Monosaccharides Triose, 3 carbon atoms, C3H6O3, dihydroxyacetone, glyceraldehyde Tetrose, 4 carbon atoms, C4H8O4, e.g.

erythrose, threose, erythrulose Pentose, 5 carbon atoms, C5H10O5, e.g. arabinose, lyxose, ribose, xylulose Hexose, 6 carbon atoms, C6H12O6, e.g. allose, altrose, glucose, mannose, gulose, idose, galactose, talose

Classification: 1. Number of C atoms: 2. Aldose or ketose Aldose contains aldehyde group, (-CHO), at C1, e.g. glyceraldehyde, (CHOCHOHCH2OH), the simplest aldose Ketose, contains ketone group, (-CO-), at C2, e.g. dihydroxyacetone, (CH2OHCOCH2OH), the simplest ketose

Table 1 No. C Atoms 3 C-triose 4 C-tetrose 5 C-pentose 6 C-hexose Aldose glyceraldehyde erythrose, threose arabinose, lyxose, ribose, xylose Ketose dihydroxyacetone Erythrulose ribulose, xylulose

allose, altrose, galactose, glucose, fructose, psicose, sorbose, gulose, idose, mannose, talose tagatose

Disaccharides, trisaccharides, tetrasaccharides, polysaccharides Maltose molecule: Lactose molecule: Sucrose Disaccharides contain two sugar units, e.g. sucrose, (glucose + fructose), lactose, (milk sugar, glucose + galactose), maltose, (malt sugar, glucose + glucose). Trisaccharides Raffinose, (triose: fructose + galactose + glucose), (C18H32O16), melezitose, maltotriose, (amylotriose) Tetrasaccharides Stachyose, acarbose, Acarbose, (C25H43NO18), anti-diabetic drug Stachyose, (tetrose: fructose + galactose + glucose + galactose, i.e. raffinose + galactose), (C24H42O21), in green beans Polysaccharides Glycogen, Starch, (Amylose, Amylopectin), Cellulose, Dextrin, (C18H32O16), -glucan, (cellotriose, -D-glucan, glucan, C18H32O16), Fructans The molecules are linked by glycosidic bonds. Fructans occur in onion, asparagus, wheat. 1. Inulin - linear fructan 2. Levan - linear fructan 3. Graminan - branched fructan Starches, amylum, glycogen Starch, amylose, (amylum), (amylose, soluble starch, many glucose units), (amylopectin, insoluble starch, 40 to 60 branched glucose units). Glycogen in animals, (Starch, amylum = amylose + amylopectin), (Glycogen = unbranched glucose polymer similar to amylopectin), (inulin = D-fructose units, from Helianthus), Boil cut potato in water then let cool. Filter the solution to separate the soluble amylase from the insoluble amylopectin of the starch grains. Add tincture of iodine to the filtered starch solution an intense blue colour occurs. The solution contains -amylase, C6H10O5 that forms a complex with iodine: (amylase)p, (I-), (I2)r(H2O)s [where r < p < s].

Cellulose, hemicellulose Cellulose, three glucose molecules linked to form cellulose Linamarin Cyanohydrin Cellulose is long unbranched glucose polymer. Cellulose in plant cell walls, hemicellulose in some plant endosperm to form vegetable ivory. Gun-cotton was prepared by saturating cotton or cellulose material in nitric acid and sulfuric acid to produce a highly explosive material. Chitin Chitin, (C8H33O5N)n, is an insoluble nitrogenous polysaccharide, contains chains of Nacetylglucosamine in support structure of invertebrates and fungi, e.g. shells of arthropods. Pectin Pectin, high molecular weight, cements adjacent plant cells, dissolved by pectinase in ripening fruit, forms gel and thickening agent glycogen, chitin Cyclitols, inositols, myo-innositol Carbohydrate acids Carbohydrate acids, D-gluconic acid, CH2(OH)(CHOH)4COOH, produced by fungi, Dglucuronic acid, OC6H9O6, in gums, forms glucuronides Alditols, polyhydric alcohols, mannitol General formula: HOCH2[CH(OH)]nCH2OH, mannitol CH2OH(CHOH)4CH2OH, from mannose or fructose, sugar in fungi and brown algae, food sweetener. Glycosaminoglycans, (mucopolysaccharides), glucosamines Glycosaminoglycans, (mucopolysaccharides), glucosamines, dermatan sulfate, chondroitin, hyaluronic acid, heparin, keratin sulfate. Glucosamine is converted to glycosamineglycans. Glucosamine hydrochloride and glucosamine sulfate may repair cartilage and alleviate osteoarthritis. Heparin, Chondroitin sulfate, Hyaluronan, Heparan sulfate, Dermatan sulfate, Keratan sulfate

Trivial names Ketoses with three to six carbon atoms are shown in Chart below, with trivial names (and three-letter abbreviations) in parentheses.

The trivial names 'L-erythrulose' for D-glycero-tetrulose, 'L-ribulose' for D-erythro-pent-2ulose, and 'L-xylulose' for D-threo-pent-2-ulose contain stereochemical redundancy and should not be used for naming derivatives. Sedoheptulose is the accepted trivial name for D-altro-hept-2-ulose. Numbering and naming the parent structure The basis for the name is the structure of the parent monosaccharide in the acyclic form. The chart below gives trivial names for parent aldoses and ketoses with up to six carbon atoms. Trivial names (with recommended three-letter abbreviations in parentheses) and structures (in the aldehydic, acyclic form) of the aldoses with three to six carbon atoms. Only the D-forms are shown; the L-forms are the mirror images. The chains of chiral atoms delineated in bold face correspond to the configurational prefixes given in italics below the names.