Fundamentals of Electronics (9051)

Experiment No. 2

EXPERIMENT No. 2
1.0 Title :
To identify various active and passive electronic components.

2.0 Prior concepts :

Solids are classified as insulators, conductors and

semiconductors. Insulators : Insulators are those substances, which do not allow the passage of electric current through them. In terms of energy band, the valance band is full while the conduction band is empty. The energy gap between valance band and conduction band is 15eV. Eg. wood, glass. Conductors : Conductors are those substances which easily allow the passage of electric current through them. In terms of energy band, the valance band and conduction band overlap each other eg. Copper, aluminium. Semiconductors : Semiconductors are those substances whose electrical conductivity lies between conductors and insulators. In terms of energy band, the valance band is almost filled and conduction band is almost empty. Further the energy gap between valance and conduction band is very small i.e. 1.1eV. eg. Germanium and silicon. Following points shall be explained by teacher before starting of experiment i) Ohms law ii) Concept of voltage/current.

3.0 New concepts :

Proposition 1 : Passive Components They require external energy source for their operation e.g. Resistors Capacitors, Inductors etc. Passive components Require External energy source

Resistor

Capacitor

Inductor

Proposition 2 : Active Components They do not require any external energy source for their operation e.g. Diode, Zener diode, Transistor, FET, UJT, SCR, DIAC, TRIAC, Photodiode, photo-transistor etc. Active componens
Require

No external energy source

Diode

Transistor

FET

UJT

SC

Photo-transistor

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Fundamentals of Electronics (9051)

Experiment No. 2

Proposition 4 : Identify different terminals of the components and find their type, numeric code, specifications and ratings. Refer data book for ratings and specifications. Terminals

Identification of components

Type No.

Specifications

Ratings Resistors : They are passive electronic components mainly used for controlling flow of electric current and providing desired amount of voltage in electronic circuits.

Resistors

Types

Functions

Symbol

Unit

NonLinear

Linear

Controlling flow of electric current Providing desired amount of Voltage in electronic circuit

Ohm ()

Inductors : They are passive electronic components used to minimize the alternating current while permitting the flow of direct current. Inductors

Types

Functions

Symbol

Unit Henry (H)

Fixed inductor

Variable inductor

Minimize A.C. Permit DC

Capacitors : They are passive electronic components which have an ability to charge or store energy.

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Fundamentals of Electronics (9051)

Experiment No. 2

Capacitors

Types

Functions

Symbols (Fixed)

Unit

1. Fixed Capacitor 2. Variable Capacitor

To block DC To pass AC signal

Farad (F)

(Variable)

Diode : It is a unidirectional semi-conductor component with two terminals, Anode and Cathode. Silver ring on some diodes indicates cathode. Diode

Terminals

Types

Functions

Symbol

Anode

Cathode

Zener diode Varactor diode Rectifier diode

For rectification As a switch

+ A

Schottkey diode Tunnel diode Light emitting diode Photodiode

Zener Diode : It is properly doped crystal diode, which is reverse biased and has a sharp break down voltage Zener Diode

Terminals

Functions

Symbol

Anode

Cathode

To regulate voltage

Transistor :- Transistor is a three terminal semi conductor device with terminals emitter, base, and collector and two types such as PNP & NPN Some commonly used transistors in electronic circuit are BEL 147, BEL187, BC147, BF167, AC127, BD115, CL100, SK100, 2SC2131. There are two types of transistors such as NPN and PNP. Identification of terminals is as per package.
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Fundamentals of Electronics (9051)

Experiment No. 2

Transistor

Types

Terminals

Functions

Symbols

NPN

PNP

Emitter

Amplifying signal Base Collector As a Switch As a regulator B

C B

E NPN

E PNP

Unijunction transistor (UJT) : It is a semiconductor device with three terminals i.e. emitter E, base-1, base-2. It is basically used for switching, pulse generation and saw tooth generation. UJT

Terminals

Functions

Symbol

Switching Emitter Base 1 Base 2 Oscillator

B2

B1

Field Effect Transistor (FET) : It is three terminal, unidirectional semiconductor device in which current conduction is by one type carrier i.e. electrons or holes. It has three terminals-Source, Drain & Gate. It is of two types N channel & P channel. As FET has high input impedance and low noise-level, it is used for amplification.

Field effect transistor (FET)

Terminals

Types

Functions

Symbols

Drain Source

Gate

P-channel N-channel

As a buffer amplifier As RF amplifier G As oscillator

G S S N-channel P-channel

Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) : It is a three terminal unidirectional component having Anode, Cathode & Gate.
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Fundamentals of Electronics (9051)

Experiment No. 2

SCR

Terminals

Functions Switching

Symbol

Anode

Cathode

Gate

Rectification As static conductor For power control For speed control Gate

Anode

Cathode

DIAC : It is a two terminaled, three layered bi-directional device which can be switched from its OFF state to ON state for either polarity of applied voltage. It is one of the switching devices, which is used to tigger TRAIC.

DIAC

Terminals

Functions To trigger TRIAC

Symbol

MT1

MT2

TRIAC : It is a three terminal bi-directional semi-conductor device, which can control alternating current in load. TRIAC

Terminals

Functions

Symbol

As electronic ON & OFF Switch MT1 MT2 Gate For controlling alternating current in load Rectification Photo Diode : It is a light sensitive diode with two terminals Anode & Cathode. It is formed by embedding a PN junction in a clear plastic capsule. The light is permitted to fall on one surface of the capsule and is focused on the PN junction with the help of focusing lens. The remaining sides of the capsule are pained black or enclosed in metallic case.

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Fundamentals of Electronics (9051)

Experiment No. 2

Photo diode

Terminals

Functions In alarm system

Symbol

Anode

Cathode

In optical -communication In Counter system In character-recognition In encoder A K

Phototransistor : It is light sensitive transistor with three terminals Emitter, Base & Collector. It is usually connected in common emitter configuration with base open. The radiation is concentrated on the region near collector junction.

Phototransistor

Terminals

Functions

Symbol

Emitter

Base

Punch card readers Collector Lighting controls in highways Level indication Relays

4.0 Learning Objectives :

Intellectual Skills : To discriminate the given components in three groups like photo sensitive, Low power & High power (Thyristor) components. To label each group and identify the different components in it. Motor Skills : Ability to observe the given components & identify their terminals. Ability to list the components with their ratings, specification, referring data manuals. Ability draw the symbols for different electronic components in the group under observation.

5.0 Apparatus :
Components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, diode, Zener diode transistor, UJT, FET, SCR, TRIAC & DIAC and photosensitive components like photo diode & phototransistor.

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Fundamentals of Electronics (9051)

Experiment No. 2

6.0 Diagram :
Carbon resistor Diode Electrolytic capacitor

Zener diode

7.0 Stepwise Procedure :

1. Observe the given components. 2. Discriminate the components in three groups. 3. List the components of each group and draw their symbolic representation. 4. Note down the type, number, Specifications and ratings of the components.

8.0

Observations :
Sr. No 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 Component Type Functions Symbol Rating/value Units

9.0

Questions :
Write answers to Q ----- Q ---- Q ---- Q -- Q -- (The question numbers to be alloted by teacher. 1. How to identify anode and cathode of diode from its physical appearance? 2. What is active devices? Give any four examples of it. 3. Draw the characteristics of zener diode in forward bias?

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Fundamentals of Electronics (9051)

Experiment No. 2

4. Write the components which require external energy source for their operation. 5. FET is called field effect transistor, Explain ? 6. Draw the symbol of diode used for regulating voltage. 7. From the symbols shown below, identify the types of diodes. a) b)

8. Differentiate between SCR and Triac on the basis of terminals and function. 9. Why SCR is called unidirectional device? 10. Input circuit of FET is connected in reverse bias, Give the reason. 11. Write any four specifications of zener diode and BJT. 12. Write the name of component which have ability to store charge. 13 Write the name of device which has in build diode and two resistors. 14. Why UJT is called uni junction transistor. 15. In what respect LED is different form ordinary PN junction diode ? 16. Name the different components of the following circuit

(Space for answers)

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Fundamentals of Electronics (9051)

Experiment No. 2

_________________ Signature of teacher

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