotopaxi
Ecuador
1877
Caused fire outbreaks killing 700 persons. Caused fire outbreaks killing 700 persons.
13,000 feet tall before the explosion was reduced to 9,000 feet after ejecting more than 93 cubic miles of debris into the atmosphere. The effects of the eruption were felt worldwide: 1816 became known as the year without a summer because of the volcanic ash in the atmosphere that lowered worldwide temperatures. It snowed in New England that June, and crop failures were common throughout Northern Europe and North America. As many as 100,000 additional deaths from starvation in these areas are thought to be traced to the eruption. Mudflows
Mudflows
14.
4,011
15.
36000
Indonesia
1882
Indonesia
August 26 27 1883
Interestingly, its probable that no one died in the initial explosion. The casualties all came from the resulting tsunami.
The August 1883 of Mt. Krakatoa (Krakatua) destroyed 2/3 of the island, ejecting more than six cubic miles of debris into the atmosphere. The sound of the explosion was the loudest ever documented, and was heard as far away as Australia.
16.
40000
Mount Pele
Martinique
the primary eruption, on May 8 completely destroyed the city of St. Pierre, killing 25,000. Several ships also were destroyed with all hands.
17. 18.
6000 1,680
1902 1902 Caused fire outbreaks killing 1680 persons. Caused fire outbreaks killing 1335 persons. Most of the casualties apparently were the result of mudslides. Caused fire outbreaks Ash flows
19.
1,335
Taal
Philippines
1911
Ash flows
20.
5115
Mount Kelut
Indonesia
21.
2,942
Lamington
1951
Ash flows
22.
500
Hibok-Hibok
Philippines
1951
23.
1,184
Agung,
Indonesia
1963
24.
2,000
El Chichon
Mexico
1982
25.
23000
Colombia
26.
800
Pinatubo
Philippines
1991
killing 2942 persons. Caused fire outbreaks killing 500 persons. Caused fire outbreaks killing 1184 persons. Caused fire outbreaks killing 2000 persons. A small eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano melted part of the volcanos ice cap, creating an enormous mudslide that buried the city of Armero, killing 23,000. Disease
Ash flows
Ash flows
Ash flows
27.
353
Mount Merapi
Central Java
30 November 2010
353 people were killed during the eruptions, many as a result of pyroclastic flows
blanketing 750 square kilometers with volcanic ash. The ash plumes from the volcano also caused major disruption to aviation across Java. It began, with 12 km (7 mi) high plumes accompanied by multiple earthquakes
28.
nill
Grmsvtn
iceland
The world's worst natural disasters Calamities of the 20th and 21st centuries CBC News'.' Retrieved 2010-10-29.