494

CHAPTER 7 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

Therefore

3 s3 2

x3 4x
2

3 2

dx
3 16

3 16

1 2

1 u 1 u
2

u2
1 2

du
3 16

3 16

1 2

1 1

du

[( 1 2

2)

3 32

EXAMPLE 7 Evaluate

y s3

x 2x

x2

dx.

SOLUTION We can transform the integrand into a function for which trigonometric substitution is appropriate by rst completing the square under the root sign:

2x

x2

3 4

x2 x

2x 1
2

x2

2x

This suggests that we make the substitution u

1. Then du

dx and x

1, so

y s3
We now substitute u
|||| Figure 5 shows the graphs of the integrand in Example 7 and its indenite integral (with C 0 ). Which is which? 3

x 2x

x2

dx

u s4

1 du u2 u2 2 cos , so

2 sin , giving du x 2x dx

2 cos d and s4 1 2 cos d

y s3

x2

y y

2 sin 2 cos 2 sin 2 cos s4 u2 2x

1 d C sin x2
1

_4

u 2 sin
1

C x 2 1 C

_5

FIGURE 5

s3

|||| 7.3
13

Exercises

Resolver los ejercicios impares

430
||||
2 s3

|||| Evaluate the integral using the indicated trigonometric substitution. Sketch and label the associated right triangle.

Evaluate the integral. x3 dx s16 x 2 1 x2 16 dt dx

6. 8. 10.

1.

yx

1 sx 2

4.

y y

dx ;

3 sec
5.

2.

y x 3 s9 y sx
s

x 2 dx ;

s2

3 sin
7.

1 t 3 st 2
2

y y

x 3 sx 2

4 dx

3.
s

x3
2
s

yx

1 s25 dx
2

sx 2 a 2 dx x4 t5
2

dx ;
s

x
s

3 tan
9.
s s s s s s s

y sx

y st

dt

SECTION 7.3 TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

495

11. 13. 15. 17. 19.

y s1 y y

4x 2 dx

12. 14.

x sx 2 du

4 dx

equation x 2 y 2 r 2. Then A is the sum of the area of the triangle POQ and the area of the region PQR in the gure.]
y

sx 2 9 dx x3 a
2

y u s5 yx y
2

u2 9 b2 t2
3 2

x2 x2 x
2

3 2

dx

16. 18. 20.

dx s16x 2 dx
2

y sx y y
0

7 x2

dx dx

O Q R
x

ax

s1 x
2 3

y s25 y
1

dt

; 36. Evaluate the integral

21. 23. 25. 27. 29.

s

x 3s4 4x 1
2

9x 2 dx x 2 dx dx

22. 24. 26. 28. 30.

s s s

sx 2

1 dx dt 6t

y
13

dx x 4 sx 2

y s5 y s9x y
x2

y st

Graph the integrand and its indenite integral on the same screen and check that your answer is reasonable. ; 37. Use a graph to approximate the roots of the equation x 2 s4 x 2 2 x. Then approximate the area bounded by the curve y x 2 s4 x 2 and the line y 2 x.

6x dx 2x 2

8
2

y s4x y y
0

x2 x
2

dx

5
2

dx 4x x 2

5 2

38. A charged rod of length L produces an electric eld at point

y x s1
s s

x 4 dx
s

cos t dt s1 sin 2 t
s s s s

P a, b given by EP

L a a

b 4
0

x2

b2

3 2

dx

31. (a) Use trigonometric substitution to show that

y sx

dx
2

where is the charge density per unit length on the rod and 0 is the free space permittivity (see the gure). Evaluate the integral to determine an expression for the electric eld E P . C
y

a2

ln ( x

sx 2

a2)

P(a,b)

(b) Use the hyperbolic substitution x

a sinh t to show that

0 L x

y sx

dx
2

a2

sinh

x a

C
39. Find the area of the crescent-shaped region (called a lune)

These formulas are connected by Formula 3.9.3.

32. Evaluate

bounded by arcs of circles with radii r and R. (See the gure.)

x2 a2

3 2

dx

r R

(a) by trigonometric substitution. (b) by the hyperbolic substitution x

33. Find the average value of f x

a sinh t. 1 x, 1 x 7.
40. A water storage tank has the shape of a cylinder with diameter

sx 2

34. Find the area of the region bounded by the hyperbola

9x

4y

36 and the line x

1 2

3.

35. Prove the formula A

r 2 for the area of a sector of a circle 2 with radius r and central angle . [Hint: Assume 0 and place the center of the circle at the origin so it has the

10 ft. It is mounted so that the circular cross-sections are vertical. If the depth of the water is 7 ft, what percentage of the total capacity is being used?
41. A torus is generated by rotating the circle x 2

y R2 about the x-axis. Find the volume enclosed by the torus.

r2

Respuestas
Chapter 7
Exercises 7.1
1.
1 2
s

APPENDIX H Answers to Exercises 7.4

A85

37. 41. 45. 49. 3. 5 x sin 5x

1 1 25

page 480 x2 C 2
2

1 3 1 6 1 2

1 5 csc 3 C 39. ln csc x 5 csc 1 1 43. 4 sin 2 sin 3x 14 sin 7x C 1 47. 10 tan 5 t 2 sin 2x C C 1 2 5 3 cos x C 5 cos x 3 cos x

cot x C 1 C 24 sin 12

x 2 ln x 2 er
2

1 4

cos 5x

1.1

5. 2 r 7. 9. 13. 15. 17. 19. 25. 29. 33. 37.

1 2

1 2x

x cos x 1 ln 2x
1 8

x sin x

2
3

cos x

_2

11. t arctan 4t

1 x C ln 1 16t 2 C x ln x 2 2x ln x 2x C 1 2 2 sin 3 3 cos 3 C 13 e y cosh y sinh y C 1 1 1 3 2 21. 2 23. 4 3 2 ln 2 4e ( 6 3 s3 ) 6 27. sin x ln sin x 1 C 1 32 64 31. 5 ln 2 2 sin ln x C 2 x cos ln x 25 ln 2 1 35. 2(sin sx sx cos sx ) C 4 2 2 x sin x cos x C
1.2

1.1

51.

1 6

sin 3x

1 18

sin 9x

C
1

F
_2
62 125

2 2

53. 0 63. s

55.

1 3

57. 0

59.

61. 2

1
s

cos 3 t

Exercises 7.3
1. 5.

page 494 C
1 4

F
1.2

sx

9 9x s3 8
2

3. 7.

1 3

x2
1 4

18 sx 2 x 2 25x
1

9 C
1 2

24

s25

39. 2x

1 ex

3.5 1

F
1.5

3 41. (b) C 4 cos x sin x 8x 16 sin 2x 2 8 3 ln x 2 6 ln x 43. (b) 3 , 15 49. x ln x 3 25 75 2 51. 4 53. 1.0475, 2.8731; 2.1828 4 e 8 55. 4 57. 2 e 9 13 e t t 2 2t 2 m 59. 2 ln 3 61. 2 9

16 x) C x s1 4x 2 9. ln (sx 11. sin 2x 1 1 2 2 9 2x C 13. 6 sec x 3 sx x 2 ) sin 1 x a C 7 C 15. (x sa 2 17. sx 2 64 2 2 x 1) x C 19. ln (s1 21. 1215 s1 x 9 1 2 s5 4x x 2 C 23. 2 sin 1 x 2 3 2 x 1 2 1 s9x 6x 8 C 25. 3 ln 3x 1 1 x 1 x 2 2x 2 C 27. 2 tan 1 x 1 1 2 x s1 x 4 C 29. 4 sin 1 x 2 4 1 sec 1 7) 33. 6 (s48 37. 0.81, 2; 2.10 39. r sR 2 r2 r 2 2 R 2 arcsin r R 41. 2 2Rr 2 Exercises 7.4
1. (a)
s

63. 2

Exercises 7.2
1. 5. 11. 15. 17. 21. 25. 29. 31. 33.
1 5 1 5

page 488

page 504 (b) (b) A x A B x 1 Bx x x C 1 C 1

2

11 cos 3x C 3. 384 1 7 9 sin x 9 sin x C 4 7. 9. 3 8 3 1 2 sin C 13. 3 4 192 2 4 sin 2 ( 2 cos 3x 2 cos x) scos x C 7 3 1 2 19. ln 1 ln cos x C sin x C 2 cos x 1 2 23. tan x tan x C x C 2 1 2 117 5 3 27. 8 tan t C 5 tan t 3 tan t 1 3 sec x C 3 sec x 1 4 tan 2x ln sec x C 4 sec x

cos 5x sin 5x

1 3 2 7

B 3x 1 A B 3. (a) x 4 x 1 A B 5. (a) 1 x 1 x Ct D At B (b) 2 t 1 t2 4 7. x C 6 ln x 6 9. 2 ln x 5 ln x 13. a ln x b C x 3

17.
27 5

x 1 x2 Cx D 1 x2 1 Et F t2 4 2 C 15. 2 ln 2 2
11.
1 2 1 2

ln 3 2

1 6

tan6

1 4

tan4

35. s3

ln 2

9 5

ln 3 (or 9 ln 8) 5 3