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Lecture 1
Introduction and Determination of inflow parameters
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Heidrun Steinmetz Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management - Chair of Sanitary Engineering and Water Recycling 1
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Gas Effluent
Corg, NH4, NO3, PO4
Influent
Corg, Norg, NH4, Porg
Sludge
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Of special interest
Pathogenic bact., viruses and worm eggs
Environmental effect
Risk when bathing and eating fishes Fish death, odors, deterioration of drinking w. Toxicity, bioaccumulation in the food chain, Eutrophication, oxygen depletion Toxicity, bioaccumulation Toxicity, corrosion Changing living conditions for flora and fauna Aesthetic inconveniences, toxicity
! !
Oxygen depletion in water bodies Detergents, pesticides, fat, oil, phenols,endocrine d..... Nitrogen, phosphorus Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni Acids, bases, hydrogen sulfide Hot water Hydrogen sulfide, others
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Specific load per inhabitant (acc. to ATV-DVWK A 131, 2000): 120 g BOD5/(Cd) BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand)
Amount of oxygen required for the biological oxidation of organic compounds BOD5: Degradation time = 5 days; Temperature = 20 C
Specific load per inhabitant (acc. to ATV-DVWK A 131, 2000): 60 g BOD5/(Cd) Only a part of the organic wastewater constituents are readily degradable
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Poly-Phosphate / org. P
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1985
g/(capd) P
1989
g/(capd) P
2000
g/(capd) P
mg/L P
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Specific load per inhabitant (acc. to ATVDVWK A 131, 2000): 11 g N/(C.d) Origin (acc. to Koppe and Stozek, 1999) : 76% Urine 14% Faeces 10% Washing and cleaning agents Nges TKN
NH4-N
org. N
NOx-N
NOx-N
Nanorg
org. N
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Biological treatment
Aeration tank Secondary sediment. Effluent
Grease
Primary sludge
Return sludge
Raw sludge
Dewatering and -agricultural use -landfill -incineration Digester 35C Thickener and storage tank
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Sludge treatment
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Domestic Wastewater
3,2
Infiltration Water
3,9 0,9
Precipitation
Storm Sewer
Industrial WWTP
2,8
0,6
Billion m/a
Design of WWTP 1. Determination of inflow parameters
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Can be measured ! Cannot be measured directly ! Literature values (Loads) and measured values (flow and/or concentrations) often cannot be brought into agreement easily!
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If data do exist, one should need them Aim of DWA A 198 Verification is always necessary (are the results plausible?)
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Location of sampling
In inflow to the wastewater treatment plant inflow to the biological stage
ESST effluent of the secondary settling stage EF EP effluent of a filter effluent of a pond
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Catchment Area Catchment area not served by sewers Catchment area served by sewers Paved surface
AC,np
Non-paved surface
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Dry weather flow as annual mean Daily volume of sludge Daily volume of waste (activated) sludge
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Prognosis
Domestic wastewater
P wd QD,d
Industrial wastewater
Industrial wastewater
Infiltration water
Infiltration water
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Dimensioning Values
Flow data
Mean values (for procedural design) QDW,d Daily dry weather flow QDW,aM Dry weather flow as annual mean Peak values (for hydraulic calculations) Important for complete optimization of sewer and wastewater treatment plant!! In catchment areas only with separate sewer system QDW,h,max In catchment areas with combined sewer systems QComb Additional for hydraulic calculations the Minimum dry weather flow as 2hourly mean QDW,2h,min
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m/d l/s
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Dimensioning Values
Design of the primary settling tanks
Dry weather flow QDW,2h,max Stormwater flow Combined sewer system: QComb Separate sewer system: QR,Sep,h,max
Operational temperature
Lowest temp. (for process design) Highest temp. (for design of aeration system) Temperature at location of sampling: effluent of the biological tank (alternatively inflow or effluent of the primary settling tank) Relevant: Determination from the curve of 2-week mean over 2 years
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Temperature in C
15 12 C 10 C 10
0 J F M A M J J A S O N D
Months
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Peak factor
Maximum daily 2-h-load/ daily average
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[ l/s ]
Determination of yearly dry weather flow (dry weather flow on days without rain)
DW,aM
=Q +Q WW,aM Inf,aM
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20 18
Source: ATV-DVWK-Arbeitsblatt A 198 (April 2003)
16 14 12 10 8
Rural areas < 5,000 E Middle towns 5,00020,00020,000 E 100,000 E Large cities > 100,000 E
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+ QInf ,aM
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Source: ATV-DVWK-Standard A 198 (April 2003)
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Rural areas < 5,000 E Middle towns 5,00020,00020,000 E 100,000 E Large cities > 100,000 E
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Daytime maximum
Nighttime minimum
Figure: Variations in dry weather flow during the day (Source: ATV Handbook 1, 1994)
Qd = 15,000 m3/d
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Specific domestic WW production wWW,d l/(Cd) 130-150 120-140 110-130 100-120 100 l/(Cd) 110
Divisor Divisor day average night average x h/d 20 18 16 14 12 l/(Ch) 110/16=6,9 x h/d 30 36 48 84 No flow l/(Ch) 110/48=2,3
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Fluctuations depend on
Production times Hours/ days Production cycles (e.g.: Slaughtery periods,..) Days/ weeks Seasonal activities Food industry (e.g. production periods of sugar industry,...) Tourism
Water saving production methods Large scale industry mostly direct dischargers
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Unit
0.015-0.02 m/guest
Infiltration Water
Origin
Diffuse sources (drainage water) Rivers Water drainage on building sites Leaky sewers (groundwater inflow) inf (groundwater level) inf (sewer condition)
Infiltration water is undesirable due to the fact, that the pollution of infiltration water is very low, but the total water flow is increased, resulting in higher wastewater discharge fees!
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Infiltration Water
Recommendations for Dimensioning
Infiltration water flow qInf = 0.05 0.15 l/(has) impervious area In the separate sewer system for the sanitary sewer QInf = 100 % QWW In the combined sewer system (based on average hourly QWW) QInf = 30 40 % QWW Related to sewer length qInf = 29 ... (43) ...67 l/(m d) Related to population wInf = 100 ... (130) ... 150 l/(C*d)
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Infiltration water
Definitions
Infiltration water fraction
infiltration water fraction ( FWA) = QInf Infiltrati on Water Inflow QInf = = Dry Weather Inflow QDW QWW + QInf
Conversion
FWA = 1
1 FWZ + 1
FWZ =
1 1 1 FWA
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Infiltration water
Infiltration water in BW 2008
12
WWTP: 998
431 9,9
10
Mio P:
21,2
Mio PE
Number of WWTP
Mio PE
300 250
5,0
6,3
224
0 1 25 %
25 50% 2 > 50% 3
Number of WWTP
350
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Infiltration Water
Determination in existing WWTPs:
Minimum inflow during night Method of yearly wastewater flow Sliding minimum Triangle method
Others
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Infiltration Water
Gliding minimum
Assumption: Variations of infiltration flow result from slow variations of groundwater level, fast variations are the result of surface stormwater runoff For each day, the dry weather flow is determined as the minimum daily flow out of the 21 preceding days (digital filter) Wastewater flow is determined from drinking water consumption or specific consumption values per inhabitant Tends to result in higher infiltration flow values than other methods + No use of subjective weather code + Infiltration flow variation over the year can be shown (seasonal variations) + Also suitable for small catchment areas with pumping stations and very large catchment areas ? Catchment area of WWTP identical with service area of water supply company ? Use of drinking water for irrigation or industrial uses which do not produce wastewater
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Infiltration water
Gliding minimum
40000 FWA = 42,0 % 35000 Stormwater 30000
Inflow [m/d]
25000 20000 15000 10000 Infiltration water 5000 Wastewater 0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12
2001
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Infiltration water according to the method of the gliding minimum WWTP H. 2006
Hirsau
Berichts-/Veranlagungsjahr 2006
400
97 113 129 145 161 177 193 209 225 241 257 273 289 305 321 337 353
TAGE
Days
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25.000
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0 J F M A M J J A S O N D
Months
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Frequency in %
Qd QDW
25.000
30.000
35.000
Water flow in m /d
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Old standard (ATV-DVWK-A 131 (1991 und 2001)): Qcomb = 2 QWW + QInf = 2 (QDW,2h,max QInf) + QInf = 2 (QDW,d,85/f QInf) + QInf = 2 (8.727/12 24 4.544,6) + 4.544,6 = 30.363,4 m3/d = 351 l/s
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COD is the most frequently determined parameter. Values of less determined parameters could be deflected by ratios between COD and them (keeping the costs for chemical analysis within limits) If necessary intensive samplings are needed
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Frequency in %
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Frequency in %
70 60 50% value 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
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20
15
10
5
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12
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2000
20
1999
15
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Nges
[mg/l] 35,2 14,2 49,9 39,2 17,1 60,6
Norg
[mg/l] 17,5 8,4 25,0 18,5 11,5 27,9
Nitrogen concentrations in the inflow respectively in the biological reactor of the WWTP Hof
[mg/l]
Minimum Maximum
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Example of hydraulics
Maximum, mean and minimum hourly dry weather flows Nov. 01 until Oct. 02
800,00 700,00 600,00
Dec. 01
Jan. 02
May. 02
Jun. 02
Jul. 02
Aug. 02
Sep. 02
Oct. 02
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Example of hydraulics
Curve of the DW-days about a year from Nov. 2001 until Oct. 2002
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0 Nov. 01 Dec. 01 Jan. 02 Feb. 02 March. 02 Apr. 02 May. 02 Jun. 02 Jul. 02 Aug. 02 Sep. 02 Oct. 02
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700
12000 10000
500
350
Bd,COD,InB [kg/d]
200
8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
3
Qd [m /d]
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Unterschreitung [%]
COD [kg/d]
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B d,COD,InB,2wM [kg/d]
5.11
25.12
13.2
4.4
24.5
13.7
1.9
21.10
10.12
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Literature I
Wastewater Treatment Degrmont: Water Treatment Handbook Vol. 1 & 2, Lavoisier, Cachan, 2007, ISBN: 978-1-84585-005-0, 978-2-7430-0970-0 Grady, C.P.L., G.T. Daiger, H.C. Lim: Biological Wastewater Treatment, 2. Ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1999. Henze, M., Harremoes, P., LaCour Jansen, J., Arvin, E.: Wastewater Treatment, 2. ed., Springer, Berlin, 1997 Liptak, B., G., Liu, D.H.F. Environmental Engineers Handbook, 2nd Ed., Lewis Publ., Boca Raton, 1997, Air Pollution, Noise Pollution, Wastewater Treatment, Removing Specific Water Contaminants, Groundwater and Surface Water Pollution, Solid Waste, Hazardous Waste Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.: Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal and Reuse, McGraw Hill, New York Rich, L. G.: Unit operations of sanitary engineering, John Wiley, New York, 1961 Schroeder, E. D.: Water and Wastewater Treatment, McGraw Hill, New York, 1977 Stephenson, K., K. Brindle, K., Judd, S., Jefferson, B.: Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment. 2000, Portland Press Ltd. Essex Water Chemistry Sawyer, C.N., P.L. McCarty: Chemistry for Sanitary En-gineers, McGraw Hill Book Comp., New York Stumm, W., Morgan, J.J.: Aquatic Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 4. Ed.. Hydrobiology Uhlmann, D.: Hydrobiology, a text for engineers and scientists, John Wiley, New York Chichester, 1988 Biotechnology, Modeling, Chemical Engineering Bailey, J.E., D.F. Ollis: Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals, Mc Graw Hill, Internat. Editions, New York, 1986 Blanch, H.W. u. Clark, D.S.: Biochemical Engineering, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York 1997 IWA Task Group on Mathematical Modelling for Design and Operation of Biological Wastewater Treatment (Editor): Activated Sludge Models ASM1, ASM2, ASM2D and ASM3, IWA Publishing, London 2000. Rittmann, B., McCarty, P.: Environmental Biotechnology: Principles and Applications, McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math, 2001 Russel, T.W.F., M.M. Denn: Introduction to Chemical Engineering Analyses, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1972 Snape, J.B., I.J. Dunn, J. Ingham, J.E. Prenosil: Dynamics of Environmental Bioprocesses - Modeling and Simulation, VCH, Weinheim, 1995 62
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Literature II
Standards, Advisory leaflets (DIN: Deutsche Industrienorm, EN: European Standard) DIN 4045, 1985-12: Abwassertechnik; Begriffe: Waste Water Engineering; Vocabulary DIN EN 1085, 1997-07: Abwasserbehandlung, Begriffe, Terminologie, Wrterbuch: Wastewater treatment Vocabulary; Trilingual version EN 1085: 1997 DWA: Deutsche Vereinigung fr Wasserwirtschaft, Abwasser und Abfall e.V. in English: German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste Design Rules in English, Others Glossaries Bains, W.; Biotechnology from A to Z, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993 Journals: Environmental Science and Technology http://pubs.acs.org/journal/esthag ISSN: 0013-936X, Uni S, Homepage: Water Research ISSN: 0043-1354, Uni S , Homepage: http://www.iwaponline.com/wr/default.htm Water Science and Technology ISSN: 0273-1223, Uni S: 13.1981 - 50.2004 (LEA).Homepage: http://www.iwaponline.com/wst/default.htm Water Environment Research ISSN: 1061-4303t: Uni S 64.1992 - 76.2004 (LEA) Homepage: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wef/wer Water Practice & Technology ISSN: 1751-231X, Uni S, Homepage: http://www.iwaponline.com/wpt/ Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology Aqua ISSN: 0003-7214 Uni S 1974 1979 (LEA), 1959 1974 ISWA, Homepage:http://www.iwaponline.com/jws/default.htm Water Resources Research ISSN: 0043-1397, Uni S: 26.1990 - 40.2004 (LEA), 5.1969 - 33.1997 ISWA, Homepage: http://www.agu.org/journals/wr/ Urban Water Journal ISSN: 1744-9006, Uni S, Homepage: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713734575~db=all Journal of Environmental Technology and Management ISSN: 1741-511X, Homepage: https://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=11 63
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