ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am very gratefull to complete this report thanks to allah, and many thanks to my lecturers of automotive En. Nik Dasuki bin Nik Abd Rashid, En. Hj Ahmed Ramzi b. Hj Awang, En. Muhammad Shah Rul b. Kamaruddin and others in providing us guidelines and information.

PREFACE

We all know that cars have been around for over a hundred years, as the years come new technology always renewed and introduced. The topic for his report is related to heavy vehicles specifically is about a tractor known as backhoe. My friends and i have done research over the internet and books to complete this report. We tried to make this intresting to read not just as a report.

INTRODUCTION OF HEAVY VEHICLE

truck, automotive vehicle designed primarily for the transportation of goods. A truck is constructed on the general lines of the automobile but uses larger and heavier parts. It may be powered by a gasoline internal-combustion engine or a diesel engine. In some trucks propulsion is supplied through a single front or rear axle, in others through two rear axles, and in still others through both front and rear axles. Many trucks have automatic or semiautomatic transmissions. Smaller trucks are built as a single unit, but larger trucks are frequently combinations of a truck tractor, which contains an engine, transmission, and cab, and a semitrailer, which is a trailer that the tractor hauls. The semitrailer has no fonruard axle, so that its front end must be supported by a swivel mount, known as the fifth wheel, which is found on the rear of the truck tractor. A full trailer, which can be attached to the rear of a semitrailer, has a front axle andone or two rear axles. In other countries, such as Australia, as many as three trailers may be attached to a single tractor. ln the United States most states place restrictions on the length of trucks, on the maximum weight that may be carried on a single axle, and on the addition of trailers, though some states still allow up to three trailers. Despite these restrictions, truck traffic accounts for ever-larger percentages of accidents and road damage. As common carriers, motor trucks have made serious inroads on the earnings of the railroads as they carry freight over increasingly long distances. ln Asia and Africa, they have replaced the camel caravan and human carriers.

This list is intended to classify trucks and to provide links to articles on the various types. The three main classifications for road truck by weight are light trucks,medium trucks, and heavy trucks. Above this there are specialised very heavy trucks and transporters such as heavy haulers for moving oversized loads, and off-road heavy trucks used in construction and mining which are too large for highway use without escorts and special Permits. ln the UK, trucks (lorries) are defined by the driving licence required. Heavy Goods
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Vehicles is a term normally applied to vehicles greater than TTztonnes. Drivers who passed their car test before 1997 can drive vehicles up to 7Tz tonnes (8% tonnes combined with trailer), whereas car drivers who passed their test on or after 1 January 1gg7 are limited by EU Directive 91l439lEEC to "Category B" vehicles (having a Maximum Authorised Mass of 3% tonnes). Small truck . Mini Truck Light truck o Minivan o Sport utility vehicle o Canopy express o Pickup truck . Panel truck Medium truck o Box truck o Van . Cutaway van chassis Heavy truck . Ballast tractor . Concrete transport truck (cement mixer) . Crane truck or mobile crane or truck-mounted crane . Dump truck Very heavy truck & transPoters . Ballast tractor (though most are smaller than this) . Heavy hauler
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HEAVY VEHICLE ENGINE The following emission standards apply to new diesel engines used in heavy-duty highway vehicles. The current federal definition of a compression-ignition (diesel) engine is based on the engine cycle, rather than the ignition mechanism, with the presence of a throttle as an indicator to distinguish between diesel-cycle and ottocycle operation. Regulating power by controlling the fuel supply in lieu of a throttle corresponds with lean combustion and the diesel-cycle operation (this allows the possibility that a natural gas-fueled engine equipped with a sparkplug is considered a compression-ignition engine). Heavy-duty vehicles are defined as vehicles of GMffR (gross vehicle weight rating) of above 8,500 lbs in the federal jurisdiction and above 14,000 lbs in California (model year 1995 and later). Diesel engines used in heavy-duty vehicles are further divided into service classes by GVWR, as follows. Light heavy-duty diesel engines: 8,500 < LHDDE < 19,500 (14,000 < LHDDE < 19,500 in California, 1995+) Medium heavy-duty diesel engines: 19,500 s MHDDE < 33,000 Heavy heavy-duty diesel engines (including urban bus): HHDDE > 33,000 Under the federal light-duty Tier 2 regulation (phased-in beginning 2OO4) vehicles of G\ /VR up to 10,000 lbs used for personal transportation have been re-classified as "medium-duty passenger vehicles" (MDPV - primarily larger SUVs and passenger vans) and are subject to the light-duty vehicle legislation. Therefore, the same diesel engine model used for the 8,500 - 10,000 lbs vehicle category may be classified as either light- or heavy-duty and certified to different standards, depending on the application. Current federal regulations do not require that complete heavy-duty diesel vehicles
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be chassis certified, instead requiring certification of their engines (as an option, complete heavy-duty diesel vehicles under 14,000 lbs can be chassis certified). Consequenly, the basic standards are expressed in g/bhp'hr and require emission testing over the Transient FTP engine dynamometer cycle (however, chassis certification may be required for complete heavy-duty gasoline vehicles with pertinent emission standards expressed in g/mile). Additional emission testing requirements, first introduced in 1998, include the following: Supplemental Emission Test (SET): A steady-state test to ensure that heavy-duty engine emissions are controlled during steady-state type driving, such as a linehaul truck operating on a freeway. SET emission limits are numerically equal to the FTP limits. Notto-Exceed (NTE) testing: Driving of any type that could occur within the bounds of a pre-defined NTE control area, including operation under steady-state or transient conditions and under varying ambient conditions. NTE emission limits are typically higher than the FTP limits. These tests were introduced for most signees of the 1998 Consent Decrees between the EPA and engine manufacturers for the period 1998 - 2004. Federal regulations require the supplemental testing from all engine manufacturers effective 2007.|n California, the tests are required for all engines effective model year 2005.

BACKHOE

A backhoe loader is an interesting invention because it is actually three pieces of construction equipment combined into one unit. A backhoe loader is:

A tractor A loader A backhoe

Each piece of equipment is suited to a particular sort of work. On a typical construction site, the backhoe operator usually uses all three components to get the job done. The Tractor The core structure of a backhoe loader is the tractor. Just like the tractors that farmers use in their fields, the backhoe tractor is designed to move easily over all kinds of rough terrain. It has a powerful, turbocharged diesel engine, large, rugged tires and a cab with basic steering controls (a steering wheel, brakes, etc.). Backhoe cabs are either completely enclosed or have an open canopy structure to give the operator protection.

The Loader The loader is attached in the front and the backhoe is attached in the back. These two components serve very different functions.

The loader is used primarily to carry dirt, gravel and other material. Photo courtesy Caterpillar The loader can do several different things. In many applications, you use it like a big, powerful dustpan or coffee scoop. You usually don't dig with it; you mostly use it to pick up and carry large amounts of loose material. It's also used to smooth things over like a butter knife, or to push dirt like a plow. The operator controls the loader while driving the tractor. The Backhoe The backhoe is the main tool of the backhoe loader. It's used to dig up hard, compact material, usually earth, or to lift heavy loads, such as a sewer box. It can lift this material and drop it in a pile to the side of the hole.

The backhoe is a powerful digging tool.

Basically, the backhoe is a big, extremely powerful version of your arm or finger. It has three segments:

The boom The stick The bucket

This arrangement is very similar to your arm. Your arm has three segments -- your upper arm, forearm and hand.

The backhoe segments are connected by three joints, comparable to your wrist, elbow and shoulder. The backhoe moves in pretty much the same way as your arm. In a Caterpillar backhoe, the boom is bent upward to make it easier to dig with obstacles in the way. This design also provides extra space for the bucket when the operator curls it in with a full load. The backhoe can dig all sorts of holes, but is especially suited for digging ditches. To use the backhoe, the operator has to park the tractor and turn the seat around. So what do the tractor, loader and backhoe have to do with each other? The tractor component is for moving the other two components from place to place, and the operator also maneuvers it when using the loader. The loader and backhoe components are a natural combination for all sorts of jobs. When you dig up a lot of dirt to make a ditch or any other sort of hole, you generally need a loader to either move the dirt out of the area or to fill the dirt back in once you've got the pipes, power lines, etc. in position. The most common application for a backhoe loader is this basic job -- digging a trench with the backhoe and then back-filling it with the loader.

A backhoe loader combines a backhoe, a loader and a tractor into one piece of equipment.

The Stabilizer Legs The other appendages you'll typically notice on a backhoe loader are the two stabilizer legs just behind the rear wheels. These legs are crucial to backhoe operation because they take the brunt of the weight when a backhoe is digging. Without the stabilizer legs, the weight of a heavy load or the downward force of digging into the ground would strain the wheels and tires, and the whole tractor would bounce constantly. The stabilizers keep the tractor steady, minimizing the jostling effect of digging with the backhoe. They also secure the tractor so that it won't slip into the ditch or hole. The stabilizer legs have two types of "shoes," so that they can be planted securely on both dirt and pavement. The grouser shoe side digs into the dirt for a better grip, but would tear up the pavement if you were to use it on a road. For a good grip on asphalt, the operator simply flips the rubber-padded shoe into position.

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Attaching Different Tools Some backhoe-loaders let you connect a wide variety of tools to either the backhoe stick or the loader in place of the standard buckets. Caterpillar backhoeloaders have an integrated toolcarrier (IT) that hooks up very easily to a number of compatible components. Different tools include specialized buckets, street sweepers and pallet forks. The backhoe arm also connects very easily to different tools. As you can see in the video below, the operator must secure the tool to the backhoe stick with a connecting pin. All sorts of tools are available, including:

Hydraulic hammers for breaking up asphalt Augers for digging circular holes Asphalt grinders for milling the surface of the road Grapples for gripping and pulling rooted material (such as tree stumps)

The ability to attach different tools expands the backhoe's versatility a great deal. The different tool attachments let the backhoe loader do a number of different things on the job site. Backhoe Tools

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Loader Tools

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THE OPERATION OF BACKHOE

As we saw in the last two sections, the backhoe arm swivels on four different hinges (some bucket designs have five) and the loader moves on two to three hinges. Additionally, the operator controls the stabilizer arms and moves the tractor around while loading. How does one person do all of this? The main controls for a Caterpillar backhoe are two computer-style joysticks. Here are the functions of the joysticks:

The joystick on the left moves the boom and swings the entire backhoe from side to side. The joystick on the right moves the stick and the bucket. Pulling the joystick toward you moves the boom or the stick closer to you, and pushing the joystick away moves the boom or stick farther out. Pushing the left-hand joystick to the left swings the entire backhoe to the left, and pushing the joystick to the right swings the arm to the right. Pushing the right-hand joystick to the left scoops the bucket in, and pushing it to the right dumps the bucket out.

Digging effectively with a backhoe requires practice, like learning to drive a car. The hardest part of learning to drive is usually paying attention to all of the different things going on. It takes a lot of practice to keep all of the various controls in your mind at once. Learning how to operate a backhoe is the same way. Picking up something with your arm is incredibly easy because you move every muscle automatically. But imagine how hard it would be if you had to stop and think about every muscle you were moving in that one simple motion.

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The backhoe arm has a very wide range of motion. An experienced driver doesn't even think about most of the things he or she is doing while driving. Backhoe operators reach this same level. With enough practice, the controls become second nature. But in addition to learning the controls, the operator must also learn to position the arm so that it will dig efficiently. That means knowing the best angle for the bucket as it sinks into the dirt, knowing when to move the boom and when to move the stick and getting a sense of what arm positions provide the best leverage.

The loader is controlled by a single joystick.

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Operating the loader is relatively simple because it only dumps, raises and lowers. The main loader control is a joystick on the right-hand side of the operator. If you pull the joystick back toward you, the first set of hydraulic rams push out to lift the arms up. When you push it away from you, the arms lower. To dump out the bucket, you move the joystick to the right. To scoop the bucket in, you move the joystick to the left. So the loader is pretty easy to learn compared to the backhoe. To get much use out of it, however, you have to be able to operate it while moving the tractor around the site. The tractor basically handles like a car, with a steering wheel, accelerator, brake pedal and gear shift. The loader and the tractor are powered by the same engine, which has a variable speed control. For an extra boost in loader force, the operator can put the tractor in neutral so that most of the engine's power goes directly to the hydraulic system.

This is a standard mechanical linkage control system from a backhoe. When you move the stick on the far left, it operates the spool valves that move the boom from side to side and forward and backward. The stick on the far right operates the spool valves that move the stick and the bucket. The two center controls move the spool valves that extend and retract the stabilizer legs.

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THE CONCLUSION

Experienced backhoe operators use the backhoe loader in much the same way you would use a shovel or wheelbarrow at home -- they know exactly how to move the controls to dig and load quickly and effectively. And they're always thinking ahead to their next few moves, Heavy vehicle as a backhoe not yet been a Malaysia manufactured, maybe we do not have much technology and man skills. May one day this country will have their own brand for use of heavy vehicle. Or may this will be for the first step for us to make it real, insyallah, wassalam...

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