CHAPTER 6 External Memory

OBJECTIVE PORTION

Q.1: What are the Types of External Memory? Ans:

Magnetic Disk Optical Magnetic Tape

Q.2: What is RAID ? Ans:

To Achieve greater performance and higher availability, server and larger system used RAID disk technology.

Q.3: How are Data read from a magnetic disk? Ans:

Magnative field moving relative to a coil produce an electrical current in the coil. when the surface of the disk passes under the head, it generate the current of the same polarity as the as the one already recorded.

Q.4: How are Data write from a magnetic disk? Ans:

Current through coil produces magnetic field Pulses sent to head Magnetic pattern recorded on surface below

Q.5: What is the typically disk sector size? Ans:

Disk Sector size is 512 byte of user assemble data per sector.

Q.6 Differentiate the term track and sector? Ans:

Track: One of the many concentric circular strips around the medium on a disk. Sector: The smallest unit of data that a magnetic storage device can read or write to or from the medium.

Q.7: What is serpentine recording? Ans:

The typically recording technique used in serial tapes is referred to as serpentine recording. In this technique, when data are being recorded, the first set of bits is recorded along the whole length of the tape.

Q.8: What is nonrenewable disk? Ans:

A nonremoveable disk is permanently mounted in the disk driver,the hard disk in a personal computer is a nonremoveable disk.

Q.9: What is substrate and what are the benefits of glass substrate? Ans:
A disk is the circular platter constructed of non-magnetic material called the substance. Improvement in the uniformity of the magnetic film surface to increase disk reliability. Help to reduce read write error

Q.10: What are the Transfer time and rate of disk? Ans:
Transfer time T = b / rN
b = bytes to transfer, r = revolutions/sec, N = number of bytes/track

Average access time Ta

Ta = Ts + 1/2r + b/rN Where Ts is average seek time

SUBJECTIVE PORTION
Q.1: What are the difference between CAV and multiple zone recording? Ans:

Constant angular velocity (CAV) rotating the disk at a fixed rate Sectors are pie shaped and the tracks are concentric. Individual tracks and sectors can be directly addressed. Head is moved to the desired track and then waits for the desired sector. The number of bits per track is constant Zones towards the outer edge contain more bits and more sectors .Read and write timing changes form one zone to the next. Increased capacity traded for more complex circuitry Locating Sectors.

Q.2: Verify the term seek time, rotational delay, access time? Ans:
Seek time: Time it takes to position the head at the desired track moveable head system. Rotational delay: Time it takes for the beginning of the desire sector to reach the head Floppy disks rotate at a rate between 300 and 600 rpm Access time: Sum of the seek time and the rotational delay

Q.3 Differentiate between RAID 1 and RAID 2 level?

Ans: RAID level 1

Mirrored Disks Data is (usually) striped across disks Each logical stripe mapped to 2 disks Read from either Write to both

RAID level 2
Parallel access across all disks for each I/O request Requires synchronized disks and specialized controllers Very small strips, single byte/word Data split at bit level across disks Error correction calculated across corresponding bits on disks

Q.4 What is Optical Disk and elaborate its products? Ans:

A storage medium from which data is read and to which it is written by lasers. Optical disks can store much more data up to 6 gigabytes than most portable magnetic media, such as floppies CD Compact disk a non-erasable disk that stores digitized audio information. The standard system uses.12-cm disks and can record more than 60 minutes of uninterrupted playing time. CD-ROM Compact Disk Read-Only Memory.A non-erasable disk used for storing computer data.The standard system uses 12-cm disks and can hold more than 650 Mbytes. CD-R CD Recordable.Similar to a CD-ROM.The user can write to the disk only once. CD-RW CD Rewritable. Similar to a CD-ROM.The user can erase and rewrite to the disk multiple times.

Q:5 Elaborate the term Magnetic Disk and show its features? Ans:
Magnetic Disk: A memory device, such as a floppy disk, a hard disk, or a removable cartridge, that is covered with a magnetic coating on which digital information is stored in the form of microscopically small, magnetized needles.

Permanent Storage:
Magnetic disk storage is permanent. This is probably its chief advantage over random access memory, or RAM, used for main memory.

Larger Capacity:
Magnetic hard disks have come a long way since the inception of personal computers. Hard drives held just a few hundred megabytes or less in the early years

Information Portability:

Although internal hard drives require some effort to access and remove, external hard drives offer portability. Since magnetic disk storage retains information even without power, a user with an external hard drive can transport the magnetic disk storage, along with their data, from computer to computer.

CHAPTER 8 OPERATING SYSTEM SUPPORT OBJECTIVE TYPE

Q1 What is an OS and what is purpose of it? Ans: An operating system is a set of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is a vital component of the system software in a computer system Q2 Do you think that scheduling is necessary for an OS? Ans: Long term scheduling Medium term scheduling Short term scheduling

Q4 Clarify the difference between process and program? Ans: A process invokes or initiates a program. It is an instance of a program that can be multiple and running the same application. Example: Notepad is one program and can be opened twice. Q5 For what purpose we use swapping? Ans: The purpose of swapping, or paging, is to access data being stored in hard disk and to bring it into the RAM so that it can be used by the application program. Q6 Elaborate the term segmentation? Ans: Segmentation is the process of partitioning a digital image into multiple segments . Q7 What is segment page memory?

Segmented paged memory:

Segmentation is used to define logical memory partitions subject to access control, and paging is used to manage the allocation of memory within the partitions.

Q8 Is main memory page of process be contiguous or not? Ans: No Q9 what is TLB? Ans: A translation look aside buffer (TLB) is a cache that memory management hardware uses to improve virtual address translation speed. All current desktop, notebook, and server processors use a TLB to map virtual and physical address spaces, and it is nearly always present in any hardware which utilizes virtual memory.

Q10 what is main difference between page and frame? Ans: In a paging system, programs and data stored on disk are divided into equal, fixed sized blocks called pages, and main memory is divided into blocks of the same size called frames. Exactly one page can fit in one frame.

SUBJECTIVE TYPE
Q1 How many types of OS elaborate each of one separately? Ans:
These are as following types of an OS 1. Real-time Operating System: It is a multitasking operating system that aims at executing real-time applications. 2. Multi-user and Single-user Operating Systems: The operating systems of this type allow a multiple users to access a computer system concurrently. 3. Multi-tasking and Single-tasking Operating Systems: When a single program is allowed to run at a time, the system is grouped under a single-tasking system, while in case the operating system allows the execution of multiple tasks at one time, it is classified as a multi-tasking operating system. 4. Distributed Operating System:

An operating system that manages a group of independent computers and makes them appear to be a single computer is known as a distributed operating system. 5. Embedded System: The operating systems designed for being used in embedded computer systems are known as embedded operating systems.

Q2 Distinction each one types of scheduling and which type of it is better than the others? Long-Term Scheduling: The long-term scheduler determines which programs are admitted to the system for Processing. Thus it controls the degree of multiprogramming (number of processes in memory). Short-Term Scheduling: The short-term scheduler, also known as the dispatcher, executes frequently and makes the fine-grained decision of which job to execute next. Medium-Term Scheduling: Medium-term scheduling is part of the swapping function.Typically, the swapping-in decision is based on the need to manage the degree of multiprogramming. On a system that does not use virtual memory, memory management is also an issue. Thus, the swapping-in decision will consider the memory requirements of the swapped-out processes. Q3 Elaborate Partitioning AND Partitioning? Ans:

Partitioning:
Partitions are also termed "slices" for operating systems .partitioning operating system, memory (and possibly CPU time as well) is divided among statically allocated partitions in a fixed manner.

Virtual memory:
Virtual memory combines your computers RAM with temporary space on your hard disk. When RAM runs low, virtual memory moves data from RAM to a space called a paging file. Moving data to and from the paging file frees up RAM to complete its work. Q4 Elaborate the term Access Control and how ARM support memory access in VMAT?

Ans: The AP access control bits in each table entry control access to a region of memory by a given process. A region of memory can be designated as no access, read only, or read-write. Further, the region can be designated as privileged access only, reserved for use by the OS and not by applications. ARM also employs the concept of a domain, which is a collection of sections and/or pages that have particular access permissions. The ARM architecture supports 16 domains. The domain feature allows multiple processes to use the same translation tables while maintaining some protection from each other. Q5 Draw the five State Process Model? Ans: There are five defined states for a process

New:
A program is admitted by the high-level scheduler but is not yet ready to execute. The OS will initialize the process, moving it to the ready state.

Ready:
The process is ready to execute and is awaiting access to the processor.

Running:
The process is being executed by the processor.

Waiting:
The process is suspended from execution waiting for some system resource, such as I/O.

Halted:
The process has terminated and will be destroyed