Dentine Structure

Bulk of tooth substance Gives the yellow colour Supports hard but brittle enamel - resilient Considered with pulp as an integral unit called dentine-pulpal complex - vital tissue Perforated by TUBULES from pulp to EDJ (branching near EDJ) contains dentinal fluid

Inorganic 70% w/50% vol (highly dense calcium hydroxyapatite (less Ca+ and more CO3 than enamel --> substance) more soluble) Hexagonal prisms (35x10x100 nm) Between collagen fibrils Organic 90% type I collagen (a12a2 mainly, some a1 trimers) Some type III and V 8% non-collagenous proteins e.g. albumin, immunoglobulins 2% lipids Water 20% w/ 30% vol

10% w/20% vol

What is in the organic matrix? Collagen type 1 Growth factors o TGF-beta o Insulin-like GF 1/2 o FGF o BMP Phosphoproteins o Dentine phosphoprotein o Gla-proteins o Dentin matrix protein-1 Metalloproteinases (MMPs) o Collagenases o Gellatinase A and B o Stremelysin 1 o Enamelysin Glycoproteins/sialoproteins o Dentine Sialoprotein o Osteonectin o Osteopontine o Bone sialoprotein Proteoglycans - leucin rich (glycoaminoglycans + protein core) o Decorin o Byglycan o lumican Serum-derived proteins o Albumin Why it is hard to bond to dentine? Composite is hydrophobic but dentine contains water

Wet environment Pulpal fluid pressure prevents penetration of bonding agents Mineral and organic elements - need to cope with both types of materials Dentine has greater modulus of elasticity than enamel - need to cope bond needs to cater to dentine's flexible nature

Coronal dentine consists of 1.Mantle dentine - formed before eruption and lies under the enamel crown 2.Circumpulpal dentine - formed pre and post eruption, bulk of dentine and continuously laid down in life Radicular dentine consists of 1.Hyaline layer 2.Granular layer 3.Circumpulpal dentine Primary dentine - before root completion: mantle and circumpulpal Secondary: circumpulpal only Course of dentine tubules Primary curvatures - is the curved sigmoid course taken from enamel to dentine by the odontoblast Secondary curvatures - change of direction every few micrometres within the tubules itself. When changes in direction line up with adjacent tubules they form contour line of Owen (Schreger line in ivory) There is marked branching below EDJ at mantle dentine Less branching after this layer Also occurs in unmineralised predentine Occurs and appears as the granular layer of Tomes in root dentine between circumpulpal and hyaline layers

What is in dentinal tubules? Odontoblast process o Microtubules and intermediate filaments urn longitudinally o Not as many organelles in mineralised dentine Peritubular space

Not at predentine or innermost mineralised dentine Filled with dentinal fluid - outwards pressure Smaller odontoblast processes? Commonly beneath cusps o Antigen presenting cells process o Sensory nerve terminal fibres - no obvious synapse
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Anatomy of an odontoblast Large nucleus at basal part Large Golgi complex RER parallel to long axis Process development - initially many small cell processes towards BM Cell-cell junction between odontoblasts and sub-odontoblasts Peritubular dentine (around tubules) Reduces diameter of dentinal tubules with age --> occludes tubules o Gives rise to translucent dentine o Hyper calcified compared with intertubular dentine (15% more) Non-collagenous matrix contains glycoproteins, lipids, phosphoproteins, osteonectin, osteocalcin Forms at the same time as intertubular dentine Dentine tubule size increases towards DP junction Intertubular dentine decreases towards pulp: 98.3% at enamel, 70% at pulp 1 micrometre diameter near enamel while 2.5 micrometres near pulp. 20000 ---> 50000 tubules per mm2 towards pulp However there is a an increase in dentine with age - more peritubular dentine Structural lines and formation Von Ebner's lines - light and dark paired bands in polarised light; 2-4 mirometres apart o Due to circadian variation in acid-base balance o Andreson lines - long period variation - visible under polarised light Neonatal line - birth or illness can slow or stop lines. Nothing to do with tubule course primary or secondary curvatures Formation of dentine @Bell stage: Well defined dental papilla Enamel organ fully formed Internal enamel epithelium is well differentiated Mantle dentine - initial matrix deposition Different composition from rest of dentine matrix as it has contributions from dental pulp cells beneath developing odontoblasts Collagen fibres at right angles to IEE o Corkscrew fibres of Von Korff Numerous processes - branching dentinal tubules 20-150micrometres thick Different mineralisation process: MATRIX VESICLES compared to nucleation on collagen fibres like in circumpulpal dentine Circumpulpal dentine Collagen type 1 laid down parallel to DPB Changes in orientation every 6-10 days --> 20m - possible cause of Andresen lines Rate of deposition = rate of mineralisation Predentine - unmineralised

Predentine Initial matrix before it is mineralised Pale staining in H&E stain Mineralising front globular or linear Undergoes modification towards mineralisation front 10-40m thick thicker with faster deposition rate Collagen fibrils thicken through predentine Mineralisation Circular areas of mineralisation - calcospherites - visualsed under polarised light Some areas show linear mineralisation front Interglobular dentine o Uncalcified dentine o Formed due to calcospherites to fuse failure o Beneath mantle and granular layer o Dark areas in ground section o Peritubular dentine absent in these areas Secondary dentine Age-associated change Formation starts at completion of root Preprogrammed age change - cell death part of this Border often marked contour line caused by directional change of tubules Structure similar to primary dentine. Tubular pattern less regular - odontoblast more crowded and slower rate of deposition Rate of formation increased by denervation and altering blood flow to tooth Reduces pulp chamber size and root canal diameter - endodontics more difficult Tertiary dentine More or less irregular structure deposited at sites or pulpal suspect of primary or secondary dentine corresponding to areas of external irritation Stimulated by caries or attrition Reactionary or reparative Varied appearance: o Resemble secondary dentine OR o Few or irregularly arranged tubules o Atubular

Sclerotic dentine Filled as a response to external stimulus e.g. attrition or slowly advancing caries Different mineral from peritubular Crystalline -hydroxyapatite or plate-like octacalcium phosphate (Whitelockite) Salivary components Precipitated mineral from carious process Dead tracts Empty tubules sealed at pulpal end by tertiary dentine. Empty due to death of odontoblast or withdrawal of odonotblast process. Ground section : appear dark Hyaline layer Structureless -no tubules Non-collagenous fine, fibrillar matrix Enamel-like proteins 10m thick Obscure origin Bond cementum to dentine? Granular layer of Tomes Periphery of root Present in ground section Less mineralised compared to circumpulpal due to o Branching and looping tubules o Interglobular dentine Collagen fibres run parallel to root surface