Arab invasion of Sindh.

1843: 1847:

The British defeated the Talpur Mirs, the rulers of Sindh. Sindh became part of the Bombay Presidency. Sindh was a frontier province from the British point of view and the Afghan War of 1838-41 had necessitated the need to end Sindh's autonomy and for administrative convenience. However, in practice, Sindh was far removed from the centre of provincial power and appeared neglected in comparison with other parts of the province. The reality of being part Bombay Presidency with its high Hindu majority over time became for some groups of Sindhi Muslims a source of dissent. By the early decades of the 20th century they felt that could not compete with Hindus on an equal footing if the status quo continued. This culminated in a movement for the separation of Sindh from Bombay. 1856: a Plan mooted by central authorities to transfer Sindh to Punjab was turned down for financial reasons. In 1880s, a similar plan was once again rejected. 1929-30: Communal tensions in some parts of Sindh. 1935: Government of India Act incorporated the separation of Sindh. 1936: Sindh was separated from Bombay and made a separate province after a concerted movement by Sindhi nationalists. 1937: In the Sindh Legislative Assembly, the definition of 'a native of Sindh' was debated. Premier of the Government of Sindh, Ghulam Hidayatullah suggested that the definition should include those both born and residing in Sindh, but the problem was complicated by issues of how to classify children of government employees and what constituted permanent residence. Henceforth, political debates strongly debated the issue of Sindhis and non-Sindhis and whether the latter should be employed in the newly established provincial services. 1939-40: Manzilgah agitation: Sindh Provincial Muslim League politicized the issue of control over buildings located near a mosque into a political issue to garner support of the Muslims against the Congress ministry led by Allah Baksh Soomro in Sindh. Communal tensions were heavy all through the agitation which lasted for two years. GM Syed played an active role in the campaign for the province's separation from Bombay as well as in the Manzilgah agitation. 1940: Lahore Resolution: Regarding the kind of State for the Muslims, it proposed that "the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in majority as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the

1945:

1946:

June 26, 1947:

constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign". GM Syed, Sindh Muslim League leader and an ardent Sindhi nationalist, advocated the cause of regional self determination before the Cabinet mission. He played up the existing anti-Punjabi sentiment in his attack on the Cabinet Mission proposals for the grouping of the Muslim majority provinces in north-west India. Through his columns in his Sindhi newspaper Qurbani, Syed warned of the possible subordination of Sindh to Punjab. Syed increasingly talked of the need for a 'Sindhi Pakistan' in the run up to independence. Syed was expelled from the Muslim League at the beginning of the years due to factional in-fighting. After this, he increasingly talked of the need for a 'Sindhi Pakistan'. In the run up to independence, Syed called for Sindh to become a separate sovereign state with no connections with Punjab. The Provincial Legislative Assembly of Sindh exercised its option of joining the Pakistan Constituent Assembly and it became the first province to vote for joining Pakistan. It voted 33:20 in favour of joining Pakistan. (Muslim League had a majority of 35 out of the 57 Indian members in the Assembly)

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