SWIMMING Swimming is one of the most popular recreational sports that can be enjoyed by all ages.

The ability to swim enables people to participate in a wide variety of water sports such as snorkelling, water skiing, jet skiing, wind surfing, sailing, boating, fishing, rowing, and canoeing, without the fear of getting into trouble, and reduces the risk of drowning. Fear of water, particularly if a person suddenly gets out of their depth, prevents a lot of people going into a swimming pool or enjoying beach holidays. Many of the newer watersports require expertise in handling a craft as well as swimming proficiency. Water is a very dangerous place for non swimmers, particularly if it is cold and an excessive amount of alcohol has been drunk. Unfamiliar surroundings, and no knowledge of local tides, can be lethal to careless individuals. Waterrelated fatalities are the second leading cause of accidental death in the UK and Australia, and the third in the US. The risk of drowning is 2.5 deaths per 100000 in USA and 1 per 100000 in the UK. Babies are taught to swim at a very young age in some countries; this enables them to learn to swim without fear of the water. They should have had their first two combined immunizations, unless they are being breast-fed. The water temperature should be higher than normal, a minimum of 86F or 27C. The time spent in the water should be carefully monitored; this can vary from 10 minutes to 30 minutes but babies should not stay too long in the water as they lose heat rapidly. Swimmers are usually taught the four swimming strokes used for competitions; the front crawl, backstroke, breaststroke and butterfly, which are swum either as a single stroke or in combination over various distances. There are four phases of each stroke; the reach, catch, pull, and recovery. The arm action during the pull phase provides 75% of the propulsion in all strokes except the breast-stroke, where the contributions from the upper and lower limbs are equal. During reach or entry the arm reaches forwards to enter the water. In backstroke the arm entry occurs with the shoulder in the fully elevated position. Catch is similar in all competitive strokes except backstroke; the elbow flexes, the arm extends forwards at the shoulder and moves outwards in the horizontal plane whilst rotating towards the body. The pull is the propulsion phase and can vary; the swimmer either sculls or pushes the water. The arm action starts at maximum elevation and ends in extension except in breast-stroke. Recovery is the out of water phase (except breast-stroke), and the arm then returns to start position. In breast-stroke the arms move together in pull and recovery phase and the arms do not pull below the waistline. Swimming is the use of the body, sometimes with aids such as flippers or boards, to propel the body through the water. It is a popular leisure activity for most of the world, and also a major competition sport in many countries. Several other sports have also developed from specific aspects of swimming (e.g. diving, synchronised swimming) and in others it is a large aspect of that sport, for example in water polo. History of swimming Swimming has been recorded since prehistoric times; the earliest recording of swimming dates back to Stone Agepaintings from around 7,000 years ago. Written references date from 2000 BCE. Some of the earliest references to swimming include the Gilgamesh, the Iliad, the Odyssey, the Bible,Beowulf, and other sagas. In 1578, Nikolaus Wynmann, a Germanprofessor of languages, wrote the first swimming book, The Swimmer or A Dialogue on the Art of Swimming (Der Schwimmer oder ein Zwiegesprch ber die Schwimmkunst). Competitive swimming in Europe started around 1800, mostly using breaststroke. In 1873, John Arthur Trudgen introduced the trudgen to Western swimming competitions, after copying thefront crawl used by Native Americans. Due to a British dislike of splashing, Trudgen employed a scissor kick instead of the front crawl's flutter kick. Swimming was part of the first modern Olympic games in 1896 in Athens. In 1902 Richmond Cavill introduced the front crawl to the Western world. In 1908, the world swimming association, Fdration Internationale de Natation (FINA), was formed. Butterfly was developed in the 1930s and was at first a variant of breaststroke, until it was accepted as a separate style in 1952. Equipment Used in Swimming Earplugs/Nose Clips Some swimmers use earplugs to block water from entering the ear canal while they are swimming. Excess water entering the ear can cause discomfort for several hours after swimming and can also increase your chances of

developing an ear infection, known as "swimmer's ear," states the Mayo Clinic. Some swimmers also use nose clips to prevent water from entering their nose while they are swimming. Goggles Most pools contain high levels of chlorine or other chemicals to help keep the water free of bacteria and control the growth of algae in the water, states the Environmental Protection Agency. However, chlorine can irritate the eyes. Goggles allow you to see while your head is immersed in the water, without having to worry about chlorine irritation. Training Tools Numerous pieces of swimming equipment are designed to help in strength training and technique while swimming. For example, pull buoys are foam flotation devices that can be placed between the legs and used to strengthen and place focus on arm technique. The pull buoy forces swimmers to rely less on their legs to push through the water and more on the arms. Swim paddles develop arm strength by increasing resistance in the water, and they also help develop proper stroke mechanics. Kickboards switch the majority of work onto the legs when swimming to strengthen the legs as well as help develop proper kicking technique, states the U.S Masters Swimming organization. Stretch cords and resistance bands develop both arm and leg strength. Swim Caps The swim cap is a piece of equipment that provides multiple benefits. For professional swimmers, swim caps reduce drag to increase speed in the water. Swim caps also keep hair out of the face, help reduce the effects of chlorine on the hair and help swimmers retain body heat when they are swimming in colder water. Competition Equipment Competitive swimmers use several additional pieces of equipment. For example, coaches and timers at meets use stopwatches to help keep track of completion times for swimmers. Swimmers use lap counters in competition to help keep track of how many more laps they need to complete their event. Lane dividers consist of buoys that are strung on ropes and placed across the pool to divide the water into several swimming lanes. Recreational Equipment Some swimming equipment falls in the recreational category, including devices such as snorkeling masks and swimming fins, which allow swimmers to navigate natural aquatic environments such as lakes, seas and the ocean.

SHEILA MAE SALAYOG

BSHRM 2-B

HOUSEKEEPING
Housekeeping is the act of cleaning the rooms and furnishings of ahome. It is one of the many chores included in the term housework. Housecleaning includes activities such as disposing of rubbish, cleaning dirty surfaces, dusting and vacuuming. It may also involve some outdoor chores, such as removing leaves from rain gutters, washing windows and sweeping doormats. The term is often used also figuratively in politics and business, for the removal of unwanted personnel, methods or policies in an effort at reform or improvement.[1] Housecleaning is done to make the home look better and be safer and easier to live in. Without housecleaning limescale can build up on taps,mold grows in wet areas, bacterial action make the garbage disposal and toilet smell and cobwebs accumulate.[2] Tools used in housecleaning include vacuum cleaners, brooms, mops and sponges, together with cleaning products such as detergents, disinfectants and bleach. TYPES OF HOUSEKEEPING Institutional housekeeping= applies to housekeeping maintenance in commercial lodging establishement like hotels, resorts, inns and apartels. Domestic housekeeping= refers to housekeeping maintenance in a house. It covers bedrooms, kitchen, dining, receiving area, grounds and the surrounding areas within the house. ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF HOUSEKEEPING DEPARTMENT SMALL ESTABLISHMENTS

LARGE ESTABLISHMENTS