Chapter 1 Homework assignment

1. Which of the variables is not considered to be numerical? A. B. C. D. The type of operating system The year purchased Brian's classmates The amount of memory

2. What is the difference between a census and a sample survey? A. B. C. D. A census attempts to include the entire population in the survey whereas a sample survey only studies some of the members of the population. A census looks at a larger group than a sample survey to gather information about the population. A census can study many variables whereas a sample survey can only study one or two. A census can only be conducted by a government whereas a sample survey can be conducted by anyone.

3. Which of the following situations is an example of an experiment? NOTE: This refers to the Situation I, Situation II, and Situation III given in one of the other problems. A. B. C. Situation III Situation I Situation II

4. Consider the three situations: I. You ask a sample of doctors about the health risks involved with going out in the cold without a jacket. II. On cold days, you record which of your classmates come to school without a jacket. Later, you record how many of those students become sick. You take notes and observe at a local gym your fellow members who go outside with a wet head and notice if they are sick when they return to the gym at a later date. III. You find 30 adults and divide them into two groups. The first group is told not to wear jackets on cold days, the other group is told to wear jackets on cold days.You then compare the number from each group who get sick after a string of cold days. 5. Which of the following situations is an example of an observational study? A. B. C. Situation II Situation I Situation III

5. The Nielsen television ratings is an example of a:

A. B. C. D.

Experiment Population Census Sample Survey

6. The difference between an experiment and an observational study is: A. B. C. An observational study tries to gather information without interfering; an experiment looks to actively impose a treatment to see how they respond. An experiment tries not to change behavior, an observational study does. An experiment deliberately imposes a treatment whereas an observational study measures the unintentional effects of the treatment as a result of the observation being done.

7. Brian gathers data from his classmates about the computers they own:

2. What are the individuals in this data set? A. B. C. D. The year purchased Brian's classmates The amount of memory The type of operating system

8. A local newspaper in the State of Connecticut conducts a poll on whether the people of the state believe the "No Child Left Behind" law is effective. The newspaper contacts 1000 subscribers The population of this poll is: A. B. C. D. Those who favor or disapprove of the "No Child Left Behind" law People who live in the State of Connecticut Those who are affected by "No Child Left Behind" The 1000 people surveyed

9. Sample surveys such as the General Social Survey and the Current Population Survey are an important kind of: A. B. C. D. Individual Census Experiment Observational Study

10. The Gallup Poll is an example of a:

A. B. C. D.

Population Experiment Census Sample Survey

Chapter 2 Homework assignment

1. The BusinessWeek online poll is available at the BusinessWeek website. Visitors
can simply click appropriate buttons to vote. In response to the question "Do you think Google is too powerful?" (March 27, 2007), 1336 said "Yes," 2051 said "No", and 335 said that they were not sure. Why do you think the poll may give unreliable information?

A. B. C.

Business Week uses convenience sampling. Online polls may not be reliable. Sample size is small.

2. As part of a project for a political science class, a student decided to conduct an

online poll. The student asked the following question: Do you think that illegal immigrants should be allowed to pay instate tuition, even though they are not legal citizens of that state? Possible responses were Yes, No, and Unsure. Of those who responded, 81% said No, 19% said Yes, and 0% said Unsure. Which of the following statements correctly explains the result of the poll with respect to reliability and bias?

A. B. C.

The result of the poll is biased because it is based on voluntary response method. The result of the poll is not reliable because it is based on convenience samples method. The result of the poll can be considered reliable and unbiased.

3. Highway planners decided to make a main street in West Lafayette, Indiana, a

one-way street. The Lafayette Journal and Courier took a one-day poll by inviting readers to call a telephone number to record their comments. The next day, the paper reported: Journal and Courier readers overwhelmingly prefer two-way traffic flow in West Lafayettes Village area to one-way streets. By nearly a 7-1 margin, callers to the newspapers Express Yourself opinion line on Wednesday complained about the one-way streets that have been in place since May. Of the 98 comments received, all but 14 said no to one-way. What population do you think the newspaper wants information about?

A. B. C.

Highway planners Residents of West Lafayette (and Lafayette) All readers of Lafayette Journal and Courier

4. The Denver Police Department wants to know if Hispanic residents of Denver

believe that the police use racial profiling when making traffic stops. A sociologist prepares several questions about the police. The police department chooses a Simple Random Sample (SRS) of 200 mailing addresses in predominantly Hispanic neighborhoods. A uniformed Hispanic police officer is sent to each address to ask the questions of an adult living there. Identify the appropriate sample.

A. B. C.

One adult from each responding Hispanic household among the 200 selected addresses All adult Hispanic residents of Denver All people from the 200 selected address

5. A national survey of TV network news viewers found that 48% said they would

believe a phone-in poll of 300,000 persons rather than a random sample of 1000 persons. Of the viewers, 42% said they would believe the random sample poll. Which of the following statements correctly explains why the opinions of only 1000 randomly chosen respondents are a better guide to what all people think than the opinions of 300,000 callers?

A. B. C.

The 1000 randomly chosen respondents represent the population as a whole, whereas the 300,000 callers did not do so. The 1000 randomly chosen individuals were chosen as a personal choice of the TV network, whereas the 300,000 called voluntarily and do not represent the choice of the TV network. The 1000 randomly chosen respondents represent the intellectual population, whereas the 300,000 callers did not do so

6. A university has 30,000 undergraduate and 10,000 graduate students. A survey of

student opinion concerning health care benefits for domestic partners of students selects 300 of the 30,000 undergraduate students at random and then seperately selects 100 of the 10,000 graduate students at random. The 400 students chosen make up the sample.

Which of the following statements correctly explains why this sampling method gives each student an equal chance to be chosen? A. B. C. Every undergraduate student has a 75% chance of being selected and every graduate student has a 25% chance of being selected, which is proportional to the makeup of the student body. Any student has a 50% chance of being chosen, since the student is either selected or not. Any student, undergraduate or graduate, has a 1 in 100 chance of being selected.

7. The BusinessWeek online poll is available at the BusinessWeek website. Visitors

can simply click appropriate buttons to vote. In response to the question "Do you think Google is too powerful?" (March 27, 2007), 1336 said "Yes," 2051 said "No", and 335 said that they were not sure.

Above the poll question, the following statement was mentioned: Googles accelerating lead in search and its moves into software and traditional advertising are sparking a backlash among rivals. How might this statement affect the polls?

A. B. C.

The statement would have increased the sample size. The statement would have made the poll biased. The statement would have made the poll reliable.

8. A college wants to gather student opinion about parking for students on campus.
It isnt practical to contact all students.

Which of the following is an example of a bad way to choose a sample that doesnt use voluntary response? A. B. C. Selection of random 50 students and interviewing them A survey form published in the campus newspaper Interviewing students when they leave the parking at the campus

9. Most sample surveys call residential telephone numbers at random. They do not,
however, always ask the questions about the person who picks up the phone. Instead, they ask about the adults who live in the residence and choose one at random to be in the sample. Identify the correct statement about this technique.

A. B. C.

This is not a good idea because this could introduce bias into the sample. It is a good idea because this helps avoid over representation of people who are more likely to answer the phone. This is not a good idea because it is time-consuming and not convenient .

10. In 2005 the San Francisco Bay Times reported on a poll in New Zealand that

found that New Zealanders opposed the nations new gay-inclusive civil-unions law by a 3-1 ratio. This poll was a call-in poll that cost $1 to participate in. The San Francisco Bay Times article also reported that a scientific polling organization found that New Zealanders favor the law by a margin of 56.4% to 39.3%. Which of the following statements is correct about the reliability of the polls?

A. B. C.

The polling result of neither San Francisco Bay Times nor and scientific polling organization can be considered reliable as there is so much difference in the results of two polls. The scientific polling organization may not have produced the reliable result and therefore causing its results to differ so much with the result of the San Francisco Bay Times. The San Francisco Bay Times used the Voluntary Response method, so their poll results cannot be considered reliable.

11. A firm wants to understand the attitudes of its minority managers toward its

system for assessing management performance. The following is a list of all the firms managers who are members of minority groups. Dewald Edwards Fleming Fonseca Gates Goel Gomez Hernandez Huang Johnson Kim Liao Mourning Nunez Peters Pliego Puri Reynolds Richards Rodriguez Santiago Shen Vega Watanabe

Agarwal Aikens Alfonseca Baxter Bowman Brown Cortez Cross

The firm used Table A at line 137 to choose six to be interviewed in detail about the performance appraisal system. With labels assigned as 01-32, which of the following can be a valid sample?

A. B. C.

12=Fonseca, 14=Goel, 11=Fleming, 16=Hernandez, 08=Cross, 22=Nunez 11=Fonseca, 13=Goel, 00=Agarwal, 16=Hernandez, 08=Cross, 22=Nunez 21=Fonseca, 25=Goel, 19=Fleming, 29=Hernandez, 13=Cross, 41=Nunez

12. To assess how its teaching assistants are performing, the statistics department at
a large university randomly selects three of its teaching assistants each week and sends a faculty member to visit their classes. The current list of 20 teaching assistants is given below.

01. Bautista 02. Bolen 03. Clottey 04. Counts 05. Draper

06. Frazier 07. Kumar 08. Lam 09. Lovesky 10. Marin

11. Miller 12. Podboy 13. Roy 14. Schumacher 15. Tower

16. Walters 17. Wang 18. Weimer 19. Yu 20. Zhang

The department examines the first 13 two-digit groups in line 116 of Table A. Line 116 is: 14459 26056 31424 80371 65103 62253 50490 61181. The first 13 two-digits groups are: 14, 45, 92, 60, 56, 31, 42, 48, 03, 71, 65, 10, and 36. Which of the following teaching assistants would the sample consist of?

A.

Clottey, Marin, and Schumacher

B. C. D.

Draper, Marin, and Schumacher Bautista, Counts, and Draper Schumacher, Counts, and Draper

13. Choosing at random is a "fair" way to decide who gets some scarce good, in the
sense that everyone has the same chance to win. However, random choice isnt always a good idea. At times we dont want to treat everyone at the same because some people have a better claim. In which of the following situations, would you not prefer to choose at random?

A. B. C.

The basketball arena has 4000 student seats, and 7000 students want tickets. Young men chosen for army service, during the Vietnam War. The list of people waiting for liver transplants is larger than the number of livers available.

14. Highway planners decided to make a main street in West Lafayette, Indiana, a

one-way street. The Lafayette Journal and Courier took a one-day poll by inviting readers to call a telephone number to record their comments. The next day, the paper reported: Journal and Courier readers overwhelmingly prefer two-way traffic flow in West Lafayettes Village area to one-way streets. By nearly a 7-1 margin, callers to the newspapers Express Yourself opinion line on Wednesday complained about the one-way streets that have been in place since May. Of the 98 comments received, all but 14 said no to one-way.

Which of the following statements is appropriate about the proportion of the population who favor one-way streets? A. B. C. The proportion of the population who favor one-way streets is almost certainly equal to the proportion 14/98 in the sample. The proportion of the population who favor one-way streets is almost certainly larger than the proportion 14/98 in the sample. The proportion of the population who favor one-way streets is almost certainly smaller than the proportion 14/98 in the sample.

15. The BusinessWeek online poll is available at the BusinessWeek website. Visitors

can simply click appropriate buttons to vote. In response to the question "Do you think Google is too powerful?" (March 27, 2007), 1336 said "Yes," 2051 said "No", and 335 said that they were not sure. What was the sample size for this poll?

A. B. C. D.

335 3772 3136 2051

Chapter 3 Homework assignment

1. A November 2007 Gallup Poll of 1004 adults found that 572 are satisfied with the
total cost they pay for their health care. The announced margin of error is 3 percentage points. The announced confidence level is 95%.

Which of the statements is a correct and complete confidence statement in this scenario?

A. B. C.

We are 95% confident that p is between 54% and 60%. We are 95% confident that p is 57%. We are sure that p is between 54% and 60%.

2. A New York Times Poll on womens issues interviewed 1025 women randomly selected from the

United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii. The poll found that 47% of the women said they do not get enough time for themselves. The poll announced a margin of error of 3 percentage points for 95% confidence in its conclusions. Which of the following statements is the correct confidence statement, in relation to the scenario?

A. B. C.

We are 95% confident that between 44% and 50% of all women would say that they do not get enough time for themselves. We are sure that between 44% and 50% of all women would say that they do not get enough time for themselves. We are 95% confident that 47% of all women would say that they do not get enough time for themselves.

3. A management student is planning a project on student attitudes toward part-time work while attending
college. She develops a questionnaire and plans to ask 25 randomly selected students to fill it out. Her faculty adviser approves the questionnaire but suggests that the sample size should be increased to at least 100 students. Which of the following statements correctly explains the advantage of larger sample?

A. B. C.

A larger sample size will give less biased results. A larger sample size will give low bias and low variability. A larger sample size will give less variable results.

4. A November 2007 Gallup Poll of 1004 adults found that 572 are satisfied with the
total cost they pay for their health care. The announced margin of error is 3 percentage points. The announced confidence level is 95%.

A. B. C.

The population parameter p is the proportion of the sample that is satisfied with the total cost they pay for their health care. The population parameter p is the proportion, of the total number of samples, which is within the limits of margin of error. The population parameter p is proportion of the population who is satisfied with the total cost they pay for their health care.

5. A Harris Poll conducted in October 2006 reports that 42% of a sample of 2010

adults said they are not absolutely certain there is a God. Only 29% said they believe that God controls what happens on earth. Fill in the blank:

Using the quick method, the estimated margin of error is ___%. (Give your answer to one decimal place.)

Answer 6. A management student is planning a project on student attitudes toward part-time work while attending
college. She develops a questionnaire and plans to ask 25 randomly selected students to fill it out. Her faculty adviser approves the questionnaire but suggests that the sample size should be increased to at least 100 students. Which of the following statements correctly identifies the relation between the margin of error for sample sizes of 100 and 25?

A. B. C.

The margin of error for a samples size of 100 will be approximately one-fourth of the margin of error for a samples size of 25. The margin of error for a sample size of 100 will be approximately double of the margin of error for a sample size of 25. The margin of error for a sample size of 100 will be approximately half of the margin of error for a sample size of 25.

7. In October 2007, the Gallup Poll asked a sample of 1010 adults, Are you in favor of the death penalty
for a person convicted of murder? The proportion who said they were in favor was 69%. Gallup says that the margin of error for this poll is 3 percentage points. Suppose you want a margin of error half as large as estimated by Gallup. How many people must you plan to interview?

A. B. C.

4040 505 2020

8. A New York Times Poll on womens issues interviewed 1025 women randomly

selected from the United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii. The poll found that 47% of the women said they do not get enough time for themselves. The poll announced a margin of error of 3 percentage points for 95% confidence in its conclusions.The confidence statement, in relation to the given scenario, is: We are 95% confident that between 44% and 50% of all women would say that they do not get enough time for themselves. Which of the following statements correctly explains the meaning of the term 95% confidence, in the confidence statement?

A. B. C.

The interval 44% to 50% is based on a procedure that produces a margin of error (of 3) 95% of the time. The interval 44% to 50% is based on a procedure that includes a sample representing 95% of population. The interval 44% to 50% is based on a procedure that includes the true population value 95% of the time.

9. In October 2007, the Gallup Poll asked a sample of 1010 adults, Are you in favor
of the death penalty for a person convicted of murder? The proportion who said

they were in favor was 69%.Gallup says that the margin of error for this poll is 3 percentage points. Which of the following statements correctly explains the phrase margin of error plus or minus 3 percentage points?

A. B. C.

The true result is within 3 percentage points of the result obtained in this poll. The results are based on a method that is 95% of the time within 3 percentage points of the true value. The result of the poll is different from the true result by more than 3 percentage points.

10. In February 2004, USA Today conducted an online poll. Visitors to their Web site

were asked the following question: Should the U.S. pass a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage? Visitors could vote by clicking a button. The result as of 3:30 pm on February 25 was that 68.61% voted No and 31.39% voted Yes. A total of 63,046 votes had been recorded. It was found that the margin of error for 95% confidence for a sample of this size is roughly equal to four-tenths of one percentage point. Which of the following statements correctly explains the result of the poll?

A.

B. C.

The margin of error is 0.4%. Therefore, it can be said with 95% confidence that 68.61%, plus or minus 0.4%, of American adults are opposed to having the United States pass a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage. 68.61% is the correct value of population parameter p, representing the proportion of American adults who are opposed to have the United States pass a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage. The result of the poll is based on a voluntary response sample. Therefore, it cannot be said that 68.61%, plus or minus 0.4%, of American adults are opposed to having the United States pass a constitutional amendment banning gay marriage.

11. Select the correct option from the drop-down list.

The large samples give ____ variable results as compared to smaller samples.

Answer 12. A New York Times Poll on womens issues interviewed 1025 women randomly
selected from the United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii. The poll also interviewed 472 randomly selected men. In conclusions about women, the poll announced a margin of error of 3 percentage points for 95% confidence. Which of the following statements is correct about the relation of margin of error for women and margin for error for men?

A. B.

The margin of error for men will be equal to the margin of error for women. The margin of error for men will be greater than margin of error for

C.

women. The margin of error for men will be smaller than the margin of error for women.

13. A New York Times Poll on womens issues interviewed 1025 women randomly selected from the

United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii. The poll found that 47% of the women said they do not get enough time for themselves. The poll announced a margin of error of 3 percentage points for 95% confidence in its conclusions. Which of the following statements correctly explains why we cant just say that 47% of all adult women do not get enough time for themselves?

A. B. C.

The result, that 47% women said they do not get enough time for themselves, is based on a sample that does not contain an equal proportion of the population from each state. The result, that 47% women said they do not get enough time for themselves, is based on a small sample size. The 47% of women who said they do not get enough time for themselves represents the proportion of the sample and not the proportion of the population.

14. A November 2007 Gallup Poll of 1004 adults found that 572 are satisfied with the total cost they pay
for their health care. The announced margin of error is 3 percentage points. The announced confidence level is 95%. Fill in the blank: The value of the sample proportion ^p who say they are satisfied with the total cost they pay for their health care is ___%. (Convert the proportion to a percentage and round to the nearest WHOLE number.)

Answer 15. In April 2007, the Gallup Poll asked a random sample of 1007 adults, Thinking of your own situation,
do you personally own a cat, a dog, both, or neither? The Gallup Poll found that 59% said they owned a cat, a dog, or both. Suppose the sample size had been 4000 rather than 1007. Which of the following statements correctly identifies the relation between the margin of error for sample size of 1007 and the margin of error for sample size of 4000?

A. B. C.

For 95% confidence, the margin of error will be equal for sample size of 1007 and sample size of 4000. For 95% confidence, the margin of error for sample size of 4000 would be smaller than the margin of error for sample size of 1007. For 95% confidence, the margin of error for sample size of 4000 would be greater than the margin of error for sample size of 1007.

Chapter 4 Homework assignment

1. A survey of users of the Internet in 1995, when Internet use was much less common than now, found that males outnumbered females by nearly 2 to 1. This was a surprise

because earlier surveys had put the ratio of men to women closer to 9 to 1. Later in the article we find this information: "Detailed surveys were sent to more than 13,000 organizations on the Internet; 1,468 usable responses were received. According to Mr. Quarterman, the margin of error is 2.8 percent, with a confidence level of 95 percent." Which of the following do you think is the source of error that has been disregarded? A. B. C. Nonresponse Voluntary response Undercoverage

2. What do adults believe about the role of high schools in providing birth control? Are opinions different in urban, suburban, and rural areas? To find out, researchers wanted to ask adults this question: Which would you prefer for the public schools in your community? Provide birth control only to those students who have the consent of their parents. Provide birth control to all students who want it. Not provide birth control to any student.
Which of the following will be the most appropriate method for conducting this survey?

A. B. C.

Stratified sampling by starting with the selection school districts rather than people. An SRS for urban population and stratified sampling for suburban and rural population. An SRS of urban, suburban, and rural population.

3. A survey of users of the Internet in 1995, when Internet use was much less common than now, found that males outnumbered females by nearly 2 to 1. This was a surprise because earlier surveys had put the ratio of men to women closer to 9 to 1. Later in the article we find this information: "Detailed surveys were sent to more than 13,000 organizations on the Internet; 1,468 usable responses were received. According to Mr. Quarterman, the margin of error is 2.8 percent, with a confidence level of 95 percent." True or False: The margin of error of this survey calculated by using the quick method is close to the claimed margin of 2.8 percent. Answer 4. You want to investigate the attitudes of students at your school toward the schools policy on extra fees for lab courses. You have a grant that will pay the costs of contacting about 500 students.

True or false: A stratified sample can be created by using student majors as strata.

Answer 5. A club has 20 student members and 10 faculty members. The students are:
01. Barrett 02. Blake 03. Chen 04. Dallas 05. Frazier 06. Gibellato 07. Gulati 08. Han 09. Hickey 10. Kohlschmidt 11. Kumar 12. Lam 13. Lucas 14. Modur 15. Nicolet 16. Ogren 17. Roy 18. Schuetter 19. Sroka 20. Witmer

The faculty members are: 0. Berliner 1. Craigmile 2. Dean 3. Fligner 4. Goel 5. Lee 6. Miller 7. Pearl 8. Stasny 9. Wolfe

The club can send 3 students and 2 faculty members to a convention. It decides to choose those who will go by random selection. Let us assume that you entered Table A at line 130, which is: 69051 64817 87174 09517 84534 06489 87201 97245. Which of the following would be the stratified sample consisting of 3 students and 2 faculty members?

A. B. C. D.

Frazier, Ogren, Roy, Pearl, and Lee Frazier, Ogren, Roy, Miller, and Wolfe Frazier, Ogren, Roy, Stasny, and Pearl Gibellato, Ogren, Han, Pearl, and Miller

6. The following question was asked in a sample survey: "In light of skyrocketing gasoline prices, we should consider opening up a very small amount of Alaskan wilderness for oil exploration as a way of reducing our dependence on foreign oil. Do you agree or disagree?" A. B. C. The question is slanted toward a desired response against the statement. The question is not slanted toward a desired response. The question is slanted toward a desired response in favor of the statement.

7. You want to investigate the attitudes of students at your school toward the schools policy on extra fees for lab courses. You have a grant that will pay the costs of

contacting about 500 students.

Assuming that budget is not a constraint, which of the following would be the most appropriate method of contacting the students?

A. B. C.

Mailed questionnaires Telephone interviews Face-to-face interviews

8. In a sample survey, the following question was asked: "Which of the following best represents your opinion on gun control? 1. The government should take away our guns. 2. We have the right to keep and bear arms. Identify the correct statement with reference to the survey question asked: A. B. C. The question is slanted toward a desired response in favor of the second statement. The question is slanted toward a desired response in favor of the first statement. The question is not slanted toward a desired response.

9. When the Current Population Survey asked the adults in its sample of 50,000 households if they voted in the 2000 presidential election, 55% said they had. The margin of error was less than 1%. But, as a matter of fact, only 51% of the adult population voted in that election. Why do you think the CPS result missed by much more than the margin of error? A. B. C. The margin of error accounts for random sampling error only. The margin for error is not a suitable measure of sampling error. The margin of error is incorrectly calculated.

10. Match the following sources of errors with appropriate categories. 1. The subject lies about past drug use. 2. A typing error is made in recording the data. 3. Data are gathered by asking people to go to a Web site and answer questions online. A. Nonsampling error: a processing error B. Nonsampling error: a response error C. Sampling error: a voluntary response sample 11. You are writing an opinion poll question about a proposed amendment to the Constitution. You can ask if people are in favor of changing the Constitution or adding to the Constitution by approving the amendment.

Which of the two wordings will you use? A. B. C. Either of the wordings can be used, as the implication remains the same. The second one, because it merely means that something is missing which needs to be added to the Constitution.
The first one, because it means that something is wrong with the Constitution and it must be changed.

12. The following example illustrates the idea of a systematic sample. Suppose that

we must choose 4 rooms out of the 100 rooms in a dormitory. Because 100/4 = 25, we can think of the list of 100 rooms as four lists of 25 rooms each. Choose 1 of the first 25 rooms at random, using Table A. The sample will contain this room and the rooms 25, 50, and 75 places down the list from it. If 13 is chosen, for example, then the systematic random sample consists of the rooms numbered 13, 38, 63, and 88. Use Table A to choose a systematic random sample of 5 rooms from a list of 200. True or False: Like an SRS, a systematic sample gives all individuals the same chance to be chosen. A systematic sample is, however, not an SRS.

Answer 13. According to a March 2007 USA Today/Gallup Poll, 43% of Americans identify
themselves as baseball fans. That is low by recent standards, as an average of 49% of Americans have said they were fans of the sport since Gallup started tracking this measure in 1993. The high point came in 1998, when Sammy Sosa and Mark McGwire pursued (and ultimately surpassed) Roger Mariss singleseason home run record, at which time 56% of Americans considered themselves baseball fans. The Gallup press release says: "For results based on this sample, one can say with 95% confidence that the maximum error attributable to sampling and other random effects is 3 percentage points." Which of the following sources of error do you think have not been included in this margin of error? (Note: More than one choice may be correct, so you may have to choose multiple answers to receive full credit for this question.)

A. B. C. D.

Voluntary response Undercoverage Nonresponse Sampling error

Chapter 5 Homework assignment

1. What is the preferred treatment for breast cancer that is detected in its early

stages? The most common treatment was once removal of the breast. It is now usual to remove only the tumor and nearby lymph nodes, followed by radiation. To study whether these treatments differ in their effectiveness, a medical team examines the records of 25 large hospitals and compares the survival times after surgery of all women who have had either treatment. True or false: The study is not an experiment because no treatment is actively imposed, and the patients or their doctors selected the treatment to be used.

Answer 2. What is the preferred treatment for breast cancer that is detected in its early
stages? The most common treatment was once removal of the breast. It is now usual to remove only the tumor and nearby lymph nodes, followed by radiation. To study whether these treatments differ in their effectiveness, a medical team examines the records of 25 large hospitals and compares the survival times after surgery of all women who have had either treatment. Identify the explanatory and response variables in this study.

A. B. C. D.

Explanatory variable: Treatment method; Response variable: Survival times Explanatory variable: Removal or non-removal of breast; Response variable: Women with breast cancer Explanatory variable: Survival times; Response variable: Treatment method Explanatory variable: Women with breast cancer: Response variable: Removal or non-removal of breast

3. A manufacturer of chisels is interested in determining how the angle at which the

cutting edge is sharpened affects tool abrasion. To answer this question, engineers obtain 20 similar chisels. They sharpen five chisels at each of 22.5, 25, 27.5, and 30 degrees. Then, they measure the amount of abrasion (rated on a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 being the worst) after cutting several mortises (square holes) in 3/4inch hard maple boards. Select the correct option from the drop-down list. The individuals studied in this experiment are ____.

Answer 4. Can aspirin help prevent heart attacks? The Physicians Health Study, a large
medical experiment involving 22,000 male physicians, attempted to answer this question. One group of about 11,000 physicians took an aspirin every second day, while the rest took a placebo. After several years, the study found that subjects in the aspirin group had significantly fewer heart attacks than subjects in the placebo

group. Match the terms used in experiments with their corresponding values in view of the given study.

1. Medication 2. Health 3. Physicians A. Explanatory variable B. Response variable C. Subject 5. A manufacturer of chisels is interested in determining how the angle at which the
cutting edge is sharpened affects tool abrasion. To answer this question, engineers obtain 20 similar chisels. They sharpen five chisels at each of 22.5, 25, 27.5, and 30 degrees. Then, they measure the amount of abrasion (rated on a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 being the worst) after cutting several mortises (square holes) in 3/4inch hard maple boards. Which of the following is the explanatory variable in the given study?

A. B. C. D.

Tool abrasion Mortises Sharpening of chisels Angle of cutting edge

6. What is the preferred treatment for breast cancer that is detected in its early

stages? The most common treatment was once removal of the breast. It is now usual to remove only the tumor and nearby lymph nodes, followed by radiation. To study whether these treatments differ in their effectiveness, a medical team examines the records of 25 large hospitals and compares the survival times after surgery of all women who have had either treatment. State whether the following statement is true or false: Doctorss recommendation can be a lurking variable that confounds with the explanatory variable, treatment method.

Answer 7. A large study used records from Canadas national health care system to compare
the effectiveness of two ways to treat prostate disease. The two treatments are traditional surgery and a new method that does not require surgery. The records described many patients whose doctors had chosen one or the other method. The study found that patients treated by the new method were significantly more likely to die within eight years. You have 300 prostate patients who are willing to serve as subjects in an experiment to compare the two methods.

Which of the following statements describes an appropriate design for this randomized comparative experiment?

A. B.

C.

Assign the nonsurgical treatment to all patients and observe recovery. Then, assign the surgical treatment to the patients who do not recover and again observe recovery. Ask the patients to select the treatment method they want and divide them into two groups, one group with patients going for surgical treatment and the other group for nonsurgical treatment. Compare the recovery of patients in each group. Make two groups of 150 patients each by using random assignment. Give the surgical treatment to one group and the nonsurgical treatment to the other group. Observe the recovery of patients in each group.

8. Does regular exercise reduce bone loss in postmenopausal women? Here are two ways to study this question.
A researcher finds 1000 postmenopausal women who exercise regularly. She matches each with a similar postmenopausal woman who does not exercise regularly, and she follows both groups for 5 years. Another researcher finds 2000 postmenopausal women who are willing to participate in a study. She assigns 1000 of the women to a regular program of supervised exercise. The other 1000 continue their usual habits. The researcher follows both groups for 5 years.

Which of the following statements is correct with reference to the two studies?

A. B. C. D.

The second study will produce more trustworthy data. Both of the studies will produce trustworthy data. The first study will produce more trustworthy data. Neither of the studies will produce trustworthy data.

9. A large study used records from Canadas national health care system to compare

the effectiveness of two ways to treat prostate disease. The two treatments are traditional surgery and a new method that does not require surgery. The records described many patients whose doctors had chosen one or the other method. The study found that patients treated by the new method were significantly more likely to die within eight years. Further study of the data showed that this conclusion was wrong. The extra deaths among patients treated with the new method could be explained by lurking variables. Identify a lurking variable that might be confounded with a doctors choice of surgical or nonsurgical treatment.

A. B. C.

Choice of the patients relatives Non-availability of surgical instruments Patients chance of survival

10. Can aspirin help prevent heart attacks? The Physicians Health Study, a large

medical experiment involving 22,000 male physicians, attempted to answer this question. One group of about 11,000 physicians took an aspirin every second day, while the rest took a placebo. After several years, the study found that subjects in the aspirin group had significantly fewer heart attacks than subjects in the placebo group. What is the meaning of the term significantly in significantly fewer heart attacks?

A. B. C. D.

It means definitely occurred by chance if there was no difference between the aspirin and placebo groups. It means likely to have occurred by chance if there was no difference between the aspirin and placebo groups. It means definitely could not have occurred by chance if there was no difference between the aspirin and placebo groups. It means unlikely to have occurred by chance if there was no difference between the aspirin and placebo groups.

11. A manufacturer of chisels is interested in determining how the angle at which the

cutting edge is sharpened affects tool abrasion. To answer this question, engineers obtain 20 similar chisels. They sharpen five chisels at each of 22.5, 25, 27.5, and 30 degrees. Then, they measure the amount of abrasion (rated on a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 being the worst) after cutting several mortises (square holes) in 3/4-inch hard maple boards. Identify the response variable in the given study.

A. B. C.

Mortises Amount of abrasion Cutting edge

12. A study, mandated by Congress when it passed No Child Left Behind in 2002,

evaluated 15 reading and math software products used by 9424 students in 132 schools across the country during the 20042005 school year. It is the largest study that has compared students who received the technology with those who did not, as measured by their scores on standardized tests. There were no statistically significant differences between students who used software and those who did not. Which of the following statements correctly describes the meaning of no statistically significant differences?

A. B. C.

There was no difference in the scores of students who used software and those who did not. There was a large difference in the scores of students who used software and those who did not. This difference could not have occurred by chance. There almost certainly was some difference in the scores of students who used software and those who did not. However, the difference was so small that it may have been due to chance alone.

13. Some medical researchers suspect that the drug memantine improves the

cognition of patients with moderate to severe Alzheimers disease. You have available 50 people with moderate to severe Alzheimers disease who are willing to serve as subjects. Consider the following design for the experiment, taking the placebo effect into account, will be to assign the placebo treatment to all 50 people. Next, measure the cognition of these people. Then, assign the memantine treatment to all and again check cognition. True or false: The given design is the most appropriate design for the experiment.

Answer 14. The death rates of surgical patients differ for operations in which different
anesthetics are used. An observational study found these death rates for four anesthetics:

Anesthetic: Death rate:

Halothane 1.7%

Pentothal 1.7%

Cyclopropane 3.4%

Ether 1.9%

This is not good evidence that cyclopropane is more dangerous than the other anesthetics. Identify a lurking variable that may be confounded with the choice of anesthetic in surgery and that could explain the different death rates.

A. B. C.

Financial background of the patient Types of surgical instruments Physical condition of the patient

Chapter 6 Homework assignment

1. A food scientist wants to study the effect of the type of pan and the amount of
sodium bicarbonate used in preparing peanut brittle on the flavor of the peanut brittle. In an experiment, peanut brittle is baked in four types of pans: iron, aluminum, stainless steel, and nonstick stainless steel. Sodium bicarbonate is used in three different quantities in the recipe: 0, 2, and 4 grams. Ten batches of peanut brittle are prepared at each combination of pan type and the amount of sodium bicarbonate. A panel of tasters scores each batch on the intensity of peanut, sweet, and buttery flavors.

Match the determinants to their quantity with respect to this experiment.

1. Explanatory variables 2. Response Variables 3. Treatments A. 3 B. 2 C. 12 2. Researchers conducted an experiment to compare the effects of a carbohydrate-restricted diet (low-carb diet) anda calorie- and fat-restricted diet (low-fat diet) on weight loss. The researchers are concerned that the effect of diet may depend on gender, so sex is treated as a blocking variable. There are 122 severely obese individuals available for the study, 52 of whom are men and 70 of whom are women. Identify the most appropriate experiment design for the experiment. A. Randomly assign all subjects to two groups. Next, split each group into two subgroups by sex. Next, assign one sub-group to low-carb diet and the other subgroup to the low-fat diet in both the groups. Compare weight loss within the groups. Use a coin to decide which subject receives which treatment. Divide subjects into two groups depending on which treatment they are receiving. Next, split each group into two sub-groups by sex. Compare weight loss within the groups. Split the subjects into two groups by sex. Create two sub-groups each in the two groups by random assignment. Next, within each group, assign one sub-group to low-carb diet and the other sub-group to the low-fat diet. Compare weight loss within the groups.

B. C.

3. The progress of a type of cancer differs in women and men. A clinical experiment to compare four therapies for this cancer therefore treats sex as a blocking variable. 500 male and 300 female patients have agreed to act as subjects. Which of the following approaches will you use to create a block design for the experiment? A. Observe the current state of cancer. Split the subjects into two groups using sex as the blocking variable and then randomly assign subjects in each group into four sub-groups. Assign each sub-group to one of the treatments. Observe the progress of cancer. Observe the current state of cancer. Randomly assign subjects to two groups and using sex as the blocking variable, split each group to two sub-groups. Assign each sub-group to one of the treatments. Observe the progress of cancer. Observe the current state of cancer. Assign the subjects to the four treatments in one randomization. Observe the progress of cancer for male and female subjects.

B. C.

4. A food scientist wants to study the effect of the type of pan and the amount of

sodium bicarbonate used in preparing peanut brittle on the flavor of the peanut

brittle. In an experiment, peanut brittle is baked in four types of pans: iron, aluminum, stainless steel, and nonstick stainless steel. Sodium bicarbonate is used in three different quantities in the recipe: 0, 2, and 4 grams. Ten batches of peanut brittle are prepared at each combination of pan type and the amount of sodium bicarbonate. A panel of tasters scores each batch on the intensity of peanut, sweet, and buttery flavors.

How many batches of peanut brittle are needed for the experiment? A. B. C. 40 120 30

5. You want to verify if consumers prefer the taste of a pepperoni pizza from Pizza
Hut or from Dominos in a blind test, in which neither slice of pizza is identified. Identify the design of a matched pairs experiment to investigate this question.

A. B. C.

Divide the subjects into two groups. Ask one group to taste the pepperoni pizza from Pizza Hut first. Ask the second group to taste the pizza from Domino's first. Ask the preference. Divide the subjects into two groups. Ask one group to taste the pepperoni pizza from Pizza Hut and the other group to taste the pizza from Domino's. Ask the preference. Ask the subjects to taste both brands of pizza, in a randomly selected order. Ask the preference.

6. Cars sold in the United States since 1986 have been required to have a high center
brake light in addition to the usual two brake lights at the rear of the vehicle. This safety requirement was justified by randomized comparative experiments with fleets of rental and business cars. The experiments showed that the third brake light reduced rear-end collisions by as much as 50%. After almost a decade in actual use, the Insurance Institute found only a 5% reduction in rear-end collisions, helpful but much less than the experiments predicted. Most cars did not have the extra brake light when the experiments were carried out, so it caught the eye of following drivers. Now that almost all cars have the third light, it no longer captures attention.

Canada too now requires that cars be equipped with daytime running lights, headlights that automatically come on at a low level when the car is started. Some manufacturers are now equipping cars sold in the United States with running lights.
What cautions do you draw from the US example, which also apply to an experiment on the effects of running lights in Canada?

A. B. C.

In the US, most cars did not have the extra brake light when the experiment was carried out. If people in Canada are more willing to coordinate, the results can be in favor of daytime running lights. Owing to the difference in topography, the results may be different. The effect of running lights may be lessened when (if)they become common

enough that people no longer notice them. 7. An experiment was conducted to determine if the right hand is generally stronger
than the left in right-handed people. Hand strength can be crudely measured by placing a bathroom scale on a shelf with the end protruding and then squeezing the scale between the thumb below and the four fingers above. The reading of the scale shows the force exerted.

Identify the randomization for a matched pairs design to compare the strength of the right and left hands, using 10 right-handed people as subjects. A. B. C. Create two groups and ask the subjects in each group to use one of the hands to squeeze the scale. Use a coin to decide which subject in a group will use which hand. Ask each subject to squeeze the scale using both hands, one after the other. Toss a coin to decide which hand they should use first. Divide all subjects randomly into two groups and ask subjects in each group to use either hand.

8. The National Institutes of Health is at last sponsoring proper clinical trials of some

natural remedies. In one study at Duke University, 330 patients with mild depression are enrolled in a trial to compare Saint-Johns-wort with a placebo and with Zoloft, a common prescription drug for depression. The Beck Depression Inventory is a common instrument that rates the severity of depression on a 0 to 3 scale.

Identify the completely randomized clinical trial for this study. A. B. C. Create pairs of similar subjects and randomly assign one of the treatments to each subject in a group. Create groups of subjects in increasing order of the severity of depression and assign subjects randomly to each treatment within each group. Randomly divide subjects into three groups, each consisting of 110 subjects. Assign each group to one of the treatments. Observe change in Beck Inventory score.

9. In an experiment, a group of medical researchers compared the effects of the

intake of omega-6 fatty acids to omega-3 fatty acids on depression. They randomly assigned 88 highly stressed and depressed subjects to either a diet high in omega-6 fatty acids relative to omega-3 fatty acids, or a diet with a much lower amount of omega-6 fatty acids relative to omega-3 fatty acids. The findings of the experiment indicated that the subjects generally showed increased depression on the high omega-6 diet compared with those on the low omega-6 diet. The researchers themselves cautioned against interpreting these experimental results as a general warning that diets rich in omega-6 fatty acids increase depression. Why?

A. B.

No placebo was used in the experiment to assess the effectiveness of omega-6 fatty acids. The subjects were highly stressed and depressed.

C.

The experiment was a single-blind experiment.

10. Some investors believe that charts of past trends in the prices of securities can

help predict future prices. Most economists, however, disagree. In an experiment to examine the effects of using charts, business students hypothetically trade a foreign currency at computer screens. There are 20 student subjects available. Their goal is to make as much money as possible, and the best performances are rewarded with small prizes. The student traders have the price history of the foreign currency in dollars in their computers. They may or may not also have software that highlights trends. Identify the matched pairs design for the experiment, in which each student serves as his or her own control.

A. B.

C.

Divide the students into two groups of 10 each. For both groups, decide the students at random who will have the software and those who would not have. Randomly assign 10 students to Group 1, which has the trend-highlighting software. Assign the other 10 to Group 2, which does not have the trendhighlighting software. Compare the performance of group 1 with that of Group 2. Each student does the activity twice, once with the software and once without it. Randomly decide for all students whether they have the software the first or second time.

11. Nurse practitioners are nurses with advanced qualifications who often act much

like primary care physicians. An experiment, which was aimed at comparing the patients' satisfaction with doctors and nurse practitioners, assigned 1316 patients who had no regular source of medical care to either a doctor or a nurse practitioner. All patients had been diagnosed with asthma, diabetes, or high blood pressure before the experiment started. Measures of the patients health and of their satisfaction with their medical care were recorded after 6 months.

Match the determinants of the experiment with the terms used to describe them. 1. Diagnosis 2. Type of care 3. Measures of the patients health and of their satisfaction with their medical care A. Response variable B. Block variable C. Treatment variable

Chapter 7 Homework assignment

1. Some students sign up to be subjects in a psychology experiment. When they

arrive, they are told that interviews are running late and are taken to a waiting room. The experimenters then stage a theft of a valuable object left in the waiting room. Some subjects are alone with the thief, and others are in pairs; these are the treatments being compared. The result of study was obtained on the fact whether the subjects report the theft in such a scenario or not. The students had agreed to take part in an unspecified study, but the true nature of the experiment is explained to them afterward. True or False: The experiment can be considered ethical because the consent of the student was obtained and deception was required to obtain unbiased results.

Answer 2. The presidential election campaign is in full swing, and the candidates have hired polling organizations to take regular polls to find out what the voters think about the issues.
What does the standard of informed consent require the polling organizations to tell potential respondents?

A. B. C.

The kind of questions they will be asked and the approximate amount of time required to complete the survey The election process and date of election The achievements of the candidate or the political party

3. Some people think that the law should require that all political poll results be made
public. Otherwise, the possessors of poll results can use the information to their own advantage. They can act on the information, release only selected parts of it, or time the release for best effect. A candidates organization replies that they are paying for the poll in order to gain information for their own use, not to amuse the public. Which of the following statements do you think is appropriate in reference to the scenario?

A. B. C.

The polling organizations can modify the information to their benefit and then make it public.
The polling organizations can provide incomplete information, if they do not want to reveal complete information.

The polling organizations should provide true information if they wish to make it public.

4. One of the most important nongovernment surveys in the United States is the General Social Survey. The GSS regularly monitors public opinion on a wide variety of political and social issues. Interviews are conducted in person in the subjects home.
A subjects responses to GSS questions are:

A.

Confidential

B. C.

Both confidential and anonymous Anonymous

5. Effective drugs for treating AIDS are very expensive, so most African nations cannot afford to give them to large numbers of people. Yet AIDS is more common in parts of Africa than anywhere else. A few clinical trials are looking at ways to prevent pregnant mothers infected with HIV from passing the infection to their unborn children, a major source of HIV infections in Africa. Some people say these trials are unethical because they do not give effective AIDS drugs to their subjects, as would be required in rich nations. Others reply that the trials are looking for treatments that can work in the real world in Africa and that they promise benefits at least to the children of their subjects. True or false:
The trials are completely ethical as because they would, at least, benefit the children of their subjects.

Answer 6. Long ago, doctors drew a blood specimen from you as part of treating minor anemia. Unknown to you, the sample was stored. Now researchers plan to use stored samples from you and many other people to look for genetic factors that may influence anemia. It is no longer possible to ask your consent because you are no longer alive. Modern technology can read your entire genetic makeup from the blood sample.
Perhaps we should use biological materials such as blood samples only from patients who have agreed to allow the material to be stored for later use in research. It isnt possible to say in advance what kind of research, so this falls short of the usual standard for informed consent. True or false: This practice is nonetheless acceptable, given complete confidentiality and the fact that using the sample cant physically harm the patient.

Answer 7. In which of the circumstances below would you allow collecting personal information without the subjects consent? A. B. C. A social psychologist pretends to be converted to membership in a religious group and attends private meetings to study the behavior patterns of members. A social psychologist attends public meetings of a religious group to study the behavior patterns of members. A government agency takes a random sample of income tax returns to obtain information on the average income of people in different occupations. Only the incomes and occupations are recorded from the returns, not the names.

8. Your college or university has an institutional review board that screens all studies that

use human subjects. Which of the following should be the duties of the board? (Note: To receive full credit, you may have to select more than one of the following choices.) A. B. C. D. E. Protect the rights and welfare of human subjects recruited to participate in research activities. Decide whether a proposed study is statistically sound. Put more proposals in the minimal-risk category to speed the work in the event of work overload. Decide whether a proposed study will produce valuable information. Review the consent forms to ensure that subjects are informed about the nature of the study and potential risks.

9. The 2000 census form asked 53 detailed questions, such as: Do you have complete plumbing facilities in this house, apartment, or mobile home; hot and cold piped water, a flush toilet, and bathtub or shower? The form also asked the questions about income (in dollars, broken down by source) and about whether any "physical, mental, or emotional condition causes difficulty in learning, remembering, or concentrating." Some members of Congress objected to these questions, even though Congress had approved them.
Which of the following statements, do you think, can be a valid reason of the objection raised by some members of the Congress, against some of the questions in the form?

A. B. C.

Some of the questions in the form were not in the interest of the Congress. Some of the questions in the form were not valid. Some of the questions in the form seem to invade privacy of the people.

10. A Web site looking for volunteers for a research study contains the following information. This is a research study about menstruation. People of all ages may participate in this study. This questionnaire will take only a few minutes to complete and its anonymous. All results will be appreciated. Following the announcement is a Web link that takes you to the questionnaire.
True or false: This study does provide anonymity.

Answer 11. A 72-year-old man with multiple sclerosis is hospitalized. His doctor feels he may need to be placed on a feeding tube soon to ensure adequate nourishment. He asks the patient about this in the morning and the patient agrees. However, in the evening (before the tube has been placed), the patient becomes disoriented and seems confused about his decision to have the feeding tube placed. He tells the doctor he doesnt want it in. The doctor revisits the question in the morning, when the patient is again lucid. Unable to recall his state of mind from the previous evening, the patient again agrees to the procedure.
True or false:

A good option here is to get a surrogate decision maker to determine the patients real wishes about the treatment.

Answer 12. A government agency takes a random sample of income tax returns to obtain
information on the average income of people in different occupations. Only the incomes and occupations are recorded from the returns, not the names. True or false: The method used here to collect information is unethical

Answer