OPTIMAL DISTRIBUTION VOLTAGE CONTROL AND CO-ORDINATION WITH DISTRIBUTED GENERATION

BY ANEESH K G E7 A 7706
Guided by, Dr K Bijuna Kunju Dept. of electrical and electronics

Dept of electrical and electronics

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ABSTRCT

Distributed generation is becoming a common practice nowadays because of its utilization of natural energy, high reliability and low transmission losses. But since the output power generated from natural energy, like wind power, photovoltaics etc. are influenced by meteorological conditions, the voltage at each node becomes a problem. Here in this work, the optimal control of distribution voltage with coordination of distributed installations, such as the load ratio control transformer, step voltage regulator (SVR), shunt capacitor, shunt reactor, and static var compensator are presented. The communication infrastructure Is assumed to be widespread. In order to confirm the validity of the proposed method simulations are done for a distributed network with distributed generation.

Dept of electrical and electronics

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INTRODUCTION
The increasing demand of electrical energy cannot be supplied with the conventional energy sources like hydro, thermal and nuclear power plants with centralized power generation. So some new and renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic, wind mills etc. are connected with the existing power system at points where they are available. This process by which the generation of power is decentralized and is made near to the load centers is termed as distributed generation (DG). A high stability ,clean energy system with less transmission loss can be implemented using distributed generation. But since the natural power generation sources are influenced by the climatic conditions, the voltage at each node becomes a problem. So proper control methods should be adopted for the optimal control of the distribution voltage. Here, In this work the optimal control of the distribution system is done with installations such as load ratio control transformer (LRT), static var compensator (SVC), shunt reactor (ShR), shunt capacitor (SC), step voltage regulator (SVR) etc. The co-ordinate control of each of the equipments makes the voltage stability. A wide spread communication channel such as optical cable is necessary to control all the equipments with co- ordination.

Dept of electrical and electronics

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WHAT IS DISTRIBUTED GENERATION?

GROUP OF GENERATORS CONNECTED TO VARIOUS POINTS OF THE POWER SYSTEM The decentralization of the electricity generation near to the load centers where natural and renewable sources of energy is available is termed as distributed generation.

The advantages of DG are ,

Transmission losses are minimum. Clean and natural energy with high thermal efficiency. Close to demand. Reliability of services. Economical energy production. Less vulnerable to outages.

The problems with DG are, Since the o/p of natural energy sources depends on meteorological conditions,
distributed generators connected to the downstream may produce backward flow. So uni-directional flow of power gets affected. Co-generators are more expensive/watts. As distributed generation increases , the voltage at each node becomes a problem.

Dept of electrical and electronics

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OPTIMAL CONTROL OF VOLTAGE USING DISTRIBUTED INSTALLATIONS

Modern electric power utilities are facing many challenges due to over increasing complexity in their operation and structure. One of the main problem is voltage instability. The main cause of voltage instability is the inability to meet the exact demand of REACTIVE power. The voltage at the consumer should be maintained within the range. The co-ordinate operation of some distributed installations is used for the optimal voltage control of DG. The distribution installations includes,

o Load ratio control transformer o Static var compensator o Shunt capacitors o Shunt reactors o Step voltage regulator

Dept of electrical and electronics

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LOAD RATIO CONTROL TRANSFORMER ( LVR ) The transformation ratio of LVR can be changed at the time of load.

Ratio control methods

Equivalent model of LRT

Multi point selector switch along with some crank shaft and cam arrangements causes it to slide on the tapings. The self end information such as voltage, current are measured and is compared with the target value which is determined beforehand. The transformer tap location is adjusted so that the voltage is maintained at the desired level. But the problems like non uniformity of load distribution, reversed power flow may cause deviations from operating standard voltage at other points such as end portion, etc. These problems can be minimized using centralized control.

STEP VOLTAGE REGULATOR (SVR) step voltage regulator is simply a step up or step down transformer which is connected in distribution feeder lines. It provides increments or steps of voltage change. It either oppose or aid their respective voltages.

step voltage transformer(boost)

step voltage transformer(buck)

Dept of electrical and electronics

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For example, if the transformer has a turns ratio of 10:1 with 1000 V applied in the primary, then, the secondary voltage will be 100 V. Adding or subtracting by using the connection mentioned above - the output voltage would be 1100 V or 900 V, respectively. Thus, the transformer becomes an autotransformer with the capability to boost (raise/step-up) or buck (lower/step-down) the system voltage by 10%. The self end information such as current and voltage is calculated by the tap position of SVR. This information is compared with the desired values and controls the tap location of LRT to settle the voltage at a desired value. SHUNT CAPACITANCE A capacitor or a group of capacitors which are placed across the electrical lines to provide a voltage increase or to improve the power factor of the circuit. They are less expensive to install and maintain. A switchable shunt can be disconnected from the circuit when conditions are satisfactory. The SC must be switched on / off according to the system reactive power demand. The shunt capacitors supply necessary VAR to the system, thereby increasing the voltage level. Also whenever inductive load is connected to the transmission line, power factor lags because of lagging load current. To compensate, a shunt capacitance is connected, which draws current leading the voltage. The net result is improvement of power factor.

Dept of electrical and electronics

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The on/off time and switching is done through centralized control, by comparing the self end information with the target value. Online SC control and coordinate control of SC and LRT are the common practices

SHUNT REACTANCE Shunt reactors are inductors connected across the power lines to provide reduction in overvoltage and for power factor correction. These reactors consume the VAR of the system. They are also used at the end of the transmission line to compensate for the reactive power generated by line capacitance. In case of long transmission lines unloaded the receiving end voltages often goes higher than the sending end voltage. This effect is Ferranti effect. The shunt reactor consumes this reactive power and reduces the voltage level. Also the leading power factor can be avoided by the action of shunt reactance.

Equivalent diagram of transmission line with line inductance, line capacitance and shunt reactor (g)

STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR ( SVC ) SVC is equipment that compensate for reactive power at high speed by controlling the current of a capacitor by the thyristor. SVC not only regulates the system voltage by reactive power correction, but for power factor control also. These are used near to the places where the loads are varying rapidly.

Dept of electrical and electronics

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If the power system is capacitive (leading), the SVC will use reactors to consume VAR from the system, lowering the system voltage. And if it is inductive, capacitor banks are automatically switched in, thus providing a higher system voltage. In static system of VAR compensation, instead of mechanical switches controllable switches called thyristors are used for high reliability. The thyristors are controlled by signal from the control system via optical cables. The reliability can be increased by the controlled switching of the capacitors also with thyristors (thyristor switched capacitor)

Dept of electrical and electronics

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SIMULATION
The result of simulation done to check the validity of the proposed project is as follows.. Consider a residential distribution network as shown with a photovoltaic equipment at node 33.

RESIDENTIAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

The load curve of residential area and capacity factor of photovoltaic generation varies as shown.

Load curve of residential area

capacity factor of photovoltaic generation

Dept of electrical and electronics

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The voltage profile at various nodes with different control strategies at time 12.00 is as shown. The four different control strategies are, uncontrolled, tap control of a transformer, the tap of a transformer and the tap of SC and ShR, the tap of transformer, as well as the tap of SC and ShR and SVC control.

At time 12.00 the photovoltaic generation is maximum. With no control on the installations the voltage variation is maximum. And with the co-ordinate and centralised control of all the installations the voltage at each node can be maintained at the desired value.

Dept of electrical and electronics

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CONCLUSIONS To meet for the increasing demands of electricity, distributed generation should be Encouraged. The main problem with distributed generation is the voltage instability. Distributed installations such as Step voltage regulator, Load ratio transformer, Static VAR compensator, Shunt capacitor, Shunt reactor etc. are used for optimal control of voltage. Reliable central co-ordination of voltage regulation is done using optical fiber cables. The co-ordinate and centralized control of all the equipments provides desired voltage regulation.

REFERENCES
K. Kabemura, K. Yonekura, T. Tsukamoto, K. Hashimoto, and M. Hara, Application of dispersed autonomous voltage control system to a real high voltage distribution network, Elect. Eng. Jpn., vol. 146, no. 1, pp. 2736, 2004. N. I. Santoso and O. T. Tan, Neural-net based real-time control of capacitors installed on distribution systems, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 266273, Jan. 1990. J. C.Wang, H. D. Chiang, K. N. Miu, and G. Darling, Capacitor placement and real time control in large-scale unbalanced distribution systems: Loss reduction formula, problem formulation, solution methodology and mathematical justification, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 953958, Apr. 1997. www.wikipedia.org www.ieeeexplore.ieee.org www.cleanenergyauthority.com R. H. Liang and C. K. Cheng, Dispatch of main transformer ULTC and capacitors in a distribution system, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 625630, Oct. 2001. R. H. Liang and Y. S.Wang, Fuzzy-based reactive power and voltage control in a distribution system, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 610618, Apr. 2003.

Dept of electrical and electronics

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Dept of electrical and electronics

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