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Paper
1498
Low-Speed Aerodynamic Characteristics of a 13-Percent-Thick Medium-Speed Airfoil Aviation Designed for General
Applications
RobertJ.
McGhee
and
William
D.
Beasley
_O=___/_
I-,/_1,-,
[-,AI'-)I
r_,KIl_"f'_'T'l/"_
f-'_l_"_,("_4"'laikl
A"rl,_kl
AUGUST
1979
NASA
Technical
Paper
1498
Aerodynamic for
Characteristics Medium-Speed
General
J.
McGhee
and Center
William
D.
Beasley
Research Virginia
NI A
National Aeronautics Administration and Technical Branch and Space Scientific Information 1979
SUMMARY
An tunnel of a
investigation to determine
was the
conducted low-speed
in
the
applications. low-speed
the
Also,
a Mach ]06
chord
angle-of-attack
range
results
of
the
that
the
of to lift
airfoil Maximum to
performance
coefficients Reynolds
2.06
as
the
Stall
strip maximum at
leading lift
effects
coefficients.
a constant
maximum airfoil
magnitude 25 percent
the
quarterthe medium-
pitching-moment
coefficient
decreased
for
low-speed
INTRODUCT
ION
Research applications Research initially Emphasis ers that lift-drag More foils which speed foils
on has
advanced-aerodynamic-technology been and conducted reported to on develop designing climb, in over the last ]
for at
general the
aviation Langley
Center
research
was
airfoils with
layhigh
performance
requirements: lift,
stall
aviation cruise
indicated than
numbers
have status
low-speed executive-type
supercritical
aircraft. reported
medium-speed
research
reference
present
investigation of of new a
was
conducted
to
determine
the airfoil
medium-speed of ]4.0 x
0.30,
]06 , and In
airfoil with
MS(])-0313. low-speed
addition,
results
compared
]3-percent-thick
airfoil,
LS(])-04]3.
characteristics
of this medium-speed
The investigation was performed in the Langley low-turbulence pressure tunnel over a Mach number range from 0.]0 to 0.32. The Reynolds number, based on the airfoil chord, varied from about 2.0 x ]06 to ]2.0 x ]0 6, and the geometric angle of attack varied from about -8 to 20 . SYMBOLS Values are given in both SI and U.S. CustomaryUnits. and calculations _re madein U.S. Customary Units.
pCp pressure coefficient,
q0o
The
measurements
p_
airfoil
chord,
cm
(in.)
cc
section
chord-force
coefficient,
Cd
section
profile-drag
cd '
point
drag
coefficient
cZ cm
section
lift
coefficient,
cn
cos
- cc about
section
pitching-moment
coefficient
Cp
0.2
+
_f
Cp
cn
section
normal-force
coefficient,
-(_,_,
Cp
dQ x)
vertical free-stream
distance Mach
in
wake
profile,
cm
(in.)
number
static
pressure,
Pa
(ib/ft
2)
q R
dynamic
pressure,
Pa
(Ib/ft
2)
Reynolds
number
based
on
free-stream
conditions
and
airfoil
chord
airfoil
abscissa,
cm
(in.)
z 2
airfoil
ordinate,
cm
(in.)
zc zt
meanline ordinate,
cm (in.)
Subscripts:
local point on airfoil
max
o0
maximum
free-stream
conditions
AIRFOIL
DESIGNATION
of
the
lowin
are speed
shown
in
I.
The The
MS(])-xxxx. (first
LS(1)
indicates
coefficient in percent
in
and
digits
designate
chord.
AIRFOIL
DEVELOPMENT
The best
intention of
of
the
medium-speed and
airfoil
was
to
features the
low-speed
airfoil results
the 13 edge. of
thick
the
trailing Mach
cruise
number
low-speed of airfoil
but intended
retain to
for a number
medium-speed airfoil as
was by
obtained figure I.
by
the
13-percent-thick pressure to 0.72 of distribufor high Note a the also small or lift survelocion the was low-
(fig. airfoil
2(a)) at near a
Mach of and
number in a the
coefficient on is
results
region airfoil.
induced
highly region.
increases on
result
shock airfoil
developing been
This and In
reshaped in of the
low-speed data
experimental is shown
low-speed figure
0.15) The
pressure
airfoils camber
at lines
thickness
distributions
for both airfoils are comparedin figure 3. dinates for the medium-speedairfoil.
MODEL, PPARATUS, A ANDPROCEDURE Model The airfoil model was constructed with a metal core around which plastic fill and two thin layers of fiberglass were used to form the contour of the airfoil. The model had a chord of 61 cm (24 in.) and a span of 91 cm (36 in.). The model was equipped with both upper- and lower-surface orifices located 5 cm (2 in.) off the midspan. The airfoil surface was sanded in the chordwise directio with No. 400 dry silicon carbide paper to provide a smooth aerodynamic finish. The model contour accuracy was generally within 0.100 mm(0.004 in.). Wind Tunnel The Langley low-turbulence pressure tunnel (ref. 9) is a closed-throat, single-return tunnel which can be operated at stagnation pressures from 1.0
10.0 0.42 meter tion atm and (15 is 91 (1 atm = ]0].3 kPa) with The at and a Mach 229 cm tunnel-empty maximum number (7.5 test-section number 0.22. is Mach about numbers 49 x up 106 0.22, x 106 cm (3 respectively. per ft) foot) wide Reynolds of ft) about high. The tunnel test
to to per sec-
Hydraulically for the two-dimensional with attached mounted the model so the to rotate were was on
and
attachment ends
model.
that
center line.
between seals.
the
tangular
plates
circular
Wake
Survey
Rake
A the
fixed
wake sidewall
(fig.
5)
at
the
model behind
was trailing
mounted edge
from of the
tunnel
length
The
wake
(0.24
had from
four the
drilled in the
90 plane
diameters total-pressure
measurement
tubes.
Instrumentation
of
the made
static by an
pressures automatic
on
the
airfoil
surfaces system
and
the
wake-
pressure-scanning
utilizing
variable-capacitance-type precision transducers Basic tunnel pressures were measuredwith precision quartz manometers Angle of attack was measuredwith a calibrated digital shaft encoder operated by a pinion gear and rack attached to the circular model-attachment plates Data were obtained by a high-speed
acquisition system and recorded on magnetic tape.
TESTS
AND
METHODS
The attack was the upper number were varied smooth and
was about
tested -8 2.0
at to 106
Mach 20 . to
0.10 The
to based airfoil
0.32 on
an
range
about
number
airfoil
tested
(natural at of
with
technique with
reference
roughness (0.05-in.)
distributed
surfaces
static-pressure pressure
measurements and
surface to as
were
reduced section
to normal-
integrated as well
obtain
section
Section static
profile-drag pressures by
wake-rake
the
method
estimate amounted
of
the to
standard not
]2)
a maximum have
corrections
total-pressure effects to be
effects 1]).
values
these
PRESENTATION
OF
RESULTS
The
test
conditions been
are
summarized to
in
table
II. form
The and
results are
of
this in the
reduced
coefficient
presented
Figure Section Effect Effect M = Effect M R = = characteristics of roughness on for MS(])-0313 airfoil ............. ............. Model
6,7 8 smooth;
9
section on
characteristics section
number
characteristics.
"
number
on
section
characteristics.
Roughness
on; 10
............................... Mach ]06 of number on section characteristics. Roughness on; ............................ characteristics on; M and = 0.]5 for LS(])-0413 and MS(1)-0313
Effect
11
section Roughness
]2
angle
of for
attack
Reynolds airfoil
distributions
MS(1)-0313
Roughness
]3
Figure Comparison of chordwise pressure distributions for LS(])-0413 and MS(I)-0313 airfoils. Roughnesson; M = 0.]5 ............. Variation of maximum lift coefficient with Reynolds number for LS(])-04]3 and MS(I)-03]3 airfoils. M = 0.]5 ............. Variation of maximumlift coefficient with Mach numberfor LS(])-04]3 and MS(])-03]3 airfoils. Roughnesson; R = 6.0 x 106 ........ Calculated drag-rise characteristics for LS(])-0413 and MS(])-0313 airfoils. R = ]4.0 x ]06 ....................... DISCUSSIONF RESULTS O Section Characteristics Lift.- Figure 9(a) shows that the lift-curve slope for the medium-speed airfoil in a smooth condition (natural boundary-layer transition) varied from about 0.]] to 0.]2 per degree for the Reynolds numbers investigated (M = 0.]5). The angle of attack for zero lift coefficient was about -3 . Maximum lift coefficients increased from about ].70 to 2.06 as the Reynolds number was
increased occurring from between of figure at about 2.0 x ]0 6 to numbers are the ]2.0 of of x 2.0 the ]0 6 , with 106 and the 4.0 greatest x ]06 . as The increase The stall by the of the Reynolds the 9(a) Reynolds characteristics lift stall data is of airfoil and trailing-edge data 2.0 x of ]06 figure and 4.0 type, ]3. x shown nature
]4 ]5 ]6 ]7
pressure of
docile
numbers
]06 .
The expected ness. lift curve about Reynolds (fig. formance The Reynolds in figure indicated ber
addition decambering
of
at the
(fig. in the No at
8)
resulted
in
effect at changed R
For
example,
(fig. to
decreased decreased R =
0.31.
effects
characteristics eliminated effects range lift strip on tested. characteristics located in 0.32. 2.5 0.08. lowfrom lift 0.30, a at This in
The the
roughness for
C_,ma
expected Mach
increase to
lift-curve
increases however,
Mach angle
increase, for
of
about
attack
stall
and of are
about
Comparisons speed 9.0 for for x the both airfoils 106 and
for ]2 ]5
]3-percent-thick Reynolds 16. were the lift airfoil, The 0.40 numbers design and with
and 2.0
mediumx ]06 to
shown
coefficients respectively. are similar lift result mediumdesign This for the
Figure
characteristics lower
coefficient, is attributed
develops to
the
low-speed
airfoil. separation
reduced
upper-surface
boundary-layer
speed airfoil, as illustrated by the pressure-data comparison of figure 14(e). At the higher Reynolds numbers (fig. ]5) a decrease in C_,max of about 0.06
is This design for The Mach both shown for the in medium-speed Cz,max of shown is airfoil as expected 0.]0. figure ]6 compared for The for an with the low-speed with Mach a airfoil. decrease on 6.0 x in C[,ma x decrease lift airfoil of coefficient are about in effects number of
airfoils
a Reynolds
number
]06 . above a
generally compared
shows with
Cz,max
The
pitching-moment-coefficient positive of effect At 0.32 increments roughness associated number showed the
figures to
8,
9,
]0 is
Reynolds
addition
a constant
Reynolds
boundary-layer 6.0 x
for Mach
airfoils. 0.]0 up to cm to
effects angles
about is
higher
shown. data in for the the lowand of medium-speed cm of about airfoil. for the air-
the figure
magnitude
indicated expected
conditions.
The shows
design that
for
the
upper
surface (M
0.05c
The develops
low-speed at about
flow. fixed
obtained the
transition
turbulent
chord.
about (fig. in
to
at design lift (c_ = 0.30) about 0.0083 at R = ]2.0 is associated with reduction on cd the in (fig.
decreased x 106
from
related
There number
range
the for
drag Reynolds At
data
for numbers
the number
lowof
are fixed
from
greater are
for
the
airfoil. numbers
essentially
higher
calculated lowand
by
using
the
theory airfoils at
of at x/c
reference
medium-speed was
]06 .
Boundary-layer to ensure a
transition turbulent
specified
0.04 on the
for air-
the
calculations
boundary-layer
development
foils. At lift coefficients of 0.30 or 0.40 the theory indicates an increase in drag-rise Mach numberof about 0.02 for the medium-speedairfoil. Pressure Distributions The chordwise pressure data of figure 13 illustrate the effects of an_le of attack for several Reynolds numbers. For a Reynolds numberof 2.0 10 (fig. ]3(a)), the data at _ = 0 (cZ = 0.31) indicate an upper-surface pressure peak at about x/c = 0.06, followed by approximately constant values of _ to about x/c = 0.55. On the lower surface, approximately constant values Cp are shownfrom about x/c = 0.04 to x/c = 0.50. The pressure coefficient at the airfoil trailing edge is slightly positive. Upper-surface trailing-edge separation is first indicated at an angle of attack of about 8 by the constant-pressure region on the airfoil and is also indicated by the nonlinear lift curves above this angle of attack (fig. 8(a)). Increases in
angle ward tion of by of along was the attack the present trailing-edge are 8 and ]3. above airfoil, from 8 resulted and about type, more as abrupt at in maximum = 0.70 this lift to by constant-pressure (e = 16.2 ) = 1.0. 13(a) region trailing-edge The (_ = airfoil 17.]). as moving forseparastall The is stall
x/c
x/c figure
indicated at the
characteristics figures
higher
Reynolds
numbers,
illustrated
of
the
pressure are
data
for in
the
low-
and ]4.
at
conditions of 0.10
figure
for of with on
magnitude compared
the
suction
(-Cp) At free, a
0.06
coefficients (c Z = 1.0), both the pressure-data comparisons 106 and at higher exhibits lift less is indicated coeffi-
airof
14(c). (figs.
medium-speed
airfoil
trailing-edge by the
separation
Separation of the
constant-pressure
airfoils.
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
tests
have
been
conducted of
to a
determine
the
low-speed
two-
]3-percent-thick The
conducted
number about
0.32. The
The
numwere
following
determined
investigation:
1. for an achieved.
The airfoil
objective designed
of
good
high-lift
low-speed cruise
medium-speed
coefficients
the Reynolds
3. the lower
Stall
characteristics numbers.
were
of
the
trailing-edge
type
and
were
docile
at
Reynolds
4. foil
The
application in only
of small
roughness effects on
strip maximum
near
the
leading lift
edge
of
the
air-
resulted
section
coefficients.
5. number about
from the
0.]0 to maximum
0.32 at section
0.08.
6. decreased low-speed
The
magnitude 25
of percent
the
quarter-chord the
pitching-moment airfoil
was the
about airfoil.
for
medium-speed
REFERENCES ]. McGhee,Robert J. ; and Beasley, William D. : Low-SpeedAerodynamic Characteristics of a 17-Percent-Thick Airfoil Section Designed for General Aviation Applications. NASATN D-7428, ]973.
2. McGhee, Robert J.; Beasley, William of a D.; and Somers, Dan M.: Low-Speed Section ]975. on the Aerodynamic Designed 3. McGhee, for Robert Characteristics General J.; and Aviation Beasley, of ]3-Percent-Thick NASA Effects Low-Speed TM X-72843, Airfoil
Characteristics Aviation
Initial NASA
Family ]976.
Airfoils
Applications.
4.
McGhee, for
Robert a Modified
J.;
and
Beasley,
William Airfoil.
D.:
Low-Speed NASA TM
Results
]3-Percent-Thick
5.
Robert
J.;
and
Beasley,
William
D. : Airfoil
Wind-Tunnel Section.
Results NASA
for
an
2]-Percent-Thick
Low-Speed
TM-78650,
6.
Richard Designed
Kevin of a Aviation
W. ; and
McGhee,
Robert NASA
J.: TP-1324,
Low-Speed Air]978.
Characteristics
]6-Percent-Thick Applications.
Variable-Geometry
7.
McGhee, Low-
Robert and
J.;
Beasley,
William
D.:
and
NASA
8.
Bauer,
Frances; Wing
Superand
critical Mathematical
Volume
Lecture
Economics
Springer-Verlag,
1975.
9.
Yon
Doenhoff, Dimensional
Albert
E. ; and
Abbott, Pressure
Frank Tunnel.
T.,
Jr.: NACA
The TN
Two-
Low-Turbulence
10.
Albert Critical
L.;
and Height at
Knox, of
Eugene Distributed
C.:
Simplified Roughness 0 to 5.
for for
DeterminaBoundary-
Transition
Mach
Numbers
From
4363,
]958.
11.
R.
C.;
and Ltd.
Holder, {London),
D.
W.: 7965.
Wind-Tunnel
Technique.
Sir
Isaac
Sons,
]2.
Pope, Wiley
Alan; &
and Sons,
Harper, Inc.,
John c.1966.
J.:
Low-Speed
Wind
Tunnel
Testing.
John
]0
TABLEI.-
x/c 0.000000 .002000 .005000 .012500 .025000 .037500 .050000 075000 lO0000 125000 .]50000 ] 75000 .200000 .225000
.250000 .275000 .300000 .325000 .350000 .375000 .400000 .425000 .450000 .475000 .500000 .525000 .550000 .575000 600000 625000 650000 675000 .700000 725000 750000 775000 800000 .825000 850000 .875000 .900000 .925000 .950000 .975000 1.O00000
z/c,
upper surface
0.000986 .009475 .0]5120 .024286 .034450 .041872 .047433 .055]69 .060608 .064805 .068]89 .070963 .073274 .075]99 .076777 .078033 .07899] .079678 .080119 .080324 .080293 .080026 .0795]7 078763 .077753 .076464 .074868 .072934 .070636 067958 064903 06]488 .057745 .0537]0 .0494]8 .044899 .040]79 .035288 .030259 .025]77 .020079 .0]4950 .009822 .004699 -00047]
l]
TABLEII .- TESTCONDITIONS
Configuration 2 10 6 4 x 10 6 6 x 10 6 9 x lO 6 12 x lO 6
)<
Smooth
Roughness i
on
)< L
Roughness Roughness
on on
I
),(
Roughness Roughness
on on
12
(D
0";
ft ! -r.4 0
I I I
P
a
,I
/t
/I
1
_LD
C 0 ._ O
nO
O I A
_C u_
o
0 ,r,,I t_
U I r'--
1.-4
\
0J
.--4
i
C)
m
Cul
13
\ \
\ \ \ \\
Cp 0
.5 x/c
1.0
(a)
Calculated.
0.72;
14.0
106;
c_
0.30.
Figure
2.-
Chordwise
pressure
distributions
for
LS(1)-0413
and
MS(1)-0313
airfoils.
14
O
i
O
A
O
A
cD
!
_i}
I/1 a) 0
c_ Ot_
O(3 O[3 OlD
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side walls
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i
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----Circular pla_
,,... i
plate
-7
Tunnel center line
Zero
incidence
refe rence
c/4
C .ib
End
view
,section
A-A
Figure
4.-
Typical
airfoil
model
mounted
in wind
tunnel,
c = 61 cm
(24 in.).
17
i0
.126c
. o42c II
R od.=O.O21cjL_ 11''_)
.042c
S tot,c pressure
probe
_'"_"'
o42c-I
r,25c--_
__ ----
_L
-F
.OIIc (typ.) Airflow Tunnel Cir..
w __ _-_
1.17c
--
.0052 (typ.)
Total-
pressure
probes
(tubes
flottened)
!
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in.) .
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Figure
Continued.
71
Airfoil
-3.6 -3.2 1
0 D
LS(I)-0413 MS(I)-0313
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L .6
.7
.8
.0
Figure
14.-
Continued.
72
-9
A,rfoil
-8
0 LS{I)-0413 E] MS(I)-0313
.7
-6
-5
!
-2
\
3.==
-I
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(e)
_r
.5
.4
.5
.6
.8
.9
1.0
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c I = 7.7; Figure ]4.R = 2.0 10 6 .
Concluded.
73
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Om @ o
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.76
.80
Figure
17.-
and
76
1.
Report
No,
2.
Government
Accession
No.
3.
Recipient's
Catalog
No.
NASA
TP-]
498 5. Report CHARACTERISTICS AIRFOIL OF A August 6, Performing Date ]979 Organization Code
]3-PERCENT-THICK FOR
7. Author(s)
DESIGNED
GENERAL
8.
Performing
Orgamzation
Report
No.
Robert
J.
McGhee
and
William
D.
Beasley
}0.
L-] 2976
Work UnJ! No.
9.
Performing
Organization
Name
and
Address
505-06-33-10
1 1. Contract or Grant No
NASA
Langley VA
Research 23665
Center
Hampton,
13. Type of Report and Period Covered 12 Sponsoring National Washington, Agency Name and Address Aeronautics and DC 20546 Technical Space Administration
14. Spons_rincJ Agency Code
Paper
15.
Supplementary'
Notes
16. Abstract Wind-tunnel aerodynamic designed for over 2.0 the a x for tests have been conducted of a to determine the low-speed two-dimensional airfoil compared tests were (MS(])-0313) with data
]3-percent-thick The
applications. airfoil
conducted
The
objective designed
good
low-speed cruise
characteristics was
medium-speed
performance
achieved.
17. Key Words (Suggested by Author(s)) Low-speed characteristics Med ium-speed airfoil effects
18,
Distribution
Statement
FEDD
Distribution
number
number
aviation
20. Security
21
No. of Pages
22. _ice"
Unclassified
Available:
NASA's