AVAILABLELOADTYPESINCAESARII

W(Weight),WNC(WeightNoContents) WW(WaterfilledWeight) P(Pressure),HP(HydrotestPressure) T(Temperature),D(Displacement) H(HangerPreloads),F(ConcentratedLoads) U(UniformLoads) Win(Wind),Wav(WaveandCurrent) CS(CutShortorCutLong)

AvailableStressTypesinCAESARII
OPE Operating SUS Sustained EXP Expansion OCC Occasional HYD Hydrotest HGR HangerDesign FAT Fatigue

LoadCaseDefinition
Operatingcasecontainsallloadsinthe system.
L1=W+P1+T1+H(OPE)thisiscalledabasicloadcase

SustainedCasecontainsonlyprimaryloads.
L2=W+P1+H(SUS)anotherbasicloadcase

ExpansionCaseisthedifferencebetweenthe operatingandsustainedcases.
L3=L1L2(EXP)thisiscalledacombinationloadcase

CombinationLoadCases
Usedtoaddorsubtractresultsfrom previouslydefinedprimitiveloadcases. NecessaryforproperEXPandOCCcodestress definition. Notusedforrestraintorequipmentload definition,norfordisplacementreporting.

WhysubtractSUSfromOPE?
WhynotsimplyuseL3=T1(EXP)?
Becausetherestraintconfigurationmayresultin anincorrectsolution. Nonlinearrestraintsdrivetherestraint configuration. Otherloadsinthesystemcombinetochangethe restraintconfiguration.

NonlinearRestraints
StiffnessofRestraintchangesdependingon positionofpipeorforcesonrestraint. Examples:
UnidirectionalRestraints(+Y) Gapsinrestraints Friction Largerotationrods BilinearRestraints

Forcevs.DistanceinNonlinear Restraints

Example1:T1(EXP)
L3=T1(EXP)

This is how the line is modeled in Caesar II. The gaps are equal on both sides of the pipe. No loads are yet applied.

The thermal forces have closed the gap on the right side.

TotalDisplacementforT1(EXP)=1xGap

Example2:L1 L2(EXP)
L2=W+P1(SUS) L1=W+P1+T1(OPE)

Weight has caused the pipe to close the gap to the left. This can happen when the pipe pivots about a different restraint.

Operating conditions have caused the pipe to close the gap to the right, even against the weight force trying to hold it on the left.

Example2(cont)
IfwesubtractthedisplacementsoftheSUS casefromOPEweget:
TotalDisplacementforL1L2=2xGap InalinearsystemT1(EXP)=L1 L2(EXP) Inanonlinearsystemthisisnotguaranteed. Thisrepresentstheeffectoftemperatureinthe presenceofotherloads. Thisisadisplacementstressrange,notstarting fromtheneutralposition.

OccasionalLoadCases
Formostpipingcodes(nottheoffshore codes):
SetupanOPEcasethatincludestheoccasional load SubtractthestandardOPEcasefromtheOPEthat includestheoccasionalload.Wecallthisthe segregatedoccasionalloadcase. AddtheaboveloadcaseresultstotheSUSload caseresultsforthecodestresscheck

Example3:OccasionalLoadCases
Assumewehaveauniformloadrepresentinga seismicload,U1.
L1=W+P1+T1 L2=W+P1 L3=W+P1+T1+U1 L4=L1L2 L5=L3L1 L6=L2+L5 (OPE)standardoperating (SUS) (OPE)operatingwithoccasionalload (EXP) (OCC)segregatedoccasional (OCC)*occasionalcodestresscase

*usescalarcombinationmethod.

CombinationMethods
Algebraic:
Usedforsubtractingtwoloadcases. Takesthedisplacementsfromthereferencedcases andsubtractsthem. Thencomputesforces,moments,andresultantstress fromthesedisplacements.

Scalar:
Usedforaddingtwoloadcases. Addsthestressesfromthetworeferencedloadcases. Unlikealgebraicthestressesarenotrecomputedfrom displacements.

Notesoncombinationmethods
Dontusealgebraicforaddingtwoloadcases.
Youcanttakecreditforoccasionalloadsacting oppositetooperatingloads.

Dontusescalarforsubtractingtwocases.
Thisresultsinalowercodestressthanactual.

OutputTypes
Displacement
Usuallyreportedonlyforbasicloadcases

Force
Usuallyreportedonlyforbasicloadcases

Stress
Reportedbasedoncoderequirements.