DEVELOPMENT

WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT ?

DEVELOPMENT HAS MANY

ASPECTS.

PEOPLE HAVE DIFFERENT

PERSPECTIVES ON DEVELOPMENT
AND THERE ARE WAYS BY WHICH
WE CAN ARRIVE AT COMMON
INDICATORS FOR DEVELOPMENT.
Malathi Sampathkuma
1
 DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT REFERS TO THAT
PROCESS AS A RESULT OF
WHICH,ALONG WITH INCREASE IN
PER CAPITA INCOME,THERE IS
REDUCTION IN
INEQUALITIES,POVERTY,ILLETERACY
AND DISEASES,THUS DEVELOPMENT
INCLUDES BOTH ECONOMIC
GROWTH AS WELL AS ECONOMIC 2
MEANING OF DEVELOPMENT IS
DIFFERENT FOR DIFFERENT
GROUPS

• LABOURERS----------HIGH WAGES
• FARMERS--------------INCREASE IN
PRODUCTION
• AN ADIVASI------------EQUALITY
• URBAN UNEMPLOYED YOUTH-----
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
3
 Conflicting Developmental
Goals

• Different people have different

developmental goals.
• WHAT MAY BE DEVELPOMENT FOR ONE MAY
BE DESTRUCTIVE FOR THE OTHER.
• Example : CONSTRUCTION OF DAMS.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
----------
WHAT IS MIX OF GOALS?
• IF A WOMAN IS PLACED WELL IN A JOB,SHE IS
WELL RECOGNISED IN HER FAMILY AS WELL
AS IN SOCIETY. 4
 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

The MEANING OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT HAS BEEN

CHANGING FROM TIME TO TIME. UNDER TRADITIONAL
APPROACH, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF A NATION
MEANS INCREASE IN NATIONAL INCOME.

LATER INCREASE IN PER CAPITA INCOME CAME TO BE

TREATED AS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. BUT IN RECENT
YEARS DEVELOPMENT MEANS IMPROVEMENT of HEALTH
FACILITIES,EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES and QUALITY OF
LIFE ALONG WITN INCREASE IN PER CAPITA INCOME.

5
 COMPARISON OF
COUNTRIES
• WHAT IS PER CAPITA INCOME?
• IT REFERS TO AVERAGE INCOME EARNED BY A PERSON IN A
YEAR.
• IT IS CALCULATED BY DIVIDING THE TOTAL INCOME OF THE
COUNTRY BY ITS TOTAL POPULATION
• TOTAL INCOME OF THE COUNTRIES CANNOT BE TAKEN TO
COMPARE THEM AS THEY HAVE DIFFERENT POPULATIONS.SO
ONLY AVERAGE INCOME IS TAKEN FOR COMPARISON.
• COUNTRIES ARE CLASSIFIED AS
• RICH COUNTRIES—PER CAPITA INCOME OF RS.4,53,000 AND
ABOVE EG.USA,UK
• LOW INCOME COUNTRIES---PER CAPITA INCOME OF RS.37,000
OR LESS EG.INDIA,PAKISTAN 6
 INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT

• PER CAPITA INCOME

• INFANT MORTALITY RATE
• LITERACY RATE
• GROSS ENROLMENT RATIO
• LIFE EXPECTANCY
• PERSONS LIVING BELOW POVERTY
LINE 7
UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF
INCOME
Who are the people who
benefited and who are not?
Large Companies are only
benefited and the
middle/lower class
population is not helped.

What should be the

developmental
goal for this country?
Cleaning Slum Areas,
Removal of Poverty and
providing education are
the main goals for this
country. 8
 COMPARISON BETWEEN
DEVELOPING AND DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES

The Rich become Richer and the Poor become poorer !!

9
10
 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
INDEX

• THIS CONCEPT WAS INTRODUCED BY

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME.
• EDUCATIONAL LEVEL OF
PEOPLE,HEALTH STATUS OF PEOPLE
AND PER CAPITA INCOME ARE THE
INDICATORS OF HDI.
• PG12 AND 13
11
 DEVELOPMENT

Economic

Political

Social

Cultural

SOCIAL JUSTICE
POLLUTION
REMOVAL OF POVERTY
CONTROL

12
 SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT

JUDICIOUS USE
OF
NATURAL
RESOURCES
AND
ENVIRONMENT
MEETING THE NEEDS SED TAKING CARE OF
FUTURE GENERATIONS
OF PRESRENT
GENERATION

13
 Discuss the Following

 WHY GROUND WATER IS OVERUSED?

 CAN THERE BE DEVELOPMENT WITHOUT

OVERUSE?

 IS CRUDE OIL ESSENTIAL FOR THE

DEVELOPMENT PROCESS IN OUR COUNTRY?

 INDIA HAS TO IMPORT CRUDE OIL.WHAT

PROBLEMS DO YOU ANTICIPATE FOR THE
COUNTRY LOOKING AT THE ABOVE
SITUATION?
14
Developed
and
Developing
Countries
15
16
 Differences Between Developed
and Developing Countries
Birth Rates

Developing countries have high birth rates because :

•Many parents will have a lot of children in the expectation

that some will die because of the high infant mortality rate

•Large families can help in looking after the farm

•The children will be able to look after their parents if they

become old or sick;
•there may not be a old age pension scheme

•There may be a shortage of family planning facilities and

advice

17
This scatter graph shows that a country with
a high infant mortality (many children dying
young) will tend to have a higher birth rate. 18
 Birth Rates in Developing
Countries

Developed countries have low birth rates as

:
•It is expensive to look after large families

•More women prefer to concentrate on their

careers

•Increasing sexual equality has meant women

have more control over their own fertility

•There is a ready availability of contraception

and family planning advice

19
 Death Rates
Developing countries have high death
rates as the following is very common
:
•Dirty, unreliable water supplies
•Poor housing conditions
•Poor access to medical services
•Endemic disease in some countries
•Diets that are short in calories and/or
protein
•Illiterate People
20
 Death Rates
Developed countries have low death
rates as the following is very common
:
•Good housing conditions
•Safe water supplies
•More than enough food to eat
•Advanced medical services which are easy
to access

Some developed countries have a high

death rate as they have an ageing
population with many older people. 21
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Last Slide