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MOBILE COMPUTING Diffrerent Multiple Access methods CMDA Also see CDMA One, CDMA2000, and WCDMA.

Compare time-division multiplex (TDM) an d frequency-division multiplex (FDM). CDMA (code-division multiple access) refers to any of several protocols used in so-called second-generation (2G) and third-generation (3G) wireless communicatio ns. As the term implies, CDMA is a form of multiplexing, which allows numerous s ignals to occupy a single transmission channel, optimizing the use of available bandwidth. The technology is used in ultra-high-frequency (UHF) cellular telepho ne systems in the 800-MHz and 1.9-GHz bands. CDMA employs analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) in combination with spread spect rum technology. Audio input is first digitized into binary elements. The frequen cy of the transmitted signal is then made to vary according to a defined pattern (code), so it can be intercepted only by a receiver whose frequency response is programmed with the same code, so it follows exactly along with the transmitter frequency. There are trillions of possible frequency-sequencing codes; this enh ances privacy and makes cloning difficult. The CDMA channel is nominally 1.23 MHz wide. CDMA networks use a scheme called s oft handoff, which minimizes signal breakup as a handset passes from one cell to another. The combination of digital and spread-spectrum modes supports several times as many signals per unit bandwidth as analog modes. CDMA is compatible wit h other cellular technologies; this allows for nationwide roaming. The original CDMA standard, also known as CDMA One and still common in cellular telephones in the U.S., offers a transmission speed of only up to 14.4 Kbps in i ts single channel form and up to 115 Kbps in an eight-channel form. CDMA2000 and wideband CDMA deliver data many times faster. TDMA TDMA (time division multiple access) is a technology used in digital cellular te lephone communication that divides each cellular channel into three time slots i n order to increase the amount of data that can be carried. TDMA is used by Digital-American Mobile Phone Service (D-AMPS), Global System fo r Mobile communications (GSM), and Personal Digital Cellular (PDC). However, eac h of these systems implements TDMA in a somewhat different and incompatible way. An alternative multiplexing scheme to FDMA with TDMA is CDMA (code division mul tiple access), which takes the entire allocated frequency range for a given serv ice and multiplexes information for all users across the spectrum range at the s ame time. TDMA was first specified as a standard in EIA/TIA Interim Standard 54 (IS-54). I S-136, an evolved version of IS-54, is the United States standard for TDMA for b oth the cellular (850 MHz) and personal communications services (1.9 GHz) spectr ums. TDMA is also used for Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT). GSM GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephone syste m that is widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a variati on of time division multiple access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the th ree digital wireless telephone technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of use r data, each in its own time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band. GSM is the de facto wireless telephone standard in Europe. GSM has over 120 mill ion users worldwide and is available in 120 countries, according to the GSM MoU Association. Since many GSM network operators have roaming agreements with forei gn operators, users can often continue to use their mobile phones when they trav el to other countries. American Personal Communications (APC), a subsidiary of Sprint, is using GSM as

the technology for a broadband personal communications service (PCS). The servic e will ultimately have more than 400 base stations for the palm-sized handsets t hat are being made by Ericsson, Motorola, and Nokia. The handsets include a phon e, a text pager, and an answering machine. GSM together with other technologies is part of an evolution of wireless mobile telecommunication that includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HCSD), General Packet Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), and Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS). Difference between TDMA and FDMA. TDMA Time division multiple access (TDMA) is a channel access method for shared medi um (usually radio) networks. It allows several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. The users transmit in rapid succession, one after the other, each using his own time slot. This allows multiple stations to share the same transmission medium (e.g. radio frequency channel) while using only a part of its channel capacity. TDMA is use d in the digital 2G cellular systems such as Global System for Mobile Communicat ions (GSM), IS-136, Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) and iDEN, and in the Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) standard for portable phones. It is also used extensively in satellite systems, and combat-net radio systems FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access or FDMA is a channel access method used in mu ltiple-access protocols as a channelization protocol. FDMA gives users an indivi dual allocation of one or several frequency bands, allowing them to utilize the allocated radio spectrum without interfering with each other. Multiple Access sy stems coordinate access between multiple users. The users may also share access via different methods su ch TDMA, CDMA, or SDMA. These protocols are utilized differently, at different l evels of the theoretical OSI model. Features FDMA requires high-performing filters in the radio hardware, in contrast to TDMA and CDMA. FDMA is not vulnerable to timing problems as TDMA. Since a predetermi ned frequency band is available for the entire period of communication, stream d ata (a continuous flow of data that may not be packetized) can easily be used wi th FDMA. Due to the frequency filtering, FDMA is not sensitive to near-far problem which is pronounced for CDMA.

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