MIS Material Final 2011

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF.
KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
STRICTLY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION - ONLY FOR MARWADI MBA PROGRAMME PROF. KUMARGAURAV FACULTY MIS, MARWADI EDUCATIONS RAJKOT
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MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

CONTENTS Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Particulars Basics of Management Information System Characteristics of MIS & Components of an information system MIS Model & System approach History of the role of information systems Information System Application Challenge of information systems Data base management system , Types of Data Model It & infrastructure/ architecture Firms IT service & Infrastructure MIS & strategy Competitive advantages with is Internet & Its application Enterprise resources planning Management Challenges of the E-Business Enterprise Digital Firm EDI (Electronic data interchange) E-Commerce & Its Model Digital Wallet (CRM)Customer Relationship Management Tele communication & Networks Types of Networks System Development Life Cycle Process Re engineering of Business Process International Information System Information Security , Its Management, Ethical & social Issue Hardware & Software Knowledge Management system Artificial Intelligence Business Value of MIS / IT /IS Important concept & Glossary Page no. 3 4 5 7 9 10 13 14 16 16 17 18 20 22 23 27 30 33 34 36 39 42 45 46 49 54 61 64 67 73
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MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM Management Information System is an information system application that provides for management- oriented reporting. These reports are usually generated on a programmed schedule and appear in a arranged format. MIS is a computer based system that provides flexible & speedy access to accurate data. Information system for management The set of interrelated components that collect , process , store & distribute information to support decision making to organization. Walker Kennevans - it is an organized method of providing past, present & projection information relating to internal operations & external intelligence. Lucey MIS is a system to convert data from internal and external sources into information & to communicate that information in an appropriate from to manager at all level, in all functions, to enable them to make timely & effective decisions for planning, directing & controlling the activities for which they are responsible. Information system supports the planning control and operational functions of an organization by furnishing uniform information in the proper timeframe to assist the decision making process. Stoner & Wankel MIS is a formal method of making available to management the accurate and timely information, necessary to facilitate the decision making process & enable the organizations planning, control and operational functions to be carried out effectively.
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Characteristics of Management Information System Formal Arrangement It is an integrated system Attached to various levels of management Useful for decision making Management Oriented Useful of principle of exception Arrangement for classification & Analysis Efficient arrangement of communication Storing informations Components of an information system People Hardware Software Data Networks
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Contemporary Approach to MIS Technical Approach Behavioral Approach Socio Technical Approach MIS MODEL
HERE U CAN DRAW THE REAL WORLD ADAG MIS MODEL
ADAG THE CORPORATE MIS MODEL

"MIS 'lives' in the space that intersects technology and business. MIS combines technology with business to get people the information they need to do their jobs better/faster/smarter. Information is the lifeblood of all organizations - now more than ever.
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A (MIS) is a subset of the overall internal controls of a business covering the application of people, documents, technologies, and procedures by management accountants to solve business problems such as costing a product, service or a business-wide strategy. Management information systems are distinct from regular information systems in that they are used to analyze other information systems applied in operational activities in the organization.[1] Academically, the term is commonly used to refer to the group of information management methods tied to the automation or support of human decision making, e.g. Decision Support Systems, Expert systems, and Executive information systems.[1] It has been described as, "MIS 'lives' in the space that intersects technology and business. MIS combines tech with business to get people the information they need to do their jobs better/faster/smarter. Information is the lifeblood of all organizations - now more than ever. MIS professionals work as systems analysts, project managers, systems administrators, etc., communicating directly with staff and management across the organization." SYSTEM APPROACH
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HISTORY OF THE ROLE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEM:Operational Level System: Information System that monitor the elementary activities and transactions of the organization. Eg sales, receipts, cash deposits, payroll etc. Knowledge Level System: Information System that supports data workers and knowledge in an organization.
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Management Level System: Information System that support the monitoring, controlling, decision-making and administrative activities of middle managers. Strategic Level System: Information System that support the long range planning activities of senior management. e.g what will employment levels after five years? What product should we making in five years?
KEY INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPLICATION IN THE ORGANIZATION TPS(Transaction Processing System): Computerized systems that performed and record the daily routine transactions necessary to conduct the business; they serve the operational level of the organization. OAS(Office Automation System): Computer system such as word processing, electronic mail system etc. that are designed to increase the productivity of data workers in the office.
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KWS(Knowledge Work System): Information system that aid knowledge workers in the creation and integration of new knowledge in the organization. MIS(Management Information System): Management Information System is at the management level of an organization that serve the function of planning, controlling, and decision making by providing routing summery and expectation reports. DSS(Decision Support System ): Information System at the management level of an organization that combine data and sophisticated analytical models to support semi structured and un structured decision making. ESS(Executive Support System):Information System at the strategic level of an organization designed to address un structured decision making through advanced graphics and communication.
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THE CHALLENGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS 1 - The Strategic Business Challenge: How can Business use information technology to design organization that are competitive and effective? 2 - The Globalization Challenge: How can firm understand the Business and system requirement of a global economic environment? 3 - The Information Architecture Challenge: How can organizations develop an information architecture that supports their business goal? 4 - The Information system investment challenge: How can organizations determine the business value of information system? 5 - The Responsibility and control challenge: How can organizations design systems that people can control and understand? How can organization ensure that their information system are used in an ethically and socially responsible manner?
AN INFORMATION SYSTEM FRAMEWORK FOR BUSINESS PROFESSIONALS
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DATA VS. INFORMATION : Data A given, or fact; a number, a statement, or a picture Represents something in the real world The raw materials in the production of information Information Data that have meaning within a context Data in relationships Data after manipulation Data base management system Data Raw facts or observation of things, events, activities & transactions that are captured, recorded, stored, and classified but not organized to convey any specific meaning.
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Data base A logically group of related data & files.

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DBMS Database management system A set of computer programs that controls the creation , maintenance, and utilization of the databases of an organization. DBMS is a system that creates, manages, and controls a database used by managers for analysis & decision making. Relational DBMS = RDBMS Data files are structured as relations (tables) Eg Amazon , Bank Benefits of Database Approach Irregularity can be avoided Data can be shared Standards can be enforced Security limits can be applied Credit can be maintained Data independence can be provided Backup and Recovery Idleness can be reduced RDBMS Relational Databases Provide: Tabular Data model: simple, yet powerful A Standard easy-to-use query Language: SQL Mature Products with Reliable, Fault-Tolerant Operations available Good Performance High number of transactions per second Parallel operation for scalability (handle growth) Distributed and Replicated Data Bases Interoperation, High availability Data warehouse An integrated collection of data extracted from operational, historical, and external database, and cleaned, transformed, and catalogued for recovery and analysis, to provide business intelligence for business decision making
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Types of Data Models Hierarchical Network Relational Object Oriented Entity Relationship
Data Mining : Data mining is concerned with the analysis of data and the use of software technique for finding patterns and regularities in sets of data. Its the computer responsible for finding the patterns by identifying the underlying rules and features in the data. Inconveniency Issue in Data Mining Mining methodology & User interaction issues Performance Issues Issues related to the diversity of database types\ Data Mining applications Data Mining for financial Industry Data Mining for retail industry Data Mining for telecommunication
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IT & Infrastructure/ Architecture

Information systems architecture provides a combine framework into which various people with different perspectives can organize and view the fundamental building blocks of information systems.
CENTRALIZED INFRASTRUCTURE ( ADAG ) DECENTRALIZED INFRASTRUCTURE ( DEPARTMENT WISE } DISTRIBUTED INFRASTRUCTURE ( ASIA , UK , USA )
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IT Components / Architecture
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STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM STRATEGY Strategy is a unified comprehensive and integrated plan designed to ensure that the basic objectives of the enterprise are achieved. Strategy A common vision that joins to gather an organization & provide consistency in decision and keeps the organization moving in right direction. Its journey of excellence Good to greater and better to best Strategy is the determines of long term goal of an enterprise Andrew Carnegie Strategy is the pattern of objectives purpose or goal and plan for achieving these Michal Cami With out strategy organization is like ship with out a radar Chandler Strategy as the determination of the long term goals and objectives of an organization & allocation of resources necessary for carrying out these goals Drucker SM is not a base of tricks or a bundle of techniques it is analytical thinking & commitment of resources to action Strategic Level System: Information System that support the long range planning activities of senior management. e.g. what will employment levels after five years? What product should we making in five years? Unit level Strategy Business strategy How a firm competes in a given business Corporate strategy Determines what business or businesses the company should be in a focus on the scope of the firm
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Competitive Advantages with IS : There are two models of firm and its environment have been used to identify the where information system can provide advantages over competitors. A. Competitive force model B. Value chain model A.Competitive force model: Model used to describe the interaction of external influence, specifically threats and opportunities, that affect an organizations strategy and ability to compete.
Competitive Forces- Michael Porters Model

Bargaining Power of Customer
Bargaining Power Of Suppliers
Competitive Rivalry Within an Industry
Threat of New Entrants
Threat of Substitute Products
1.Product Differentiation 2. Focused Differentiation 3. Switching costs
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B.Value chain model : Model that highlights the primary or support activities that add a margin of value to a firms products or services where information systems can best be applied to achieve a competitive advantage. 1. Primary activities 2.Support activities
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INTERNET The largest network of networks in the world. Runs on any communications substrate
Internet Global network of networks using universal standards to connect millions of different networks. Intranet An internal network based on internet and world wide web technology & standard. Network The linking of two or more computers to share data or resources. A network of networks, joining many government, university and private computers together and providing an infrastructure for the use of E-mail, bulletin boards, file archives, hypertext documents, databases and other computational resources The vast collection of computer networks which form and act as a single huge network for transport of data and messages across distances which can be anywhere from the same office to anywhere in the world.
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ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS Integrated enterprise wide information systems that co -ordinate key internal processes of the firm ES is a large software application that Enterprise use to manage their operations. These systems have become a key way by which large organization distribute information's of all kinds to their workforce, supplier & customers ERP ENTERPRISE RECOURSES PLANNING: ERP - An integrated process of planning & managing all major business process with single client / server architecture in real time , Including contacts with business partner & customer. ERPIS seeks to standardize, streamline & integrate diverse operations & information flows in a company by synergizing its recourses through information technology. ERP - as greater equalizer ERP - the data flows like a river ERP performance improvement program. The Goal of an ERP System - The goal of ERP is to improve and streamline internal business processes, which typically requires reengineering of current business processes MIS is an integrated collection of functional information systems, each supporting particular functional areas. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is the industry term used to describe a broad set of activities supported by multi-module application software that helps a manufacturer or other business manage the important parts of its business. These parts can include product planning, parts purchasing, maintaining inventories, interacting with suppliers, providing customer service, and tracking orders. ERP can also include application modules for the finance and human resources aspects of a business.
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Companies before ERP Systems Advantages Eliminate costly, inflexible legacy systems Provide improved work processes Provide access to data for operational decision making Upgrading technology infrastructure Disadvantages Time consuming, difficult, expensive to implement Make radical changes in how a company operates Lack of vendor responsiveness in light of high demand Management Challenges of the E-Business Enterprise
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Example for ERP as well as Supply chain management WAL-MART STORES, INC 1962 1964 - Sam Walton names his new stores WALMART. The Wal-Mart name was presented in just about any font/style available to the printer. 100 million people shop at Wal-Mart stores each week Sales in 2003 topped $256 billion Our Purpose : - Saving People Money So They Can Live Better International Operations over 52 Countries Argentina , Central America , India , Puerto Rico Brazil , Chile ,Japan ,United Kingdom ,Canada , China
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MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT EMERGENCE OF THE DIGITAL FIRM: Digitally-enabled relationships with customers, suppliers, and employees. Core business processes accomplished via digital networks. Digital management of key corporate assets. Rapid sensing and responding to environmental changes. Quick sensing and responding to environmental changes. Seamless flow of information within the firm, and with strategic partners. Core business processes accomplished using digital networks. Digital management of key corporate assets. DIGITAL DEFINED: Digital describes electronic technology that generates, stores, and processes data in terms of two states: positive and nonpositive. Positive is expressed or represented by the number 1 and nonpositive by the number 0. Thus, data transmitted or stored with digital technology is expressed as a string of 0's and 1's. Each of these state digits is referred to as a bit (and a string of bits that a computer can address individually as a group is a byte). Prior to digital technology, electronic transmission was limited to analog technology, which 0conveys data as electronic signals of varying frequency or amplitude that are added to carrier waves of a given frequency. Broadcast and phone transmission has conventionally used analog technology. Digital technology is primarily used with new physical communications media, such as satellite and fiber optic transmission. A modem is used to convert the digital information in your computer to analog signals for
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your phone line and to convert analog phone signals to digital information for your computer. To Be a Digital Firm: Truly digital firm is one that uses Web and Internet-based tools and protocols to create a firm without media breaks. Book says: all significant business processes and relationships with customers, suppliers, and employees are digitally enabled, and key corporate assets are managed through digital means WHY IT IS REQUIRES? Today, it is widely recognized that information systems knowledge is essential for managers because most organizations need information systems to survive and prosper. Information systems can help companies extend their reach to faraway locations, offer new products and services, reshape jobs and workflows, Lastly, four most powerful changes have altered the business environment namely described below. How it works? Today, information systems provide the communication and analytic power that firms need to conduct trade and manage businesses on a global scale. Communicating with distributors and suppliers, operating 24 hours a day: 1. in different national environments,
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2. coordinating global work teams,

3. and servicing local and international reporting needs is a major business challenge that requires powerful information system responses COMPETITIVE BUSINESS WORLD & DIGITAL FIRM The first change is the emergence and strengthening of the global economy. The second change is the transformation of industrial economies and societies into knowledge- and information-based service economies. The third is the transformation of the business enterprise. The fourth is the emergence of the digital firm.
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EDI (ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE) It is the electrical exchange of business documents in standard computer process and universally accepted format. Here sender and receiver both are consider as trading partner. Trading partner has to agree for the format of business documents which are sent over the internet. Here Business documents send through electronically from either side there is no need of re keying the data.
COMPONENT OF EDI
o EDI Standards: To exchange the information from independent of hardware and software, there is a need of standard format of data which is universally accepted. o EDI Software: Main Functions of EDI software * Data Conversion * Data Formatting
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* Message Communication Sender Receiver
Role of EDI:
* EDI Enables business to reduce cost of Faxing and phones Manual Documents handling Time * EDI Reduce settlement costs of Shipping the goods Sending the payment Notification of payment received Labor intensive
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INTRODUCTION: COMMERCE Commerce: Exchange of Goods / Services Contracting parties: Buyer and Seller Fundamental principles: Trust and Security Intermediaries: Direct (Distributors, Retailers) Indirect (Banks, Regulators) Money is a medium to facilitate transactions Attributes of money: o Acceptability, Portability, Divisibility o Security, Anonymity o Durability, Interoperability E-Commerce Automation of commercial transactions using computer and communication technologies Facilitated by Internet and WWW Business-to-Business: EDI Business-to-Consumer: WWW retailing Some features: o Easy, global access, 24 hour availability o Customized products and services o Back Office integration o Additional revenue Stream What is E-commerce? Process of buying, selling, or exchanging products, services, and information Through computer networks.
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FEATURES OF E-COMMERCE: 1.) Universal (Ubiquity): It is available just about every where It is possible to shopping from your desktop It reduce transaction costs I.e. cost to participate in physical market. 2.) Global Reach: It permits commercial transaction to cross national boundaries. Potential market size for e-commerce approximately over 400 million as up to 2003-04. 03.) Universal Standard: To sale product to global audience, Universal technical standard is unusual feature of E-Commerce. 04.) Richness: Compare to traditional markets they have great richness. They able to provide personal, face to face service. On internet oral and visualization of product makes more richness. 05.) Interactivity: They allow for merchant and consumer communication. It allowed consumer interactivity through online form, chat room etc. 06.) Information Density: E-Commerce markets, prices and costs become more transparent. Online consumer will become real consumer. It segments the markets into groups who willing to pay different prices. 07.) Personalization / Customization: E-Merchants can target their marketing message to individuals. From information density, past purchase of behavior, level of personalization will increase.
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CLASSIFICATION OF E-COMMERCE / E.COM MODELs

Business-to-business (B2B): All the participants are businesses or other organizations. Business-to-consumer (B2C): The businesses sell their products to consumers (individual shoppers). Business-to-business-to-consumer(B2B2C): A business provides some service to a client business. The client business maintains its own Customers, to whom the service is finally Provided. Consumer-to-business (C2B): Individuals can sell products or provide services Through the Internet to organizations. Consumer-to-consumer (C2C): An individual can sell products or services directly to another individual. Mobile commerce (M-commerce): E-commerce in a wireless mobile environment. G to B ( Govt. to Business)
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ADVANTAGES OF B2C E-COMMERCE 1. May eliminate need for maintaining physical shop front 2. Reduced transaction costs; increased transaction speed 3. Ease of crossing geographical boundaries 4. Web sites available 24/7 5. Ease of updating existing and distributing new information 6. Providing additional value for customers 7. Internet: universal, easy-to-use set of technologies and standards 8. Empowers smaller companies 9. Convenience DIGITAL WALLETS Digital Wallets are authenticate the consumer through the use of digital certificates or other encryption methods, stores and transfers value, and secures the payment process from the consumer to the merchant. Your Digital wallet would support payments using a regular credit card, digital cash etc... There are mainly two kinds of digital wallets are there Client based o Software application that consumers install on their computers and that offer consumers convenience by automatically filling out forms at online stores. o e.g. MasterCard Wallet, Gator.com Server based o Software based authentication and payment services and product sold to financial institutions that market the systems to merchants either directly or as a part of their financial service package. E.g. Microsoft Passport, Novell Digital
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Payment system types 1. Credit card-based methods a. Credit card over SSL - First Virtual 2. Electronic Cheques a. - Net Cheque 3. Anonymous payments a. - Dig cash - CAFE 4. Micropayments & Smart cards
-SET
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CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT (CRM) Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is an information industry term for methodologies, software and usually internet capabilities that help an enterprise manage customer relationship in organized way. CRM Consist of: 1. Helping an enterprise to enable its marketing dept. to identify and target their best customers, marketing campaigns with clear goal and objectives. 2. Assisting organization to improve telesales, account and sales management by optimizing information shared by multiple employees and streamlining existing processes. 3. Identifying the most profitable customers and providing them highest level of service. 4. Providing information about customer's need to employees. And from that build relationships bet. Company, its customer base and its distribution partners. BENEFITS OF CRM: 1. Provide faster response to customer inquiries. 2. Increasing efficiency through automation 3. Having deeper knowledge of customers 4. Identifying the most profitable customers. 5. Doing more one to one marketing. MARKETING AND ADVERTISEMENT ON NET: Marketing communication having dual purpose: 1.) Branding 2.) Sales. There are many different forms of online marketing communications like I.) Online Advertising, II.) E-mail marketing and public relation, here web site itself viewed as marketing communication tool. Online Advertising: Online Advertising is most common tool on web. It is paid message on web. There are nos. of different forms of online advertisement including..
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Banner and rich media ads. Paid search engine inclusion and placement Sponsorships Affiliate relationship Online Financial Services: The online financial service is now very powerful like Banking, Insurance etc. Most of financial institution is increasingly encouraging their customers to visit their online sites. So the customer can save their time and access information at their convenient time and place. Main Features of online Industries are: Multi channel firms that have physical branches and solid online offerings are growing faster. TELE-COMMUNICATION & NET WORKS
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Communications The word Communication is derived from communis Latin meaning Common
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It stands for a natural activity of all human being to convey or Exchange opinions, feelings , information & idea to others through words ( written or spoken ) , body language or signs. Create an understanding in the mind of other!
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Telecommunications network components Terminals: any input/output device that uses networks to transmit or receive data Telecommunications Processors: devices that support data transmission and reception Telecommunications Channels: media over which data are transmitted and received Computers: all sizes and types Telecommunications Control Software: programs that control telecommunications activities Extranet Network links that use Internet technologies To connect the Intranet of a business With the Intranets of its customers, suppliers or other business partners Networking is the concept of sharing resources and services. a network of computers is a group of interconnected system sharing resources and interacting using a shared resources and interacting using a shared communication link. A network there is called as a get of interconnected systems with something to share between connected computers. The shared resource can be data a printer a fax modem or a service such as a database or an email system Network management functions Traffic Management manage network resources and traffic to avoid congestion and optimize service levels to users Security provide authentication, encryption, firewall, auditing and enforcement Capacity Planning survey network resources and traffic patterns and users needs to determine how best to accommodate the needs of the network as it grows and changes
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Topology: structure of a network Star: ties end user computers to a central computer Ring: ties local computer processors together in a ring on a relatively equal basis
Types of Networks
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Personal area network Local area network Campus area network Metropolitan area network Wide area network Global Personal area network
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Personal area network : A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer devices close to one person. Some examples of devices that are used in a PAN are personal computers, printers, fax machines, telephones. Local area network : A local Area Network (LAN) is a computer network covering a small physical area, like a home, office, or small group of buildings, such as a school, or an airport. Campus area network : A campus area network (CAN) is a computer network made up of an interconnection of local area networks (LANs) within a limited geographical area. Metropolitan area network : A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that connects two or more local area networks or campus area networks

together but does not extend beyond the boundaries of the immediate town/city. Wide area network : A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad area (i.e. any network whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries. Less formally, a WAN is a network that uses for public communications links. Global Personal area network : GAN is a model for supporting mobile communications across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage areas, etc. The key challenge in mobile communications is "handing off" the user. Network Architectures & Protocols Protocol: standard set of rules and procedures for the control of communications in a network Network Architecture: Master plan of standard protocols, hardware, software and interfaces between end users and computer systems Goal of promoting an open, simple, flexible, and efficient telecommunications environment Benefiting from systems thinking The first step in systems thinking is to be able to identify something as a system. Identify where the boundary lies and all of the relevant inputs Visualizing a set of things and their relationship as system allows you to translate a specify physical situation into more general. By decomposition The system into subsystems, we can analyze each subsystem separately and discover if one or more subsystem is at capacity.
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Its enabled us to determine its problem with demand
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

A collection of activities that are carried out to solve the problem of organization is known as SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT This system should be cost effective, efficient and as per the planned specification to solve the organizational problem A framework that describes the activities performed at each stage of a software development project. DEVELOPMENT PROCESS MODEL Many organization use MIS successfully other do not though the hardware and the software is the latest and has appropriate technology its use is more for the collection and storage of data and its elementary processing there are some features which make the MIS a success and some other which make it a failure these factors can be summarized as follows.
1.FEASIBILITY STUDY
System Development Life Cycle
2.SYSTEM ANALYSIS
3.SYSTEM DESIGN
4.APPLIACATION DEVELOPMENT
5.PERFORMANCE TESTING
6.IMPLEMETATION
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7.MAINTENANCE

System Development Process 1. Systems analysis 2. System design 3. Programming 4. Testing 5. Conversion 6. Production & maintenance
Systems Analysis Definition - analysis of problem to be solved with an information system Major tasks o Understand the problem Define the problem Identify causes Specify solutions o Feasibility study: can problem be solved within constraints? o Establishing information requirements for end users Deliverables include system proposal, feasibility study, user requirements Approval by management to proceed Role of the end user Feasibility Technical: assess hardware, software, technical resources
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Economic: will benefits outweigh costs Operational: Is solution desirable within existing conditions? Systems Design Definition - details how a system will meet the information requirements determined by systems analysis Designer responsibilities o consider alternate technologies o manage and control the technical realization of the system o Translate the system requirements into specifications that will deliver a system that solves the problems determined in systems analysis Role of end users in systems design Examples of Translation of Requirements into Specifications in the Design Phase Design of input files (usually database tables) Procedures (the formulas or algorithms that will be used to process the inputs into outputs) Output files (the files that will contain the processed data, or the files that record input from customers, employees, suppliers, etc.) User interface (the design of windows, menus, icons, drop down lists, etc.) Interfaces (determination of how the system will interact with other systems; inputs from other systems, outputs to other systems) Completing System Development Process Programming: Translating needs to Program Code Testing: Does System Produce Desired Results? Unit testing: Tests Each Unit Separately System testing: Do Modules Function as planned? Acceptance testing: Final Certification Test plan: Preparations for Tests to be Performed
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REENGINEERING _ Michal Hammer - The fundamental rethinking &

major redesign of business process to achieve dramatic improvements in the critical major measure of performance such as cost , quality , service , & Speed. Fundamental Rethinking Major Redesign Dramatic Improvement New Benchmark New Rules Department & Functions Structure of Processes Efficiencies & Effectiveness Change in the Mindset Customer Satisfaction Cost of Overhead
Business Process Re engineering Process

1.Begin organizational change
2.Build Reengineering Org
3.Identify BPR Opportunities
4.Understand existing process 5. 5.Re Engineering the process 6.Blue print new system
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7.Perform transformation

Information System Planning Types Top-Down Planning: A generic information systems planning methodology that attempts to gain a broad understanding of the information system needs of the entire organization. Bottom-up Planning: generic information systems planning methodology that identifies and defines IS development projects based upon solving operational business problems or taking advantages of some business opportunities.
Some of the critical factors of successful Info Systm implementation

Top Management commitment IS Teamwork & Composition Bus. Plan & Vision Effective Communication Project management Change management Bus process reengineering Software development , testing. Performance evaluation & management Training & education
Information Planning Methods Critical Success Factors (CSF) Business System Planning (BSP) End/Mean Analysis (E/M)
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Developing an International Information Systems Architecture The basic information systems required by organizations to coordinate worldwide trade and other activities Business driver: A force in the environment to which businesses must respond and that influences the direction of the business
The Global Environment: Business Drivers and Challenges The global business drivers can be divided into two groups: General cultural factors: 1. Global communication and transportation technologies 2. Development of global culture 3. Emergence of global social norms
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5. Global knowledge base
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4. Political stability

Specific business factors: 1. Global markets 2. Global production and operations 3. Global coordination 4. Global workforce 5. Global economies of scale
Global Business Strategy Define the Core Business Processes Identify the core system to coordinate centrally Choose an Approach: incremental , grand design, Evolutionary Make the benefits clear THE MANAGEMENT SOLUTION
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Introducing changes in business processes
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Agreeing on common user requirements

Coordinating application development Coordinating software releases Encouraging local users to support global systems Global Systems Strategy Define the core business processes: Conduct workflow analysis, identify centers of excellence for these processes Identify the core systems to coordinate centrally: Conquer the core systems and define these systems as truly transnational Choose an approach: Incremental, Grand Design, Evolutionary
Management Challenges in Developing Global Systems Agreeing on common user requirements Introducing changes in business processes Coordinating applications development Coordinating software releases Encouraging local users to support global systems
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What is Information Security? The process of ensuring business systems and information assets are protected, secure and available. INFORMATION SECURITY Information security describes efforts to protect computer and non computer equipment, facilities, data, and information from misuse by unauthorized parties This definition includes copiers, fax machines, and all types of media, including paper documents Security - Policies, procedures, and technical measures used to prevent unauthorized access, alteration, theft, or physical damage to information systems. Security policy - Statements ranking information risks, identifying acceptable security goals, and identifying the problem has a clear-cut answer provided by an accepted procedure.
Management of Information Security: The title corporate information systems security officer (CISSO) has been used for the person in the organization responsible for the firm's information systems security. Now there is a move to designate a corporate information assurance officer (CIAO) who reports to the CEO and manages an information assurance unit
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TYPES OF THREATS: Viruses Trojan horse, Worms etc. Hackers WAN, Servers, Wireless Fraud, identity theft, exploitation of confidential and financial information Employee & Contractors Personal Software, Laptops Intentional damage or accidental error Cyber terrorism Corporate Secrets & Intellectual Properties
INFORMATION SECURITYMANAGEMENT (ISM) ISM consists of four steps: o Identifying the threats that can attack the firm's information resources
o Establishing an information security policy

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o Defining the risks that the threats can impose

o Implementing controls that address the risks Benchmarks are also used to ensure the integrity of the risk management system
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ETHICS: Principles of right and wrong Used by individuals As free moral agents To guide behavior ETHICS IN AN INFORMATION SOCIETY: RESPONSIBILITY: Accepting costs, duties, obligations for decisions ACCOUNTABILITY: Assessing responsibilities for decisions & actions LIABILITY: Must pay for legal damages NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: ACCOUNTABILITY, LIABILITY & CONTROL: Ethical issues: who is morally responsible for consequences of use? Social issues: what should society expect and allow? Political issues: to what extent should government intervene, protect?
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SYSTEM QUALITY: DATA QUALITY & SYSTEM ERRORS:o Ethical issues: when is software or service ready for release? o Social issues: can people trust quality of software, services, and data? o Political issues: should govt. Or industry develops standards for software, hardware, and data quality? MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES:o Understand ethical & social issues related to systems o Ethics in an information society o Moral dimension of information systems Managing Enterprise Risk: Key activities in managing enterprise-level risk 1. Categorize the information system 2. Select set of minimum (baseline) security controls 3. Refine the security control set based on risk assessment 4. Document security controls in system security plan 5. Implement the security controls in the information system 6. Assess the security controls 7. Determine agency-level risk and risk acceptability 8. Authorize information system operation 9. Monitor security controls on a continuous basis INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Intellectual property: intangible creations protected by law Trade secret: intellectual work or product belonging to business, not in public domain Copyright: statutory grant protecting intellectual property from copying by others for 28 years Trade mark: legally registered mark, device, or name to distinguish ones goods Patent: legal document granting owner exclusive monopoly on an invention for 17 years INFORMATION RIGHTS:Privacy: right to be left alone Fair information practices (fib):
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No secret personal records Individuals can access, amend information about them Use info only with prior consent Managers accountable for damage done by systems Governments can intervene
MANAGING HARDWARE & SOFTWARE

What is a Computer? Definition: All computers are systems of input, processing, output, storage, and control components. A Computer is a physical device that takes data as input, transforms these data according to stored instructions & output the processed Information. A Computer System consists of CPU Primary Storage Secondary Storage Input Device Output Device Communication device The basic five Operation of a computer Systems 1. Inputting 2. Storing 3. Processing 4. Outputting 5. Controlling
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Input & Output Devices 1. Input Device 1. Keyboard 2. Computer Mouse 3. Touch Screen 4. Optical Character Recognition (Bar Code) 5. Magnetic Ink Character recognition (MICR) 6. Pen-based Input 7. Digital Scanner 8. Audio Input 9. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) 10. Touch Pad 2. Output Device 1. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) 2. Printers 3. Audio Output STORAGE CAPACITIES Kilobyte (KB) one thousand bytes Megabytes (MB) one million bytes Gigabytes (GB) one billion bytes Terabytes (TB) one trillion bytes 3. Petabytes (PB) one quadrillion bytes What is Software? Definition: Various kinds of programs used to operate computers and related devices Program instructions to the computer
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SOFTWARE
1) Program: a) instructions to the computer 2) System Software: a) manages computers resources so that application software can run efficiently i) e.g. multiprogramming, multiprocessing 3) Application Software: a) Programs to serve end users i) e.g. MS Acces Application Software - performs information processing tasks for end users System Software manages and supports operations of computer systems and networks Software program: Series of statements or instructions to the computer System software: Generalized programs, manages computers resources
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Application software: Programs written to perform functions specified by end users 1) System Software System Software is a set of one or more programs designed to control the operation & extend the processing capability of a computer system. A System Software are designed to make the computer easier to use. Eg- Operating system System software is a set of instructions that serves primarily as an intermediary between Computer Hardware & Application Programs. It is useful for loading the programs when the Computer is turn on. Functions of System Software 1. Supports development of other application software 2. Supports execution of other application software 3. Monitors effective use of various Hardware 4. Communicate & Control the Peripheral Devices. Hence System software makes the operation of a computer system more effective & efficient. It helps the hardware Components work together, & provides the support for the development & execution of application software. The programs included in a system software package are called System Programs. The programmers who prepare system software are referred to as a system programmers. 2) Application Software Application Software is a set of one or more programs designed to solve a specific problem, or to do a specific task. Eg- Examination result Processing Software, Railway/Airline Reservation Software, Computer Games Software. Similarly a program written by a scientist to solve a research problem is also Application Software. The Programs included in an application software package are called application software.
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The Programmers who prepare application software are referred to as application programmers. SOFTWARE LICENSING Purchasing the right to use specific software under the terms of the software licensing agreement Protects the vendors intellectual property right Project running over budget Projects running over time Software was very inefficient SOFT WARE DIFFICULT TO MAINTAIN Quality Efficiency Flexibility Security Connectivity Maintenance Documentation Hardware requirements Software was of low quality Software often did not meet requirements
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HARDWARE
Copyright 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3- 5
CPU ( Central Processing Unit)

ALU
CU
CPU
It is the brain of the computer system. It is responsible for controlling the operations of all the other units of a computer system.
Copyright 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3- 8
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KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

KNOWLEDGE Concepts, experience, and insight that provide a framework for creating, evaluating & using information Knowledge Management The set of processes developed in an organization to create, gather, store, maintain, & distribute the firms knowledge. Knowledge Management Systems Systems that support the creation, capture, storage, and distribution of firm expertise & knowledge. Knowledge Networks Systems Online Directory for locating corporate experts in well defined knowledge domains. Types of Knowledge Work Diagnosis and problem finding Planning and decision making Monitoring and control Organization and scheduling Authoring and presentations Communication Systemdevelopment
CAPTURE & CODIFY KNOWLEDGE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) SYSTEMS: AI: computer-based systems with abilities to learn language, accomplish tasks, use perceptual machinery, and emulate human expertise & decision making Intelligence Stages of decision making, when individual collects information to identify problems occurring in the organization
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(AI)Artificial intelligence The effort to develop Computer based system that can behave like humans, with the ability to learn languages, accomplish physical tasks, use a perceptual apparatus, & follow different vendors at any speed. KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN THE ORGANIZATIONKNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT: Systematically & actively managing and leveraging stores of knowledge in an organization Office Automation Systems (OAS) Knowledge Work Systems (KWS) Group Collaboration Systems (GCS) Artificial Intelligence Applications (AI) INFORMATION WORK: Work consists primarily of creating, processing information DATA WORKERS: People who process & disseminate organizations paperwork KNOWLEDGE WORKERS: People who design products or services or create new knowledge for organization
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KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
OFFICE AUTOMATION SYSTEMS MANAGING DOCUMENTS: WORD PROCESSING DESKTOP PUBLISHING DOCUMENT IMAGING WEB PUBLISHING WORK-FLOW MANAGERS SCHEDULING: ELECTRONIC CALENDARS GROUPWARE INTRANETS COMMUNICATING:
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E-MAIL

DIGITAL ANSWERING SYSTEMS GROUPWARE
MANAGING DATA: DESKTOP DATABASES SPREADSHEETS USER-FRIENDLY INTERFACES TO MAINFRAME DATABASES DOCUMENT IMAGING SYSTEMS: Systems convert documents, images into digital form (e.g.: optical character recognition; microfiche) JUKEBOX: Storage & retrieving device for CD-ROMs & other optical disks INDEX SERVER: Imaging system to store / retrieve document CREATE KNOWLEDGE WORK SYSTEMS: INFORMATION SYSTEMS THAT AID KNOWLEDGE WORKERS TO CREATE, INTEGRATE NEW KNOWLEDGE IN ORGANIZATION KEEP ORGANIZATION UP-TO-DATE IN KNOWLEDGE: Technology; science; thought; the arts INTERNAL CONSULTANTS IN THEIR AREAS CHANGE AGENTS: Evaluating; initiating; promoting change projects CAD/CAM (Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing): Provides precise control over industrial design, manufacturing
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VIRTUAL REALITY: Interactive software creates photorealistic simulations of real world objects (Virtual Reality Modeling Language: VRML) INVESTMENT WORKSTATIONS: High-end PCs used in finance to analyze trading situations, facilitate portfolio management AI FAMILY
BUSINESS INTERESTS IN Artificial Intelligence PRESERVE EXPERTISE CREATE KNOWLEDGE BASE MECHANISM NOT SUBJECT TO FEELINGS, FATIGUE, WORRY, CRISIS ELIMINATE ROUTINE / UNSATISFYING JOBS ENHANCE KNOWLEDGE BASE EXPERT SYSTEMS KNOWLEDGE - INTENSIVE CAPTURES HUMAN EXPERTISE IN LIMITED DOMAINS OF KNOWLEDGE
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KNOWLEDGE BASE: Model of Human Knowledge

RULE - BASED EXPERT SYSTEM : AI system based on IF - THEN statements (Bifurcation); Rule Base: Collection of IF - THEN knowledge KNOWLEDGE FRAMES: Knowledge organizes in chunks based on shared relationships AI SHELL: Programming environment of expert system INFERENCE ENGINE: Search through rule base FORWARD CHAINING: Uses input; searches rules for answer BACKWARD CHAINING: Begins with hypothesis, information until hypothesis accepted or rejected LIMITATIONS: Often reduced to problems of classification Can be large, lengthy, expensive Maintaining knowledge base critical Many managers unwilling to trust such systems AI USES DATABASE OF CASES: USER DESCRIBES PROBLEM SYSTEM SEARCHES DATABASE FOR SIMILAR CASES SYSTEM ASKS MORE QUESTIONS FINDS CLOSEST FIT MODIFIES IF REQUIRED OTHER AI TECHNIQUES NEURAL NETWORKS: Software attempts to emulate brain processes FUZZY LOGIC: Tolerates ambiguity using nonspecific MEMBERSHIP FUNCTIONS GENETIC ALGORITHMS: Use models of organisms to promote evolution of solution
seeks
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HYBRID AI SYSTEMS: Combinations INTELLIGENT AGENT PROGRAM WITH BUILT-IN, LEARNED KNOWLEDGE BASE TO DO SPECIFIC, REPETITIVE, PREDICTABLE TASKS FOR: INDIVIDUAL BUSINESS PROCESS SOFTWARE APPLICATION
Stages of Decision Making Intelligence: Collect information, identify problem Design: Conceive alternative solution to a problem Choice: Select among the alternative solutions Implementation: Put decision into effect and provide report on the progress of solution
Models of Decision Making Rational model: people engage in consistent, rational decision making. Individuals rank all alternatives and select the one that most contributes to their goal
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Critics point out that individuals cant rank all possible alternatives; tend to select first viable alternative Built-in biases, frame of reference, distort decision making Cognitive style: Describes underlying personality dispositions toward decision making Systematic decision makers
Business Value of MIS/IT/IS

Business Prospective of IS
Organization:
Th e key elemen t of an organ ization are its people, stru ctu re an d operatin g procedu res, politics an d cu ltu re.
Management:
Man agers perceive bu sin ess ch allen ges in th e en vironment; th ey set organ ization al strategy for respon din g, an d allocate th e h u man an d fin an cial resou rces to ach ieve th e strategy an d coordin ate th e work.
Technology:
In formation tech nology is on e of th e tolls for man agers for copin g with ch an ge. It is th e glu e th at h olds th e organ ization togeth er. CBIS u tilize compu ter h ardware, software, storage, an d telecommu n ication tech n ologies.
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Costs and Benefits of Information Systems

Costs: Hardware, telecommunications, software, services, personnel Tangible benefits (cost savings): Increased productivity, lower operational costs, reduced workforce, etc. Intangible benefits: Improved asset utilization, improved resource control, improved organizational planning, etc.
Results of Poorly Managed Systems Projects

Costs that vastly exceed budgets Unexpected time slippage Technical shortfall; poor performance Failure to obtain anticipated benefits
Case example: Capital budgeting

The payback method Accounting rate of return on investment (ROI) Net present value Internal rate of return (IRR) Results of the capital budgeting analysis
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Management Control System for Projects
SYSTEM PORTFOLIO
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Extras for Ecommerce / MIS

Firewalls: Firewalls can provide: o Secure gateway to the Internet for internal clients o Packet filtering o Circuit-level filtering o Application filtering o Auditing Firewalls cannot provide: o Protection against application-level attacks over HTTP or HTTPS Auditing: Auditing actions include tracking: o Resource access and usage o Successful and unsuccessful logon attempts o Application failures Auditing benefits include: o Help for administrators to detect intrusions and suspicious activities o Traceability for legal, non-repudiation disputes o Diagnosis of security breaches Payment through Smart Cards Smart cards generally have a processor and memory. They are capable of storing cardholder information, their bank account details, their private and public encryption keys, etc. Some of the cards are capable of generating passwords, digital signatures etc. Some cards permit bi-directional transfer of money, and can record a few latest.
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ELECTRONIC CASH : A parallel development to the conventional money is E-Cash. E-Cash is issued by some organization which is recognized by all the merchants and consumers, and approved by the government. This may be called E-Mint. The consumer purchases e-cash of some value from e-mint. The E-cash certificates will have unique identification numbers that are assigned by the consumer and recorded by the E-Mint. E-Cash can be obtained in different denominations like Rs. 1000, 500, 100, 50, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.10, 0.05, and 0.01. E-cash is nothing but a series of numbers, each of which has some assigned value in a chosen currency and authenticated by the bank through some mechanism like E-signature of the bank.
All The Best For 80%

IMPORTANT GLOSSARY MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM Automation task. Using the computer to speed up the performance of existing
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Benchmarking Setting strict standards for products, services, or activities and measuring organizational performance against those standards. Bus network Network topology linking a number of computers by a single circuit with all messages broadcast to the entire network. Business process reengineering The radical redesign of business processes, combining steps to cut waste and eliminating repetitive, paperintensive tasks in order to improve cost, quality, and service, and to maximize the benefits of information technology.

Client/Server computing A model for computing that splits processing between clients and servers on a network, assigning functions to the machine most able to perform the function. Computer Physical device that takes data as an input, transforms the data by executing stored instructions, and outputs information to a number of devices. Computer crime The commission of illegal acts through the use of a computer or against a computer system. Critical success factors (CSFs) A small number of easily identifiable operational goals shaped by the industry, the firm, the manager, and the broader environment that are believed to assure the success of an organization. Used to determine the information requirements of an organization. Customer relationship management (CRM) Business and technology discipline that uses information systems to coordinate all of the business processes surrounding the firms interactions with its customers in sales, marketing, and service. Customization The modification of a software package to meet an organizations unique requirements without destroying the package softwares integrity. Data streams of raw facts representing events occurring in organizations or the physical environment before they have been organized and arranged into a form that people can understand and use. Data warehouse A database, with reporting and query tools, that stores current and historical data extracted from various operational systems and consolidated for management reporting and analysis. Database management system (DBMS) Special software to create and maintain a database and enable individual business applications to extract the data they need without having to create separate files or data definitions in their computer programs. DBMS (Data base management system) A computer based information system that combines models & data to provide support for decision making & problem solving.
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Decision-support system (DSS) Information system at the organizations management level that combine data and sophisticated analytical models or data analysis tools to support semi structured and unstructured decision making. Digital cash Currency that is represented in electronic form that moves outside the normal network of money. Digital firm Organization where nearly all significant business processes and relationships with customers, suppliers, and employees are digitally enabled, and key corporate assets are managed through digital means. Digital wallet Software that stores credit card, electronic cash, owner identification, and address information and provides this data automatically during electronic commerce purchase transactions. E-learning Instruction delivered through purely digital technology, such as CD-ROMs, the internet, or private networks. Electronic business (E-business) The use of the internet and digital technology to execute all the business processes in the enterprise. Includes ecommerce as well as processes for the internal management of the firm and for coordination with suppliers and other business partners. Electronic commerce The process of buying and selling goods and services electronically involving transactions using the internet, networks, and other digital technologies. (Ecommerce) The use of the internet- internet & web for business transaction more formally, B 2 C, C 2 C, B 2 B, M 2 M & P 2 E. ( Pear to Pear), G 2 B Government to Business. Electronic data interchange (EDI) The direct computer-to-computer exchange between two organizations of standard business transactions, such as orders, shipment instructions, or payments. Electronic payment system The use of digital technologies, such as credit cards, smart cards and Internet-based payment systems, to pay for products and services electronically.
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E-mail The computer-to-computer exchange of message. Employee relationship management (ERM) Software dealing with employee issues that are closely related to CRM, such as setting objectives, employee performance management, performance-based compensation, and employee training. Encryption The coding and scrambling of messages to prevent their being read or accessed without authorization. Enterprise systems Integrated enterprise-wide information systems that coordinate key internal processes of the firm. ERP (Enterprise resources planning) An integrated process of planning & managing all major business process with in a single client /server architecture in real time including contacts with partners & customers. Executive support systems (ESS) Information system at the organizations strategic level designed to address unstructured decision making through advanced graphics and communications. Extranet Private intranet that is accessible to authorized outsiders. Finance and accounting information systems Systems keep track of the firms financial assets and fund flows. Firewall Hardware and software placed between an organizations internal network and an external network to prevent outsiders from invading private networks. Hacker A person who gains unauthorized access to a computer network for profit, criminal mischief, or personal pleasure. Human resources information systems Systems that maintain employee records, track employee skills, job performance and training, and support planning for employee compensation and career development. Information Data that have been shaped into a form that is meaningful and useful to human beings.
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Information system Interrelated components working together to collect, process, store, and disseminate information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis, and visualization in an organization. Information technology (IT) All the hardware and software technologies a firm needs to achieve its business objectives. Information technology (IT) infrastructure Computer hardware, software, data, storage technology, and networks providing a portfolio of shared IT resources for the organization. Internet Global network of networks using universal standards to connect millions of different networks. Intranet An internal network based on Internet and World Wide Web technology and standards. Knowledge management systems Systems that support the creation, capture, storage and dissemination of firm expertise and knowledge. Local area network (LAN) A telecommunications network that requires its own dedicated channels and that encompasses a limited distance, usually one building or several buildings in close proximity. MIS audit Identifies all the controls that govern individual information systems and assesses their effectiveness. Multi tiered (N-tier) client/server architecture Client/server network which the work of the entire network is balanced over several different levels of servers. Nanotechnology Technology that builds structures and processes based on the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules. Network The linking of two or more computers to share data or resources, such as a printer. Peer-to-peer Network architecture that gives equal power to all computers on the network; used primarily in small networks.
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Procurement Sourcing goods, and materials, negotiate with suppliers, paying for goods, and making delivery arrangements. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) Technology using tiny tags with embedded microchips containing data about an item and its location to transmit short-distance radio signals to special RFID readers that then pass the data on to a computer for processing. Relational DBMS A type of logical database model that treats data as if they were stored in two-dimensional tables. It can relate data stored in one table to data in another as long as the two tables share a common data element. Search engine A tool for locating specific sites or information on the Internet. Security Policies, procedures, and technical measures used to prevent unauthorized access, alteration, theft, or physical damage to information systems. Security policy Statements ranking information risks, identifying acceptable security goals, and identifying the problem has a clear-cut answer provided by an accepted procedure. Server Computer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network. Structured Query Language (SQL) The standards data manipulation language for relational database management systems. Supply chain Network of organizations and business processes for procuring materials, transforming raw materials into intermediate and finished products, and distributing the finished products to customers. Supply chain management Integration of supplier, distributor, and customer logistics requirements into one cohesive process. Supply chain management systems Information systems that automate the flow of information between a firm and its suppliers in order to optimize the planning, sourcing, manufacturing, and delivery of products and services.
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(System Development life cycle) its study of requirement , collection , analysis , design, implementation , testing & operation of development in information System. Transaction processing systems (TPS) Computerized systems that perform and record the daily routine transactions necessary to conduct the business; they serve the organizations operational level. Uniform resource locator (URL) The address of a specific resource on the Internet. Value-Added Network (VAN) Private, multipath, data-only, third-partymanaged network that multiple organizations use on a subscription basis. Web site All of the World Wide Web pages maintained by an organization or an individual. Wide Area Network (WAN) Telecommunication network that spans a large geographical distance. May consist of a variety of cable, satellite, and microwave technologies. Windows Microsoft family of operating systems for both network servers and client computers. The most recent version is Windows Vista. World Wide Web A system with universally accepted standards for storing, retrieving, formatting, and displaying information in a networked environment.
All The Best For 80%

Prof. Kumargaurav M - 9228500194 Email kumargaurav_19@yahoo.co.in
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MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF.

KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

HERE U CAN DRAW THE REAL WORLD ADAG MIS MODEL

ADAG THE CORPORATE MIS MODEL

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

HISTORY OF THE ROLE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

Data base A logically group of related data & files.

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

IT & Infrastructure/ Architecture

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

Competitive Forces- Michael Porters Model

Bargaining Power Of Suppliers

Competitive Rivalry Within an Industry

Threat of New Entrants

Threat of Substitute Products

1.Product Differentiation 2. Focused Differentiation 3. Switching costs

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

2. coordinating global work teams,

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

CLASSIFICATION OF E-COMMERCE / E.COM MODELs

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

System Development Life Cycle

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PORF. KUMARGAURAV MARWADI EDUCATIONS (MEFGI) RAJKOT

REENGINEERING _ Michal Hammer - The fundamental rethinking &

Business Process Re engineering Process

2.Build Reengineering Org

3.Identify BPR Opportunities