Mexico DF Ejemplos Anclajes

1-1
Example 1 - Single Headed Anchor in Tension Away from Edges

Check the capacity of a single anchor, 1 in. diameter, F1554 Grade 36 headed bolt with heavy-hex head
installed in the top of a foundation without edge effects to resist a factored load of 17,000 lb tension
(determined from ACI 318 9.2.1). The foundation is located in an area of high seismic risk. Assume normal
weight concrete and that a crack forms in the plane of the anchor.

Note: Foundation reinforcement not shown for clarity

Calculations and Discussion
Code
Reference
1. The factored design load is:

N
ua
= 17,000 lb

2. General requirement for anchor strength
N
n
N
ua

where N
n
is the lowest design strength from all appropriate failure modes in
tension as determined from consideration of N
sa
, N
pa
,

N
sb
, and

N
cb.

In regions of moderate or high seismic risk, the design strength of anchors is
limited to 0.75 N
n
.

0.75 N
n
N
ua

3. Check strength of steel anchor and requirements for ductility
Since the anchor is located in a region of moderate or high seismic risk, the
anchor strength shall be governed by tensile or shear strength of a ductile steel
element, ACI 318, D.3.3.4 unless the other parts of the attachment are designed
to yield (D.3.3.5). ASTM F1554 Grade 36 bolt material meets the requirements
of the ductile steel element definition in D.1 [tensile elongation of at least 14
percent and reduction of area of at least 30 percent]. F1554 material has 23 %
elongation in 2 in. of length with 40 % reduction in area (See Table A).

The basic design strength for the steel anchor in regions of moderate or high
seismic risk is:

0.75 N
sa
N
ua
and N
sa
< capacity of concrete breakout, pullout, side-face
blowout, or splitting failure in tension to satisfy ductility requirements, where:

D.4.1.2
Eq. (D-1)

D.4.1.2

D.3.3.3

D.3.3.4

17,000 lb
h
ef
= 8 in.
8 in.
psi 6,000 =
'
c
f
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= 0.75

and the steel bolt strength is:
D.4.4(a)

N
sa
= n A
se
(f
uta
)
where the minimum value for f
uta
= 58,000 psi is given for F1554, Grade 36
material. See Table A of this design guide. Note, f
uta
shall not be taken greater
than the smaller of 1.9 f
ya
and 125,000 psi (See D.5.1.2).
n = 1 (single anchor)

ANSI / ASME B1.1 defines A
se
:

2
9743 . 0
4

=
t
o se
n
d A

substituting 1 in. for d
o
and 8 (number of threads) for n
t
, A
se
= 0.606 in.
2

N
sa
= (1) (0.606 in.
2
) (58,000 psi) = 35,148 lb

N
sa
= (0.75) 35,148 lb = 26,361 lb

Reduction for regions of moderate or high seismic risk

0.75 ( N
sa
) = 0.75 (26,361 lb) = 19,771 lb
19,771 lbs > 17,000 lbs (requirement of 0.75 N
sa
> N
ua
is met)

4. Using the embedment depth, (h
ef
= 8 in.), check the various capacities of the
concrete

The basic capacity for nominal concrete breakout strength in tension for a single
anchor in regions of moderate or high seismic risk is:

0.75 N
cb
N
ua
and N
cb
> N
sa
(to ensure that the steel failure mode
governs)

where:
= 0.70 (for concrete breakout), = 0.75 (for ductile steel in tension)

Determine the concrete breakout strength assuming condition B (no
supplementary reinforcement has been provided)

b N cp N c N ed
Nco
Nc
cb
N
A
A
N
, , ,
=

Eq. (D-3)

RD.5.1.2

D.3.3.3

D.4.4

Eq. (D-4)

B
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Reference
where:
the
Nco
Nc
A
A
= 1.0 for single anchor remote from edges (a complete breakout prism
is developed and no reduction is required)

ed,N
= 1.0 since anchor is remote from edges, (c
a,min
1.5 h
ef
)

c,N
= 1.0 since for this example it has been assumed cracking occurs in the
concrete at service load levels

cp,N
= 1.0 (for cast-in anchors)

The basic concrete breakout strength of a single anchor in tension is:

5 . 1 '
ef c c b
h f k N =

where k
c
= 24 for cast-in anchors

For this example h
ef
= 8 in. which is less than 11 in. so equation D-8,
(
3 / 5 '
16
ef c b
h f N = ), does not apply

Substituting:

5 . 1
) 8 ( 000 , 6 24 =
b
N = 42,065 lb

and N
cb
= 0.7(42,065 lb) = 29,445 lb


0.75 N
cb
= 0.75 (29,445 lb) = 22,084 lb

22,084 lb N
ua
and 22,084 lb > 0.75 N
sa
(or 19,771 lb)

therefore the anchor strength remains governed by ductile steel failure

5. Check the anchor bolt pullout strength
To prevent a pullout failure mode, the requirement for pullout strength checks
the bearing stress under bolt head. This failure mode is initiated by crushing of
the concrete:

0.75 N
pn
N
ua
and N
pn
> N
sa
(to ensure ductile steel failure mode governs)

where:

= 0.70

RD.5.2.1

D.5.2.5

D.5.2.6

D.5.2.7

(D-7)

D.3.3.3

D.4.4(c)(ii)

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p P c pn
N N
,
=

where:

c brg p
f A N =8

c,P
= 1.0 considering concrete cracking at service loads

For 1 in. diameter heavy hex bolt head the bearing area of the head, A
brg
= 1.501
in.
2
(See Table B1 of this design guide)

Substituting:
lb psi in N
p
048 , 72 ) 000 , 6 ( ) . 501 . 1 ( 8
2
= =

and N
pn

= 0.7 (72,048 lb) = 50,433 lb


0.75 N
pn

= 0.75 (50,433 lb) = 37,825 lb

37,825 lb N
ua
and 37,825 lb > 0.75 N
sa
(or 19,771 lb)

therefore the anchor strength remains governed by ductile steel failure

6. Evaluate concrete side-face blowout failure mode
Since this anchor is remote from a free edge of concrete (c
a1
0.4 h
ef
), concrete
side-face blowout failure mode is not applicable.

7. Evaluate splitting failure: This type of failure can occur in thin slabs where the
anchors have torque applied. The minimum edge distance for cast-in anchors
with torque applied is 6 (d
o
) where d
o
is the bolt diameter. This failure mode is
not applicable since the anchor is remote from an edge.

8. Summary:

Steel 0.75 N
sa
19,771 lb (Controls)
Concrete Breakout 0.75 N
cb
22,084 lb
Concrete Pullout 0.75 N
pn
37,825 lb
Side-Face Blowout NA

The lowest design strength for considering all failure modes 19,771 lb for steel
failure (controlled by the seismic reduction design capacity equation 0.75 N
sa
);
therefore the ASTM F1554 Grade 36, 1-in. diameter anchor bolt with a heavy-
hex head and an 8-in. embedment is adequate to resist the 17,000 lb tension
factored load in a moderate or high seismic region.
Eq. (D-14)

Eq. (D-15)

D.5.3.6

D.3.3.3

D.5.4

D.8.2

B
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B
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2-1
Example 2 Single Hooked Anchor in Tension Away from Edges

Check the capacity of a single anchor, 1 in. diameter, F1554 Grade 36 standard hooked bolt (L-bolt) installed
in the top of a foundation without edge effects to resist a factored load of 17,000 lb tension (determined from
ACI 318 9.2.1). The foundation is located in an area of high seismic risk. Assume normal weight concrete
and that a crack forms in the plane of the anchor.


Code
Reference
1. The factored design load is:
N
ua
= 17,000 lb

2. General requirement for anchor strength:
N
n
N
ua

where N
n
is the lowest design strength from all appropriate failure modes in
tension as determined from consideration of N
sa
, N
pa
,

N
sb
, and

N
cb.

In regions of moderate or high seismic risk, the design strength of anchors is limited
to 0.75 N
n
.

3. Check strength of steel anchor and requirements for ductility
Since the anchor is located in a region of moderate or high seismic risk, the anchor
strength shall be governed by tensile or shear strength of a ductile steel element,
ACI 318 D.3.3.4. ASTM F1554 Grade 36 material meets the requirements of the
ductile steel element definition in D.1 [tensile elongation of at least 14 percent and
reduction of area of at least 30 percent]. F1554 material has 23 % elongation in 2
in. of length with 40% reduction in area (See Table A).

The basic design strength for the steel anchor in regions of moderate or high seismic
risk is:

0.75 N
sa
N
ua
and N
sa
< the capacity of concrete breakout, pullout, side-face
blowout, or splitting failure in tension to satisfy ductility requirements, where:

= 0.75

and the steel bolt strength is:
D.4.1.2
Eq. (D-1)
D.4.1.2
D.3.3.3
D.3.3.4

D.4.4(a)

h
ef
= 8 in.
17,000 lb
e
h
= 3 in.
8 in.
psi 6,000 =
'
c
f
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2-2

Code
Reference

N
sa
= n A
se
(f
uta
)

Eq. (D-3)

where the minimum value for f
uta
= 58,000 psi is given for F1554 Grade 36
material. See Table A of this design guide. Note, f
uta
shall not be taken greater than
the smaller of 1.9 f
ya
and 125,000 psi (See D.5.1.2).


ANSI / ASME B1.1 defines A
se
:

2
9743 . 0
4

=
t
o se
n
d A

.

Substituting 1 in. for d
o
and 8 (number of threads) for n
t
A
se
= 0.606 in.
2

N
sa
= (1) (0.606 in.
2
) (58,000 psi) = 35,148 lb

N
sa
= (0.75)35,148 lb = 26,361 lb


0.75 ( N
sa
) = 0.75 (26,361 lb) = 19,771 lb
19,771 lbs > 17,000 lbs (requirement of 0.75 N
sa
N
ua
is met)

4. Using the embedment depth (h
ef
= 8 in.) check the various capacities of the concrete

The basic capacity for nominal concrete breakout strength in tension for a single
anchor in regions of moderate or high seismic risk is:

0.75 N
cb
N
ua
and N
cb
> N
sa
(to ensure that the steel failure mode governs)

where:

= 0.70 (for concrete breakout), = 0.75 (for ductile steel in tension)

Determine the concrete breakout strength assuming condition B (no supplementary
reinforcement has been provided)

b N cp N c N ed
Nco
Nc
cb
N
A
A
N
, , ,
=

where:

the
Nco
Nc
A
A
= 1.0 for single anchor remote from edges (a complete breakout prism is
developed and no reduction is required)

RD.5.1.2

D.3.3.3

D.4.4

Eq. (D-4)

RD.5.2.1

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ed,N
= 1.0 since anchor is remote from edges, (c
a,min
1.5 h
ef
)

c,N
= 1.0 since for this example it has been assumed cracking occurs in the
concrete at service load levels

cp,N
= 1.0 (for cast-in anchors)

The basic concrete breakout strength of a single anchor in tension is:

5 . 1 '
ef c c b
h f k N =

where k
c
= 24 for cast-in anchors For this example h
ef
= 8 in. which is less than 11
in. so equation D-8, (
3 / 5 '
16
ef c b
h f N = ), does not apply

Substituting:

5 . 1
) 8 ( 000 , 6 24 =
b
N = 42,065 lb

and N
cb
= 0.7 (42,065 lb)= 29,445 lb


0.75 ( N
cb
) = 0.75 (29,445 lb) = 22,084 lb
22,084 lb N
ua
and 22,084 lb > 0.75 N
sa
(or 19,771 lb)

therefore the anchor strength at this point remains governed by ductile steel failure.

5. Check the anchor bolt pullout strength

To prevent a pullout failure mode, the requirement for pullout strength of the
hooked bolt checks the bearing stress inside the hook. This failure mode is initiated
by crushing of the concrete:

0.75 N
pn
N
ua
and N
pn
> N
sa
(to insure ductile steel failure mode governs)

where:

= 0.70

p P c pn
N N
,
=

where:

o h c p
d e f N
'
9 . 0 =

D.5.2.5

D.5.2.6

D.5.2.7

Eq. (D-7)

D.3.3.3

D.5.3

D.4.4(c)(ii)

Eq. (D-14)

Eq. (D-16)

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c,P
= 1.0 considering concrete cracking at service loads.
h
e = 3 in.,
o
d = 1 in.
and the hook length falls within the range 3 4.5
o h o
d e d

Substituting:

( )( )( ) lb psi N
p
200 , 16 " 1 " 3 6000 9 . 0 = =

and N
pn
= 0.7 (16,200 lb) = 11,340 lb


0.75 (11,340 lb) = 8,505 lb

0.75 N
pn
< N
ua
and N
pn
< N
sa
strength requirements are not met. Anchor
pullout strength is less than the factored load and less than the steel capacity due to
pullout capacity of the hook. Extending the hook will increase the capacity but the
hook length is limited to 4.5 times anchor diameter or 4 in. (D.5.3.5)

Try extending hook to the maximum allowed amount.
Substituting 4.5 in. for
h
e , recalculate
p
N and N
pn
:
( )( )( ) .9 6000 psi 4.5" 1" 24, 300 lb
p
N = =
and N
pn
= 0.7 (24,300 lb) = 17,010 lb


0.75 ( N
pn
) = 0.75 (17,010 lb) = 12,757 lb

Anchor pullout strength with seismic reduction is less than factored load, 17,000 lb,
and less than the steel capacity, 19,771 lb.

6. Evaluate concrete side-face blowout failure mode
Since this anchor is located far from a free edge of concrete (c
a1
0.4 h
ef
), concrete
side-face blowout failure mode is not applicable, however, Section D.5.4 for side-
face blowout applies only to headed anchors.

7. Evaluate splitting failure: This type of failure can occur in thin slabs where the
anchors have torque applied. The minimum edge distance for cast-in anchors with
torque applied is 6 (d
o
) where d
o
is the bolt diameter. This failure mode is not
applicable since the anchor is remote from an edge.

D.5.3.6

D.5.3.5

D.3.3.3

D.3.3.3

D.5.4

D.8.2

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8. Summary:

Steel 0.75 N
sa
19,771 lb
Concrete Breakout 0.75 N
cb
22,084 lb
Concrete Pullout 0.75 N
pn
12,757 lb Controls
Side-Face Blowout NA

The ASTM F1554 Grade 36, 1 in. diameter hooked bolt with an 8 in. embedment
using the maximum allowed effective hook length of 4 in. with the 0.75 seismic
reduction is inadequate to resist the 17,000 lb tension factored load and cannot be
used in a moderate to high seismic region since the ductile steel failure mode does
not govern the capacity. In a non-seismic or low seismic region the hooked bolt
with 4 in. hook is adequate to resist the factor load of 17,000 lbs. with the pullout
strength (17,010 lb) being the governing mode of failure.

B
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3-1
Example 3 Single Post-Installed Anchor in Tension Away from Edges

Determine the minimum diameter post-installed torque-controlled expansion anchor for installation in the
bottom of an 8-in. slab with a concrete compressive strength of
c
f = 4,000 psi to support a 3,000 lb service
dead load. The anchor will be in the tension zone (cracking at service load level is assumed), away from
edges and other anchors in normal weight concrete.

See Table C of this document for sample anchor installation and performance data. The data in Table C is not
from any specific anchor and should not be used for design in accordance with ACI 318-05, Appendix D.
However it is similar to what would be expected from testing and an evaluation report prepared by an
independent testing and evaluation agency for the manufacturer in accordance with ACI 355.2-04.

Example 3 Calculations and Discussion
Code
Reference
1. Determine factored design load:

N
ua
= 1.4 D
N
ua
= 1.4 (3,000) = 4,200 lb

9.2.1
2. Determine fastener material:

Select a qualified post-installed torque-controlled expansion anchor with a bolt
conforming to the requirements of ASTM F 1554 Grade 55. Design information
resulting from anchor prequalification testing according to ACI 355.2 for the
selected torque-controlled expansion anchor is given in Table C of this document.

For ASTM F 1554 Grade 55:
f
uta
= 75,000 psi
f
ya
= 55,000 psi
Elongation at 2 in. = 21 % min.
Reduction of area = 30 % min.
ACI 318 Appendix D requires 14 % min. elongation and 30 % min. reduction of area
to qualify as a ductile steel anchor.

ACI 355.2-04,
Table 4.2
D.1
3,000 lb
8-in.
h
ef
B
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Example 3 (contd) Calculations and Discussion
Code
Reference

3-2
3. Steel strength requirement under tension loading:
N
n
N
ua
= 4,200 lb
where N
n
is the lowest of N
sa
, N
pn
, N
sb
, and N
cb

N
sa
= nA
se
f
uta

f
uta
the smaller of 1.9f
ya
and 125,000 psi.
nA
se
f
uta
N
ua
= 4,200 lb

For ductile steel, = 0.75

Substituting and solving for A
se
:

uta
se
f
A
200 , 4

000 75 75 0
200 4
, .
,
A
se

A
se
0.0747 in.
2
(minimum effective cross-sectional area of anchor)

Bolt diameter 3/8-in. (A
se
= 0.0775 in.
2
)

D.5.1
D.4.1.1 and
D.4.1.2
Eq. (D-3)
D.5.1.2
D.4.4

4. Concrete breakout strength requirement for tension loading:

N
cb
N
ua
= 4,200 lb
b N cp N c N ed
Nco
Nc
cb
N
A
A
N
, , ,
=
where:
5 . 1 '
ef c c b
h f k N =
substituting:
lb h f k
A
A
ef c c N cp N c N ed
Nco
Nc
200 , 4
5 . 1
, , ,
=
where:
1 =
Nco
Nc
A
A
for a single anchor
k
c
= 17 for a post-installed anchor where cracking is expected
ed,N
= 1 for no edge effects
cp,N
= 1 assuming cracking at service loads
for a category 1 anchor, = 0.65 (condition B, no supplemental reinforcement)
for a category 2 anchor, = 0.55 (condition B, no supplemental reinforcement)

D.5.2
Eq. (D-1)
Eq. (D-4)
Eq. (D-7)
D.5.2.5
D.5.2.6
D.4.4(c)ii
D.4.4(c)ii
B
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3-3
[Note that an anchor category is established independently for each anchor diam-
eter from the reliability tests of ACI 355.2. Smaller diameter anchors are, in
general, more sensitive to the conditions established for reliability tests, including
reduced torque, variations in hole diameter and cracks in the concrete.]

Assuming a category 1 anchor, solve for the required embedment, h
ef
,
corresponding to the desired concrete breakout strength:
3
2
000 , 4 17 1 1 1 65 . 0
200 , 4
ef
h = 3.3 in.
If we instead assume a category 2 anchor, the required embedment becomes:
3
2
000 , 4 17 1 1 1 55 . 0
200 , 4
ef
h = 3.7 in.
for a category 2 anchor for breakout strength.

Substituting the data from anchor categories and the embedment depths from
Table C into the combined expression:

N
cb
=
5 . 1 '
, , , ef c c N cp n c N ed
Nco
Nc
h f k
A
A
yields the following table;
Acceptable anchor diameters and embedment depths for concrete breakout
strength in tension (for this example) are:

Diameter (in.) Suitable embedments (in.) Category Minimum h
ef
(in.)
3/8 4.5 2 3.7
5.5 2 3.7
5/8 4.5, 6.5 1 3.3
3/4 3.5, 5,8 1 3.3

5. Pullout strength: For static loading, pullout strength is established by reference
tests in cracks and by the crack movement reliability test of ACI 355.2. For post-
installed anchors, data from the anchor prequalification testing must be used.

N
pn
N
ua
= 4,200 lb
p p c pn
N N
,
=
where:
c.p
= 1
= 0.65 for a Category 1 and Condition B
= 0.55 for a Category 2 and Condition B

From the evaluation report, the following 5 percent fractile capacities were
established for the embedments that satisfy concrete breakout strength using the
above equation:

D.5.3
Eq. (D-1)
Eq. (D-14)

D.5.3.6
D.4.4(c)ii
D.4.4(c)ii

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3-4
diameter (in.) embedment (in.) anchor pullout capacity (lb)
3/8 4.5 N
pn
= 0.55 5,583 = 3,070 < 4,200 lb N.G.
1/2 5.5 N
pn
= 0.55 7,544 = 4,149 < 4,200 lb N.G.
5/8 4.5 N
pn
= 0.65 8,211 = 5,337 > 4,200 lb OK
5/8 6.5 N
pn
= 0.65 14,254 = 9,265 > 4,200 lb OK
3/4 3.5 N
pn
= 0.65 5,632 = 3,661 < 4,200 lb N.G.
3/4 5 N
pn
= 0.65 9,617 = 6,251 > 4,200 lb OK
3/4 8 N
pn
= 0.65 19,463 = 12,651 > 4,200 lb OK

Try a 5/8 in. diameter anchor with h
ef
= 4.5 in. from the selected anchor system.

6. Check all failure modes:
For a post-installed torque-controlled expansion anchor with a 5/8 in. diameter
and embedment depth of 4.5 in.:

a) For steel strength:
N
sa
= nA
se
f
uta
N
ua
= 4,200 lb
0.75 1 0.2260 75,000 = 12,712 lb > 4,200 lb OK

b) For concrete breakout strength:
N
cb
=
5 . 1 '
, , ef c c N cp N ed
Nco
Nc
h f k
A
A
N
ua
= 4,200 lb
N
cb
= 0.65 1 1 1 17
5 1
5 4 000 4
.
. , = 6,671 lb > 4,200 lb OK

c) For pullout strength:

N
pn
N
ua
= 4,200 lb (value obtained from Table C, manufacturers evaluation
report)

0.65 8,211 = 5,337 lb > 4,200 lb OK

D.5.1
D.5.2
D.5.3
7. Check for minimum concrete thickness:

In order to prevent splitting, the thickness of the concrete in which the anchor is
embedded must be at least 1.5 h
ef
.

1.5 4.5 = 6-3/4 in. < 8 in. OK

D.8.5
8. Summary:

Strength mode Strength (lb)
Steel strength N
sa
12,712
Concrete breakout strength N
cb
6,671
Concrete pullout strength N
pn
5,337

Therefore pullout strength controls.

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Code
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3-5
9. Final Recommendation:

Use a post-installed torque-controlled expansion anchor with a 5/8-in. diameter
and an embedment depth of 4.5-in. meeting the requirements of ASTM F 1554,
Grade 55.

B
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4-1
Example 4 - Group of Headed Studs in Tension Near an Edge

Design a group of four welded, AWS D1.1 Type B welded headed studs spaced 6-in. on center each way and
concentrically loaded with a 10,000 lb service dead load. The anchor group is to be installed in the bottom of
an 8-in. thick normal weight concrete slab made with the centerline of the connection 6-in. from a free edge
of the slab.

Note: Reinf. not shown for clarity

Code
Reference
1. Determine factored design load

N
ua
= 1.4 (10,000) = 14,000 lb

2. Determine anchor diameter

Using AWS D1.1 Type B welded, headed studs.
Assume tension steel failure controls.
The basic requirement for the anchor steel is:

N
sa
N
ua

where:

= 0.75

Note: Per the Ductile Steel Element definition in D.1, AWS D1.1 Type B
studs qualify as a ductile steel element (20% minimum elongation in 2-in.
which is greater than the 14% required and a minimum reduction in area of
50% that is greater than the 30% required. See Table A for this information.

N
sa
= n A
se
f
uta

For design purposes, Eq. (D-1) with Eq. (D-3) may be rearranged as:

uta
ua
se
nf
N
A

9.2
D.5.1

Eq. (D-1)
D.4.1.2

D.4.4(a)i

Eq. (D-3)

psi 4,000 =
'
c
f
6 in.

h
ef

6 in.
6 in.
in. plate
8 in.
10,000 lb
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
4-2

Code
Reference

where:

N
ua
= 14,000 lb
= 0.75
n = 4
f
uta
= 65,000 psi

Note: Per Section D5.1.2, f
uta
shall not be taken greater than 1.9 f
ya
or 125,000
psi. For AWS D1.1 headed studs, 1.9 f
ya
= 1.9 (51,000 psi) = 96,900 psi,
therefore use the specified minimum f
uta
of 65,000 psi.

Substituting:

( )( )
072 . 0
000 , 65 4 75 . 0
000 , 14
=
se
A in
2

Per Table B1, -in. diameter welded, headed studs will satisfy this requirement
(A
se
= 0.196 in.
2
).

Note: Per AWS D1.1 Table 7.1, Type B welded studs applies to studs in - in.,
5/8-in., -in., 7/8-in., and 1 in. diameters. Although individual manufacturers
may list smaller diameters they are not explicitly covered by AWS D1.1

The total design steel strength of four -in. headed studs:

( )( )( ) 220 , 38 196 . 0 000 , 65 4 75 . 0 = =
sa
N lb.

3. Determine the required embedment length (h
ef
) based on concrete breakout in
tension:

Two different equations are given for calculating concrete breakout strength; for
single anchors Eq. (D-4) applies, and for anchor groups Eq. (D-5) applies. An
anchor group is defined as:

a number of anchors of approximately equal effective embedment depth with
each anchor spaced at less than three times its embedment depth from one or
more adjacent anchors.

Since the spacing between anchors is 6-in., the anchors must be treated as a group
if the embedment depth exceeds 2-in.. Although the embedment depth is
unknown, at this point it will be assumed that the provisions for an anchor group
will apply.

The basic requirement for embedment of a group of anchors is:

N
cbg
N
ua

where:

D.5.1.2

D.5.2

D.1

Eq. (D-1)
D.4.1.2

B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
4-3

Code
Reference

= 0.70, for anchors governed by concrete breakout and Condition B applies
since no supplementary reinforcement has been provided (e.g., hairpin type
reinforcement that ties the failure prism into the structural member).

, , , ,
Nc
cbg ec N ed N c N cp N b
Nco
A
N N
A
=

Since this connection is likely to be affected by both group effects and edge
effects, the embedment length h
ef
is difficult to solve for directly. In this case, an
embedment length must be assumed at the outset and then be proven to satisfy the
requirement of Eq. (D-1).

Note: Welded studs are generally available in fixed lengths. Available lengths
may be determined from manufacturers' catalogs. For this example, one
manufacturers product line indicates a length of 4-in. (after welding) for a
standard - in. headed stud.

The effective embedment depth, h
ef
= 4-in. + 0.5-in. = 4.5-in.

Note: The effective embedment length, h
ef
, for the welded stud anchor is the
shank length of the stud (4-in.) plus the thickness of the embedded plate (0.5-in.)
as shown in the following figure.

Evaluate the terms in Eq. (D-5) with h
ef
= 4.5 in.

Determine A
Nc
and A
Nco
for the anchor group:

A
Nc
is the projected area of the failure surface as approximated by a rectangle with
edges bounded by 1.5h
ef
(1.5 x 4.5 = 6.75 in. in this case) and free edges of the
concrete from the centerlines of the anchors. A
Nc
shall not be taken greater than
n A
Nco
where n = number of anchors in a group.

D.4.4(c)ii
RD.4.4

Eq. (D-5)

D.5.2.1

6.75"
6"
6.75"
6.75" 6 " 3 "
A
Nc
h
ef
= 4.5 in.
0.5 in.
4 in.
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
4-4

Code
Reference

A
Nc
= (3 + 6 + 6.75) (6.75 + 6 + 6.75) = 307 in.
2

A
Nco
= 9 h
ef
2
= 9 (4.5)
2
= 182 in.
2
(projected area of failure for one anchor without
edge effects)

Check: A
Nc
nA
Nco
307 in.
2
< 4(182 in.
2
) = 728 in.
2
- OK

Determine
ec,N
:

ec,N
= 1.0 (no eccentricity in the connection)

Determine
ed,N
since c
a1
= c
a,min
< 1.5h
ef
(note: c
a1
= 3 in.)

,min
,
0.7 0.3
1.5
a
ed N
ef
c
h
= +
,
3.0
0.7 0.3 0.83
1.5(4.5)
ed N
= + =

Determine
c,N
:

c,N
= 1.0 for locations where concrete cracking is likely to occur (i.e., the bottom
of the slab) and cracking is controlled by flexural or confining
reinforcement.

Determine
cp,N
:

Note, this factor only applies to post-installed anchors. Therefore:

cp,N
= 1.0 for cast-in-place anchors.

Determine N
b
:

5 . 1 '
ef c c b
h f k N =

where k
c

( ) 490 , 14 5 . 4 000 , 4 24
5 . 1 5 . 1 '
= = =
ef c c b
h f k N lb

Substituting into Eq. (D-5):

20,287 (14,490) (1.0) (0.83) (1.0)
182
307
=
=
cbg
N lb

Check if:

N
cbg
N
ua

Eq. (D-6)

D.5.2.1

D.5.2.4

D.5.2.5

Eq. (D-11)

D.5.2.6

D.5.2.7

D.5.2.2

Eq. (D-7)

Eq. (D-1)

B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
4-5

Code
Reference

Substituting:

N
cbg
=(0.70) (20,287) = 14,201 lb

14,201 lb > 14,000 lb OK

Specify a 4-in. length for the welded, headed studs with the - in. thick base
plate.

4. Determine if welded stud head size is adequate for pullout

N
pn
N
ua

where:

= 0.70

Note: Condition B applies in all cases when pullout strength governs.

, pn c P p
N N =

where:

'
8
c brg p
f A N =

c,P
= 1.0 for locations where concrete cracking is likely to occur (i.e., the bottom
of the slab) and cracking is controlled by flexural or confining
reinforcement.

For design purposes Eq. (D-1) with Eq. (D-14) and Eq. (D-15) may be rearranged
as:
c P c
ua
brg
f
N
A
' 8
,

For the group of four studs the individual factored tension load N
ua
on each stud
is:

500 , 3
4
000 , 14
= =
ua
N lb

Substituting:

0.156
(4,000) (8) (1.0) 0.70
3,500
) (
=
required brg
A in
2

D.5.3

Eq. (D-1)
D.4.1.2

D.4.4(c)ii

Eq. (D-14)

Eq. (D-15)

D.5.3.6

B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
4-6

Code
Reference

The bearing area of welded, headed studs should be determined from
manufacturers' catalogs. Figure 7.1 from AWS D1.1 lists the diameter of the head
for a -in. diameter stud is 1 in. AWS states that alternate head configurations
may be used with proof of full-strength development of design. Procedures in
ACI 318 Appendix D can be used to confirm alternate head configurations.

( ) ( ) ( ) 589 . 0 5 . 0 0 . 1
4
2 2
) (
= =

provided brg
A in
2
> 0.156 in
2
OK

The total design pullout strength of four -in. headed studs:

( )( )( )( ) 774 , 52 ) 000 , 4 ( 589 . 0 0 . 1 8 4 7 . 0 = =
pn
nN lb

5. Evaluate side-face blowout

Side-face blowout needs to be considered when the edge distance from the center-
line of an anchor to the nearest free edge is less than 0.4 h
ef
. For this example:

0.4 h
ef
= 0.4 (4.5) = 1.8 in. < 3 in. actual edge distance

The side-face blowout failure mode is not applicable.

6. Required edge distances, spacing, and thickness to preclude splitting failure

Since a welded, headed anchor is not torqued the minimum cover requirements of
ACI 318, Section 7.7 apply.

Per Section 7.7, the minimum clear cover for a -in. bar not exposed to earth or
weather is -in. which is less than the 2 -in. cover provided - OK

7. Summary of connection strength:

Steel
sa
N 38,220 lb.
Concrete
breakout
cbg
N
14,201 lb. Controls
Pullout
pn
nN
52,774 lb.
Side-face
blowout
sb
N
Not Applicable

Use four -in. diameter welded studs meeting AWS D1.1 Type B with an
effective embedment of 4 - in.

D.5.4

D.8

7.7.1(c)

B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
5-1
Example 5 - Single Headed Bolt in Shear Near an Edge
Determine the reversible service wind load shear capacity for a single -in. diameter cast-in hex headed bolt
meeting ASTM F1554 Grade 36. The headed bolt is installed in a normal weight continuous concrete
foundation with a 7 in. embedment and a 2 in. edge distance. No supplemental reinforcing is present.
Note: This is the minimum anchorage requirement at the foundation required by IBC 2003 Section 2308.6
for conventional light-frame wood construction. The 2-in edge distance represents a typical connection at
the base of framed walls using wood 26 sill members.
Code
Reference
1. This problem provides the anchor diameter, embedment depth, and anchor
material type. The designer is required to compute the maximum reversible
service shear load due to wind. In this case, it is best to first determine the
controlling shear design strength,|V
n
, based on the smaller of the steel strength
and/or concrete strength. Step 6 of this example provides the conversion of the
controlling factored shear load, V
ua
, to a service load due to wind using factored
loads of Section 9.2.
2. Determine V
ua
as controlled by the steel strength of the anchor in shear
| V
sa
> V
ua
where:
| = 0.65
Per the Ductile Steel Element definition in D.1, ASTM F1554 Grade 36 steel
qualifies as a ductile steel element(See Table A).
V
sa
= n 0.6 A
se
f
uta
To determine V
ua
for the steel strength, Eq. (D-2) can be combined with
Eq. (D-20) to give:
0.6
ua sa se uta
V V n A f | | = =
where:
| = 0.65
n = 1
A
se
= 0.142 in.
2
for a 1/2 in. threaded bolt (See Table B1)
f
uta
= 58,000 psi
D.6.1
Eq. (D-2)
D.4.1.1
D.4.4
Eq. (D-20)
psi 4,000 =
'
c
f
2.75-in
7-in
V
service
18 in
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
5-2
Code
Reference
Per ASTM F1554, Grade 36 has a specified minimum yield strength (f
ya
)of 36
ksi and a specified tensile strength (f
uta
)of 58 ksi (see Table A). For design
purposes, the minimum tensile strength of 58 ksi should be used.
Note: Per Section D.6.1.2, f
uta
ya
or
125,000 psi. For ASTM F1554 Grade 36, 1.9 f
ya
= 1.9 (36,000) = 68,400 psi,
uta
of 58,000 psi.
Substituting, V
ua
as controlled by steel strength is:
, ), ), ), ) 212 , 3 000 , 58 142 . 0 6 . 0 1 65 . 0 = = =
sa ua
V V | lb
3. Determine V
ua
governed by concrete breakout strength with shear directed toward
a free edge.
| V
cb
> V
ua
.
where:
| = 0.70 Condition B - no supplementary reinforcement has been provided.
, ,
Vc
cb ed V c V b
Vco
A
V V
A
=
where:
2
3(2.75)(1.5)(2.75)
1.0
4.5(2.75)
= =
Vc
Vco
A
A
ed,V
= 1.0
In this instance, the member thickness is greater than 1.5 c
a1
, and the distance to
an orthogonal edge, c
a2
, is greater than 1.5 c
a1
.
c,V
= 1.0 for locations where concrete cracking is likely to occur (i.e., the edge
of the foundation is susceptible to cracks) and no supplemental
reinforcement is provided or edge reinforcement is smaller than a No. 4
bar.
, )
5 . 1
1
2 . 0
0
' 7
a c o
e
b
c f d
d
V
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

where:
e
= load bearing length of the anchor for shear, not to exceed 8d
0
e
= 8 d
o
= 8 (0.5) = 4.0 in. < 7.0 in
For this problem 8d
o
will control since the embedment depth h
ef
is 7 in.
To determine V
ua
for the given embedment depth governed by concrete breakout
strength, Eq. (D-2) can be combined with Eq. (D-21) and Eq. (D-23) to give:
D.6.1.2
D.6.2
Eq. (D-2)
D.4.1.2
D.4.4(c)i
Eq. (D-21)
D.6.2.1
D.6.2.6
D.6.2.7
Eq. (D-24)
D.6.2.2
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
5-3
Code
Reference
, )
5 . 1
1
2 . 0
0
, ,
' 7
a c o
e
V c V ed
Vco
Vc
cb ua
c f d
d A
A
V V
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =

| |
Substituting, V
ua
as controlled by concrete breakout strength is:
, ), ), ) , ) 514 , 1 75 . 2 000 , 4 5 . 0
5 . 0
4
7 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 70 . 0
5 . 1
2 . 0
= |
.
|
\
|
= =
cb ua
V V | lb
4. Determine V
ua
governed by concrete pryout strength
Note: The pryout failure mode typically controls only for stiff anchors installed at
shallow embedments where the concrete breakout occurs behind the anchor in a
direction opposite the shear force (See Figure RD.4.1(ii)). For this example,
where the shear may be directed either toward the free edge or away from the free
edge, the small edge distance may be the controlling value for pryout strength.
| V
cp
> V
ua
where:
| = 0.70 - Condition B applies in all cases when pryout strength governs
cb cp cp
N k V =
where:
k
cp
= 2.0 for h
ef
> 2.5 in.
b N cp N c N ed
Nco
Nc
cb
N
A
A
N
, , ,
=
Evaluate the terms of Eq. (D-4) for this problem:
A
Nc
is the projected concrete failure area on the surface as approximated by a
rectangle with edges bounded by 1.5h
ef
(1.5(7)= 10.5 in. in this case) in a
direction perpendicular to the shear force and the free edge of the concrete from
the centerline of the anchor.
A
Nc
= (2.75 + 10.5)(10.5 + 10.5) = 278 in.
2
A
Nco
= 9 h
ef
2
= 9 (7.0)
2
= 441 in.
2
D.6.3
Eq. (D-2)
D.4.1.2
D.4.4(c)i
Eq. (D-29)
Eq. (D-4)
Eq. (D-6)
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
5-4
Code
Reference
Determine
ed,N
:
,min
,
0.7 0.3
1.5
a
ed N
ef
c
h
= +
, )
78 . 0
00 . 7 5 . 1
75 . 2
3 . 0 7 . 0
,
= + =
N ed
Determine
c,N
:
c,N
= 1.0 for locations where concrete cracking is likely to occur (i.e., the edge of
the foundation is susceptible to cracks) with cracking controlled by flexural
reinforcement or confining reinforcement.
Determine
cp,N
:
cp,N
= 1.0 for cast-in-place anchors.
Determine N
b
for the anchor:
5 . 1 '
ef c c b
h f k N =
where, k
c
, ) 28,112 7.0 4000 24
1.5
= =
b
N lb
13,822 (28,112) ) 0 . 1 ( (1.0) (0.78)
441
278
=
(
=
cb
N lb
To determine V
ua
for the given embedment depth governed by pryout strength,
D.5.2.5
Eq. (D-11)
D.5.2.6
D.5.2.7
D.5.2.2
Eq. (D-7)
10.5-in
10.5-in
10.5-in
2.75-in
A
Nc
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
5-5
Code
Reference
Eq. (D-2) can be combined with Eq. (D-29) to give:
ua cp cp cb
V V k N | | = =
Substituting, V
ua
for the embedment length governed by pryout strength is:
350 , 19 ) 822 , 13 )( 0 . 2 ( 7 . 0 = = =
cp ua
V V | lb
5. Required edge distances, spacings and thickness to preclude splitting failure:
Since a headed bolt used to attach wood frame construction is not likely to be
torqued significantly, the minimum cover requirements of Section 7.7 apply.
Per Section 7.7 the minimum clear cover for a 1/2 in. bar is 1 1/2 in. when
exposed to earth or weather. The clear cover provided for the bolt is 2 1/2 in. (2
3/4 in. to bolt centerline less one-half bolt diameter). Note that the bolt head will
have slightly less cover (2 3/16 in. for a hex head) OK
6. Summary:
The factored shear load (V
ua
= |V
n
) based on the governing strength (steel,
concrete breakout, and concrete pryout) can be summarized as:
Steel strength |V
sa
3,212 lb
Concrete Breakout |V
cb
1,514 lb Controls
Concrete pryout |V
cp
19,350 lb
In accordance with Section 9.2 the load factor for wind load is 1.6:
946
6 . 1
514 , 1
6 . 1
= = =
cb
service
V
V
|
lb
The reversible service load shear strength from wind load of the IBC 2003
Section 2308.6 minimum foundation connection for conventional wood-frame
construction (1/2 in. diameter bolt embedded 7 in.) is 946 lb per bolt. The
strength of the attached member (i.e., the 2x6 sill plate) also needs to be
evaluated.
Note that this embedment strength is only related to the anchor being installed in
concrete with a specified compressive strength of 4,000 psi. In many cases, con-
crete used in foundations such as this is specified at 2,500 psi, the minimum
strength permitted by the code. Since the concrete breakout strength controlled
the strength of the connection, a revised strength based on using 2,500 psi con-
crete rather than the 4,000 psi concrete used in the example can be determined as
follows:
747
000 , 4
500 , 2
946
500 , 2 ' ,
= =
= psi f service
c
V lb
D.8
7.7
9.2
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
6-1
Example 6 - Single Headed Bolt in Tension and Shear Near an Edge
Determine if a single -in. diameter cast-in hex-headed bolt installed with a 7 -in. embedment depth and a 2
-in. edge distance in a normal weight, continuous concrete foundation is adequate for a service tension load
from wind of 1,000 lb and reversible service shear load from wind of 600 lb. No supplemental reinforcing is
present.
Note: This is an extension of Example 5 that includes a tension load on the anchor as well as a shear load.
f'
c
= 4,000 psi
ASTM F1554 Grade 36 hex head anchor bolt material
Code
Reference
1. Determine the factored design loads
N
ua
= 1.6 (1,000) = 1,600 lb
V
ua
= 1.6 (600) = 960 lb
2. This is a tension/shear interaction problem where values for both the design
tensile strength (| N
n
) and design shear strength (| V
n
) will need to be determined.
| N
n
is the smallest of the design tensile strengths as controlled by steel (| N
sa
),
concrete breakout (| N
cb
), pullout (| N
pn
), and side-face blowout (| N
sb
). | V
n
is
the smallest of the design shear strengths as controlled by steel (| V
sa
), concrete
breakout (| V
cb
), and concrete pryout (| V
cp
).
3. Determine the design tensile strength (| N
n
)
a. Steel strength, (| N
sa
):
| N
sa
= | n A
se
f
uta
where:
| = 0.75
n = 1 (for one anchor)
Per the Ductile Steel Element definition in D.1, ASTM F1554 Grade 36 steel
qualifies as a ductile steel element.
9.2
D.4.1.2
D.5
D.5.1
Eq. (D-3)
D.4.4(a)i
7-in.
600 lb
18-in.
1,000 lb
2.75-in.
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
6-2
Code
Reference
A
se
= 0.142 in.
2
(for anchor bolt, see Table B1)
f
uta
= 58,000 psi (see Table A)
Note: Per Section D.6.1.2, f
uta
ya
or
125,000 psi. For ASTM F1554 Grade 36, 1.9 f
ya
= 1.9 (36,000) = 68,400 psi,
uta
of 58,000 psi.
Substituting:
| N
sa
= 0.75 (1) (0.142) (58,000) = 6,177 lb
b. Concrete breakout strength (| N
cb
):
Since no supplementary reinforcement has been provided, | = 0.70
In the process of calculating the pryout strength for this fastener in Example
No. 5, Step 4, N
cb
for this anchor was found to be 13,822 lb. Substituting:
| N
cb
= 0.70 (13,822) = 9,675 lb
c. Pullout strength (| N
pn
)
| N
pn
= |
c,P
N
p
where:
| = 0.70 Condition B applies in all cases when pullout strength governs
c,P
= 1.0, cracking may occur at the edges of the foundation
c brg P
f A N ' 8 =
A
brg
= 0.291 in.
2
, for a -in. hex-head bolt (see Table B1)
Pullout strength (| N
pn
):
0.7(1.0)(8)(0.291)(4, 000) 6, 518
pn
N | = = lb
d. Concrete side-face blowout strength (| N
sb
)
The side-face blowout failure mode must be investigated when the edge dis-
tance c
a1
is less than 0.4 h
ef
0.4 h
ef
= 0.4 (7) = 2.80 in. > 2.75 in., therefore, the side-face blowout
strength must be determined
,
'
a1 brg c
160 c A f
sb
N | | =
D.5.2
D.4.4(c)ii
D.5.3
Eq. (D-14)
D.4.4(c)ii
D.5.3.6
Eq. (D-15)
D.5.4
D.5.4.1
Eq. (D-17)
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
6-3
Code
Reference
where:
| = 0.70, no supplementary reinforcement has been provided
c
a1
= 2.75 in.
A
brg
= 0.291 in.
2
, for a -in. hex-head bolt (see Table B1)
Substituting:
, 508 , 10 4000 0.291 (2.75) 160 0.70 = =
sb
N | lb
e. Summary:
Steel strength | N
sa
6,177 lb Controls
Concrete breakout strength | N
cb
9,675 lb
Concrete pullout strength | N
pn
6,518 lb
Side-face blowout strength | N
sb
10,508
Check if | N
n
> N
ua
:
6,177 lb > 1,600 lb OK
Therefore:
| N
n
= 6,177 lb
4. Determine the design shear strength (| V
n
)
Summary of steel strength, concrete breakout strength, and pryout strength for
anchor in shear from Example Problem No. 5:
Steel strength |V
sa
3,212 lb
Concrete Breakout |V
cb
1,514 lb Controls
Concrete pryout |V
cp
19,350 lb
Check | V
n
> V
ua
: 1,514 lb > 960 lb - OK
Therefore:
| V
n
= 1,514 lb
5. Check tension and shear interaction
If V
ua
s 0.2 | V
n
then the full tension design strength is permitted
V
ua
= 960 lb
0.2 | V
n
= 0.2 (1,514) = 302 lb < 960 lb
D.4.4(c)ii
D.5.1
D.5.2
D.5.3
D.5.4
Eq. (D-1)
D.6
D.6.1
D.6.2
D.6.3
Eq. (D-2)
D.7
D.7.1
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
6-4
Code
Reference
V
ua
exceeds 0.2| V
n
, so the full tension design strength is not permitted
If N
ua
s 0.2 | N
n
then the full shear design strength is permitted
N
ua
= 1,600 lb
0.2 | N
n
= 0.2 (6,177) = 1,235 lb < 1,600 lb
N
ua
exceeds 0.2 | N
n
, so the full shear design strength is not permitted
The interaction equation must be used
1.2
ua ua
n n
N V
N V | |
+ s
1, 600 960
0.26 0.63 0.89 1.2
6,177 1, 514
+ = + = < - OK
6. Required edge distances, spacings, and thickness to preclude splitting failure:
Since a headed bolt used to attach wood frame construction is not likely to be
torqued significantly, the minimum cover requirements of Section 7.7 apply.
Per Section 7.7 the minimum clear cover for a 1/2 in. bar is 1 -in. when exposed
to earth or weather. The clear cover provided for the bolt is 2 -in. (2 -in. to
bolt centerline less one half bolt diameter). Note that the bolt head will have
slightly less cover (2 3/16-in. for a hex head) - OK
7. Summary
A single -in. diameter cast-in hex-headed bolt installed with a 7 in. embedment
depth and a 2 -in. edge distance in a concrete foundation is adequate for a
service tension load from wind of 1,000 lb and reversible service shear load from
wind of 600 lb.
D.7.2
D.7.3
Eq. (D-31)
D.8
7.7
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
7-1
Example 7 - Single Post-Installed Anchor in Tension and Shear Near an Edge
Determine if a single 1/2 inch diameter post-installed torque-controlled expansion anchor with a minimum
5 1/2 inch effective embedment installed 3 inches from the edge of a continuous normal-weight concrete
footing (cast against the earth) is adequate for a service tension load of 1,000 lb for wind and a reversible
service shear load of 350 lb for wind. The anchor will be installed in the tension zone and the concrete is
assumed to be cracked.
1,000 lb
350 lb
Note: Reinf. not shown for clarity.
See Table C for a sample table of post-installed anchor data from manufacturer (fictitious for example
purposes only) as determined from testing in accordance with ACI 355.2-04.
Code
Reference
1. Determine the factored tension and shear design loads
N
ua
= 1.6W = 1.6 1,000 = 1,600 lb.
V
ua
= 1.6W = 1.6 350 = 560 lb.
2. Design considerations
This is a tension/shear interaction problem where values for both |N
n
and |V
n
need to be determined. |N
n
is the lesser of the design tension strength controlled
by: Steel (|N
sa
), Concrete Breakout (|N
cb
), Concrete Side-Face Blowout (|N
sb
), or
Concrete Pull-Out (|N
pn
). |V
n
is the lesser of the design shear strength controlled
by: Steel (|V
sa
), Concrete Breakout (|V
cb
), or Pryout (|V
cp
). Concrete Side-Face
Blowout requirements usually apply to cast-in anchors (see RD.5.4) and are not
considered here.
3. Evaluate anchor material:
For this example consider that the post-installed torque-controlled expansion
anchor stud is manufactured from carbon steel material conforming to the material
requirements of ASTM F 1554 grade 55 which is a headed bolt ASTM
specification. The data from anchor prequalification testing according to
ACI 355.2 is shown in Table C.
9.2
D.4.1.2
5-1/2 in.
3 in.
fc =3,000 psi
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
7-2
Code
Reference
For ASTM F1554 Grade 55 material (See Table A):
f
uta
= 75,000 psi
f
ya
= 55,000 psi
Elongation at 2 in. = 21 % min. with a reduction of area = 30 % min.
Appendix D requires 14 % min. elongation and 30 % min. reduction of area for an
anchor to be considered as a ductile steel element.
Anchor steel is ductile.
4. Steel strength under tension loading
|N
sa
> N
ua
N
sa
= nA
se
f
uta
| nA
se
f
uta
> N
ua
= 1,600 lb
For ductile steel as controlling failure mode, | = 0.75
Calculating for | N
sa
:
000 , 75 142 . 0 1 75 . 0 =
sa
N | = 7,988 lb > 1,600 lb OK
1/2 in. diameter anchor steel strength is adequate under tension loading.
D.1
D.5.1
D.4.1.1
Eq. (D-3)
D.4.4(a)i
5. Minimum Edge Distance Requirements
The minimum edge distance for post-installed anchors shall be based on the
greater of the minimum cover requirements in 7.7, minimum edge distance
requirements for the products as determined by tests in accordance with
ACI 355.2 (See Table C), and shall not be less than 2 times the maximum
aggregate size.
c
a,min
= (3 in. maximum cover requirements for concrete cast permanently
against the earth;
2.5 in. Product requirement; or 2(0.75) = 1.5 in.)
Assuming -in. maximum aggregate size)
c
a,min
= 3 in.
6. Concrete breakout strength under tension loading
|N
cb
> N
ua
D.8.3
D.5.2
D.4.1.1
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
7-3
Code
Reference
b N cp N c N ed
Nco
Nc
cb
N
A
A
N
, , ,
=
where:
5 . 1 '
ef c c b
h f k N =
Substituting:
5 . 1
, , ,
'
ef c c N cp N c N ed
Nco
Nc
cb
h f k
A
A
N | | =
N
ua
=1,600 lb
where:
k
c
= k
cr
(See Table C) = 17
ed,N
=
ef
a
h
c
5 . 1
3 . 0 7 . 0
min ,
+ when c
a,min
< 1.5h
ef
by observation, c
a,min
< 1.5h
ef
ed,N
=
, )
, )
81 . 0
5 . 5 5 . 1
3
3 . 0 7 . 0 = +
c,N
= 1.0 assuming cracking at service loads (f
t
> f
r
)
cp,N
t
> f
r
)
for a category 2 anchor, | = 0.55 (No supplemental reinforcement provided)
A
Nco
= 9 h
ef
2
= 9 (5.5)
2
A
Nco
=272.25 in.
2
A
Nc
= (c
a1
+ 1.5h
ef
) (2 x 1.5h
ef
)
= (3.0 + 1.5(5.5)) (2 x (1.5)(5.5))
A
Nc
=185.63 in.
2
25 . 272
63 . 185
=
Nco
Nc
A
A
= 0.68
Calculating | N
cb
:
N
cb
= , )
5 . 1
5 . 5 000 , 3 17 0 . 1 0 . 1 81 . 0 68 . 0 = 6,615 lb
| N
cb
= 0.55(6,615 lb) = 3,638 lb > N
ua
=1,600 lb OK
Eq. (D-4)
Eq. (D-7)
Eq. (D-11)
D.5.2.6
D.5.2.7
D.4.4(c)ii
Eq. (D-6)
D.5.2.1
Fig. RD.5.2.1(b)
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
7-4
Code
Reference
7. Pullout Strength
Pullout strength, N
p
, for post-installed anchors is established by reference tests in
cracked and uncracked concrete in accordance with ACI 355.2. Data from the
anchor prequalification testing must be used. N
p
= N
p,cr
= 7,544 lb (See
Table C ).
|N
pn
> N
ua
N
pn
=
p P c
N
,
for a category 2 anchor, | = 0.55 (Condition B applies in all cases when pullout
strength governs)
P c,
t
> f
r
)
|N
pn
= 0.55 7,544 = 4,149 > 1,600 lb OK
8. Check All Failure Modes under Tension Loading
Summary:
Steel
sa
N | 7,988 lb.
Concrete
breakout
cb
N |
3,638 lb. Controls
Pullout
pn
N | 4,149 lb.
| N
n
= 3,638 lb as concrete breakout strength controls.
9. Steel strength under shear loading
| V
sa
> V
ua
V
sa
= n0.6A
se
f
uta
(Anchor does not have sleeve to extend through shear plane)
| n0.6A
se
f
uta
> V
ua
= 560 lb
For ductile steel as controlling failure mode, | = 0.65
Calculating for |V
sa
:
000 , 75 142 . 0 6 . 0 65 . 0 =
sa
V | = 4,153 lb > 560 lb OK
1/2 in. diameter anchor steel strength is adequate under shear loading.
D.5.3.2
D.4.1.1
Eq. (D-14)
D.4.4(c)ii
D.5.3.6
D.4.1.2
D.6.1
D.4.1.1
Eq. (D-20)
D.4.4(a)ii
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
7-5
Code
Reference
10. Concrete breakout strength under shear loading
|V
cb
> V
ua
b V c V ed
Vco
Vc
cb
V
A
A
V
, ,
=
where:
, )
5 . 1
1
'
2 . 0
7
a c o
o
e
b
c f d
d
V
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

Substituting:
, )
ua a c o
o
e
V c V ed
Vco
Vc
cb
V c f d
d A
A
V >
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
5 . 1
1
'
2 . 0
, ,
7

| | = 560 lb
where:
| = 0.7 for anchors governed by concrete breakout due to shear (Condition B no
supplemental reinforcement is provided)
Vco
Vc
A
A
= 1.0, and c
a1
= 3 in. (edge distance)
c
a2
is the distance from the center of the anchor to the edge of concrete in the
direction orthogonal to c
a1
(not specified in this example but consider this distance
greater than 1.5 h
ef
)
ed,V
= 1.0 since c
a2
1.5c
a1
c,V
t
> f
r
)
d
o
= 0.5 in.
e
= h
ef
= 5.5 in., but
o e
d 8 s ; 8d
o
= 8(0.5) = 4 in.
e
= 4 in.
, )
5 . 1
2 . 0
3 000 , 3 5 . 0
5 . 0
4
7 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 7 . 0 |
.
|
\
|
=
cb
V |
= 1,495 lb > 560 lb OK
11. Concrete Pryout Strength:
|V
cp
> V
ua
V
cp
= k
cp
N
cb
D.6.2
D.4.1.1
Eq. (D-21)
Eq. (D-24)
D.4.4(c)ii
Eq. (D-27)
D.6.2.7
D.6.2.2
D.6.3
D.4.1.1
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
7-6
Code
Reference
where:
k
cp
= 2.0, since h
ef
= 5.5 in. > 2.5 in.
N
cb
= 6,615 lb (See section 6 of this example)
| = 0.7 (Condition B applies)
615 , 6 0 . 2 70 . 0 =
cp
V | = 9,261 lb > 560 lb OK
12. Check All Failure Modes under Shear Loading:
Summary:
Steel
sa
V | 4,153 lb.
Concrete
breakout
cb
V |
1,495 lb. Controls
Pryout
cp
V | 9,261 lb.
|V
n
= 1,495 lb from concrete breakout strength controls
13. Check Interaction of Tension and Shear Forces
If V
ua
< 0.2| V
n
, then the full strength in tension is permitted: | N
n
N
ua
0.2| V
n
= 0.2(1,495 lb) = 299 lb < 560 lb Requirement not met
If N
ua
< 0.2 | N
n
, then the full strength in shear is permitted: | V
n
V
ua
0.2 | N
n
= 0.2(3,638 lb) = 728 lb < 1,600 lb Requirement not met
Since V
ua
> 0.2| V
n
and N
ua
> 0.2| N
n
, then:
2 . 1 s +
n
ua
n
ua
V
V
N
N
| |
495 , 1
560
638 , 3
600 , 1
+ = 0.44 + 0.37 = 0.81 < 1.2 OK
14. Summary
The Post-Installed Torque Controlled Expansion Anchor, 1/2-in. diameter at a
5 1/2 in. effective embedment depth is adequate to resist the applied service
tension and shear loads of 1,000 lb and 350 lb, respectively.
Eq. (D-29)
D.6.3.1
D.4.4(c)i
D.4.1.2
D.7
D.7.1
D.7.2
D.7.3
Eq. (D-31)
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
8-

1
Example 8 Group of Anchors in Tension and Shear with Two Free Edges, and
Supplemental Reinforcement

Check the capacity of a fastener group with four
diameter ASTM F1554 Grade 55 cast-in anchor
rods embedded 12 using hex nuts into the 2-0
thick, f
c
= 3000 thickened slab made of normal-
weight concrete to support a factored shear of 4
kips shear and simultaneous uplift of 12 kips. The
plate is symmetrically placed at the corner. Seismic
forces are not a consideration. 60 ksi reinforcement.

Calculation and Discussion
Code
Reference

Because both shear and tension are to be considered the capacity of this detail will
be based on the interaction equation given in D.7.
2

4,000 lb

x 1-0x1-0
Base Plate with oversized holes
1 " non-shrink,
min 3000psi
grout
Hairpins each way-
see example text
#4 @12 slab edge
reinforcement.
12,000 lb

#5 continuous perimeter bar

#5 continuous
perimeter bar
4 8
2
-
0

1
2

B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
8-

2

Example 8 (contd) Calculation and Discussion
Code
Reference

1. Factored design load

N
ua
= 12,000 lb

V
ua
= 4,000 lb
2. Design considerations
The differences between Condition A and Condition B, and the associated
requirements for supplemental reinforcement are the subject of different
interpretations. The disagreement centers around whether Condition A
supplemental reinforcement must be proportioned, detailed, and developed to
carry the full design load, thereby essentially eliminating the breakout failure
mode, or if Condition A is an intermediate condition between Condition B and a
condition in which the supplementary reinforcement is proportioned, detailed, and
developed to completely restrain the breakout prism and carry the full load.

In the first interpretation, Condition A supplemental reinforcement must be
proportioned, detailed, and developed to carry the full design load. In the second
interpretation, Condition A supplemental reinforcement is not required to be
proportioned, detailed, and developed to carry the full load. This second
interpretation is consistent with three possible conditions:

Condition A Supplemental reinforcement is present and is oriented and detailed
to help restrain the breakout prism, but is not specifically designed to completely
restrain the breakout prism. Because this reinforcement increases the ductility of
the system a small increase in the phi factor is provided by the code.

Condition B Either reinforcement is present near the anchor but is not oriented
to aid in restraining the breakout prism or no reinforcement is present.

Fully Developed Condition Reinforcement is proportioned, detailed, and
developed to hold the breakout prism in place and to support a design load greater
than the breakout strength.

The authors of this problem consider the second interpretation correct and have
considered Condition B for tension and Condition A for shear. It is hoped that this
issue will be clarified in ACI318-08.

In the following calculations, the supplementary reinforcement (#4s, #5s, hairpin)
is not considered to directly restrain the shear breakout prism. It is considered to
enhance the ductility of the system in shear as noted in the explanation of the
second interpretation above for Condition A. Condition B of the second
interpretation is assumed for all tension capacity calculations.

The anchor system must be designed as follows:
N
n
N
ua

where N
n
is the lowest design strength in tension from all appropriate failure

Eq. (D-1)

B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
8-

3
Code
Reference
modes.

V
n
V
ua

Where V
n
is the lowest design strength in shear from all appropriate failure
modes.

3. Anchor material
ASTM F1554 Grade 55 rod material meets the requirements of the ductile steel
element definition in D.1 (i.e. elongation of at least 14% and reduction in area of
at least 30%. F1554 material has 21 % elongation in 2" of length with 30 %
reduction in area (see Table A of this design guide).

Tensile Capacity Calculations

1. Determine the steel strength of anchors in tension, N
sa
.

N
sa
= n A
se
f
uta

= 0.75

A
se
= 0.334 See Table B1 of this design guide.

0.75(4) (0.334) (75, 000) 75,150 lb
se uta
nA f = =

2. Determine the breakout capacity of the anchor group in tension, N
cbg
.

ec,N ed,N c,N cp, N
Nc
cbg b
Nco
A
N N
A
=
(
cp,N
= 1.0 for cast-in anchors)

= 0.70

We select Condition B, no supplementary reinforcement is provided to resist
tension breakout. There is no reinforcement provided which is oriented to restrain
the tension breakout prism. The reinforcement present is oriented in such a way
that it will aid in enhancing the ductility of the system in shear more on that in
the shear section (See Section 7 in shear calculations) and not the tension
breakout prism.

1.5h
ef
=18
Check the basic concrete breakout strength.
A
N c
= (4 + 8 + 18)(4 + 8 + 18) = 900 in.
2

Eq. (D-2)

D.1

D.5.1.2

Eq. (D-3)

D.4.4

D.5.2

Eq. (D-5)

D.5.2.7

D.4.4

RD.5.2.1

B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
8-

4
Code
Reference

A
Nco
= 9
2
ef
h = 9(12)
2
= 1,296 in.
2

ec,N
= 1.0 as no eccentricity is exists
Check to see if the edge distance modifier,
ed,N
, is other than 1.0
c
a,min
= 4
c
a
,
min
< 1.5 h
ef
= 18, therefore
ed,N
will be less than one.
ed, N
4.0
0.7 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.767
1.5 1.5(12)
a,min
ef
c
h
= + = + =
Check if the cracked concrete,
c, N
, modifier is other than one.

Unless an analysis is done to show no cracking at service loads cracking must be
assumed, therefore
c,N
1 = .0.

h
ef
= 12" > 11", therefore Eq. (D-8) shall be applied

5/ 3
16 16 3, 000 (12) 55,120 lb
' 5/3
b c ef
N f h = = =

900
0.7 (1.0) (0.767) (1.0)(55,120) 20,551 lb
1, 296
cbg
N = =

3. Determine the pullout strength in tension, N
pn
.

N
pn
=
c,P
N
p

Eq. (D-6)

D.5.2.4

D.5.2.5

Eq. (D-11)

D.5.2.6

D.5.2.2

Eq. (D-8)

D.5.3

Eq. (D-14)

D4.4
4

1
8

4 8 18
Hatched Area Is A
NC

B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
8-

5
Code
Reference

= 0.70

Unless an analysis is done to show no cracking is present at service loads cracking
must be assumed, therefore
c,P
= 1.0.

8 (8) 0.654 (3, 000) 15, 696 lb
'
p brg c
N A f = = =

See Table B1 for bearing area of hex nut.
There are four rods, thus the total pullout capacity is

(4)15, 696 62, 784lb. =

4. Determine concrete side-face blowout capacity, N
sbg
.

Evaluate if side-face blowout is a consideration. The smallest edge distance, c
a1
,
must be less than 0.4 h
ef
= 0.4(12) = 4.8 and the spacing of the anchors must be
less than 6c
a1
= 6(4) = 24. Both requirements are met, so side face blowout must
be considered.

1
1
6
sbg sb
a
s
N N
c

= +

= 0.70

s

= 8

160 160(4) 0.654 3, 000 28, 348 lb
'
sb a1 brg c
N c A f = = =

8
0.70 1 28, 348 26, 458 lb
6(4)

= + =

sbg
N

5. Summary

N
sa
= 75,150 lb (steel strength)

N
cbg
= 20,551 lb (concrete breakout)

N
pn
= 62,784 lb (concrete pullout)

N
sbg
= 26,458 lb (side face blowout)

Concrete breakout controls the tension capacity at a capacity of 20.55 kips.

D.5.3.6

Eq. (D-15)

D.5.4

D.5.4.2

Eq. (D-18)

D.4.4

Eq. (D-17)

B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
8-

6
Code
Reference
Shear Capacity Calculation

6. Determine the steel strength of anchor in shear,
sa
V .
sa se uta
V n0.6A f =
65 . 0 =

se
A 0.334 = See Table B1 of this design guide

The steel strength of each anchor is:
0.6 0.65 (0.6) (0.334) (75, 000) 9.77kips
se uta
n A f = =

Where anchors are used with built-up grout pads, the design strength must be
multiplied by 0.8.

V
sa
= 0.8 (9.77) = 7.82 kips per anchor

7. Determine the breakout strength in shear,
cbg
V .
ec,V ed,V c,V
=
Vc
cbg b
Vco
A
V V
A

= 0.75

Condition A. The combination of the continuous #5 perimeter bars and #4 bent
slab bars qualify as supplementary reinforcement for resisting a shear breakout, as
do the hairpins. The hairpins could potentially be designed to directly restrain the
concrete breakout thereby eliminating breakout as a failure mode.

However, at this time the combination of the continuous #5 perimeter bars and #4
bent slab bars and hairpins are considered as supplementary reinforcement in
terms of Condition A (in other words, the hairpin is not considered to directly
restrain the breakout prism and does not eliminate breakout as a failure mode. We
are acknowledging the fact that there is reinforcement present that will help
retrain the breakout prism and improve ductility allowing an increase in the
capacity by changing the phi factor to the Condition A value).

0.2
' 1.5 e
b o c a1
o
V 7 d f (c )
d

=

A

e
A can not exceed " 6 ) 4 / 3 ( 8 8 = =
o
d

c
a1
can be either from the first line of fasteners or the second. The base plate will
be fabricated with oversized holes. It is therefore possible the two fasteners
closest to the edge will engage before those at the line farthest from the edge. Un-
less steps are taken to ensure that the fasteners farthest from the edge will be

D.6.1.2

Eq. (D-20)

D.4.4

D.6.1.3

D.6.2

Eq. (D-22)

D.4.4

Eq. (D-24)

D.6.2.2

RD6.2.1
Fig RD.6.2.1(b)

B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
8-

7
Code
Reference
engaged (such as welding plate washers with standard holes to the base plate in
the field which will be considered later in this example), c
a1
should
conservatively be taken as the distance from the free edge to the first line of
fasteners.

c
a1
= 4
A
Vc
= (c
a2
+s+1.5 c
a1
)(1.5 c
a1
)=(4 + 8 + 6)(6) = 108 in.
2

A
Vco
= 4.5 (c
a1
)
2
= 4.5(4)
2
= 72 in.
2

0.2
1.5
6
7 0.75 3, 000 (4) 4, 026 lb
0.75
b
V

= =

ec,V
= 1.0 no eccentric shear is applied.
c
a2
= 4 therefore c
a2
< 1.5c
a1
and
ed.V
must be calculated

ed,V
4.0
0.7 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.9
1.5 1.5(4.0)
a2
a1
c
c
= + = + =

A continuous #5 bar is present around the edge of the slab. Therefore
c,V
= 1.2

108
0.75 (1.0) (0.9) (1.2)(4, 026) 4.89 kips
72
cbg
V = =

The breakout capacity of the detail is limited. The designer may design the
hairpins in the slab to directly restrain concrete breakout per D.4.2.1. and thereby
eliminate breakout as a failure mode.

Side Note:
Consider the effect on the capacity if plate washers with standard holes were welded to
the base plate at each anchor. In such a case the breakout prism could be assumed to form
from the back anchors per RD.6.2.2
c
a1
= 12 1.5c
a1
= 18
A
Vc
= (4 + 8 + 18)(18) = 540 in.
2

A
Vco
= 4.5 (c
a1
)
2
= 4.5(12)
2
= 648 in.
2

( )
0.2
1.5
b
6
V 7 0.75 3, 000 12 20, 921 lb
0.75

= =

c
a2
= 4 therefore c
a2
< 1.5c
a1
and
ed.V
must be calculated
ed,V
= 0.767
540
0.75 (1) (0.767)(1.2) (20, 921) 12.0kips
648
cbg
V = =
Thus, the addition of plate washers with standard holes welded to the base plate would
allow the designer to assume that the breakout would occur from the back row of fasteners
and to realize a substantial increase in breakout capacity. If this assumption is made all of
the load is carried by the rear fasteners and the steel strength of the rear fasteners alone
must be sufficient to support the full design load. Additionally, the bearing capacity of the
thin edge of the steel washer against the bolt should be checked.

Fig. RD.6.2.1(a)
D.6.2.1
Eq. (D-23)

Eq. (D-24)

D.6.2.5

D.6.2.6

Eq. (D-28)

D.6.2.7

Eq. (D-22)

B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
8-

8
Code
Reference

8. Determine the concrete pryout strength, V
cp
.
cpg cp cbg
V k N =
0.7 =
2.0
cp
k = when " 5 . 2
ef
h
ed, N c, N
900
(0.767) (1)(55,120) 29.3 kips
1, 296
Nc
cbg b
Nco
A
N N
A
= = =

0.7(2)(29.3) 41 kips
cp
V = =

9. Summary
7.82 kips
sa
V = per anchor
4.89 kips
cbg
V = assuming no welded plate washers are provided.
41 kips
cp
V =

Side Note:
In the case where plate washers were welded to the farthest line of fasteners a
substantial increase in concrete breakout capacity is realized. Then the steel
strength of these two anchors must be compared to the concrete breakout capacity
engaged by these anchors. The concrete breakout capacity of 12 kips with two
anchors effective is less than the steel capacity 2(7.82) = 15.6 kips. Furthermore,
the pryout capacity of the two rear fasteners alone must be checked:
cpg cp cbg
V k N =
0.7 =
2.0
cp
k = when " 5 . 2
ef
h
2
660 ) 8 4 )( 18 8 4 ( in A
Nc
= + + + = for the rear two anchors.
kips N
cbg
5 . 21 ) 120 , 55 )( 1 )( 767 . 0 (
296 , 1
660
= =
kips V
cp
30 ) 5 . 21 )( 2 ( 7 . 0 =
Concrete Breakout controls.

Shear breakout severely limits the capacity of this connection.

D.6.3

Eq. (D-30)

D.4.4

D.6.3.1

Eq. (D-4)

B
O
R
R
A
D
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8-

9
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Reference

Interaction of Tensile and Shear Forces

10. First the provisions of D.7.1 and D.7.2 are checked.
4 kips 0.2 0.2(4.89) 0.98 kips
ua n
V V = > = = (assumes no plate washers
welded to base plate and no hairpins provided)

12 kips 0.2 0.2(20.6) 4.12 kips
ua n
N N = > = =

Therefore the interaction of the two must be checked

12 4
1.4 1.2
20.6 4.89
ua ua
n n
N V
N V
+ = + = > No Good

Add field welded plate washers and thus increase V
n
to 12.0 kips (see above,
concrete breakout failure of the two rear anchors governs).

V
ua
= 4 kips > 0.2 V
n
= 0.2 (12.0) = 2.4 kips

Therefore the interaction must still be checked,

12 4
0.92 1.2
20.6 12.0
u u
na na
N V
N V
+ = + = OK

The four anchor rod group is adequate to resist the applied loading assuming plate
washers are welded to the base plate at all anchor rod locations.

D.7

D.7.1

D.7.2

Eq. (D-31)

B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
Example 10 - Multiple Anchor Connection Subjected to Moment and Shear
Design an embed plate beam to support the end reaction and end bending moment of a steel beam using a
group of eight welded headed studs spaced as shown in Figure 1. The factored design bending moment (M
ua
)
is 30,000 ft-lb and the factored shear load coming from the beam end reaction (V
ua
) is 20,000 lb factored
shear load (ACI 318-05 Section 9.2 load combinations used). The connection is located on the side face of a
reinforced concrete spandrel girder (see Figure 1).

Figure 1 Beam Support Consisting of Embed Plate with Welded Studs

Code
Reference
1. It is often difficult to simultaneously determine the required anchor diameter and
embedment length simultaneously due to the complexity of the load distribution to
each anchor and the interaction of tensile and shear forces. Thus, the general
approach from a practical design perspective is to assume some design values in
advance and verify their acceptability in the design calculation. In this example, the
connection detail shown in Figure 1 as based on preliminary design is to be checked
for conformance with code requirements.
2. Design basis:
A. basic assumptions
- cracked concrete
- elastic design
B. materials

10-1/2" 10-1/2" 6"
1-1/2"
typ.
1
0
-
1
/
2
"

6
"

1 2 3
6 7 8
4
5
y
x
z
1-1/2"
1'-6"
h
ef
= 9"
7/8" dia.
welded
headed
studs
W14x53
M
ua
V
ua

#5 stirrups
@ 4" o.c.
Normal wt.
concrete
f'c = 4,500 psi
4 - #10
Bottom soffit of
spandrel girder
#6 typ.
1-1/2" x 2'-0" sq.
embed plate
1
0
-
1
/
2
"

Girder beyond
V
ua

B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R

10-2
Example 10 (contd)

Code
Reference
- embed plate: ASTM A 36 1-1/2" x 24" x 24" (t
p
= 1-1/2 in)

- anchors:
7/8" x 8-3/16" AWS D1.1 Type B mild steel welded headed stud (standard
length shear stud)
specified yield strength of anchor steel f
ya
= 51 ksi
specified tensile strength of anchor steel f
uta
= 65 ksi
stud diameter d = 0.875 in.
stud head diameter d
h
= 1.375 in.
stud head thickness t
h
= 3/8 in.
reduction in stud length due to welding ~ 3/16 in.
effective anchor embedment:
h
ef
= 8-3/16" 3/8" 3/16" + 1-1/2" = 9.125" 9 in.

Figure 2 Welded Headed Stud
3. Determine anchor reactions: D.3.1
A. Tension: The determination of the anchor reactions is not trivial. While the use of
finite element modeling may provide the closest approximation, it is possible to use
conservative assumptions and statics to derive an acceptable set of anchor forces.

Simplified statically determinant analysis: Assume that the compression reaction is
located directly beneath the toe of the W14 beam (conservative) and that the embed
plate exhibits rigid-body rotation (see Figure 3).

d
h
t
h

s
t
u
d

l
e
n
g
t
h

h
e
f

d
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R

10-3
Example 10 (contd)

Code
Reference

Figure 3 Tension Load Distribution
T
T
= tension reaction of top anchors (6, 7 and 8)
T
M
= tension reaction of middle anchors (4 and 5)
( ) ( ) .
T M
M 0 17 5 T 7 T 360 0 = + =
(1)
Assume rigid-body rotation of embed plate and determine ratio of anchor reactions
(K = single anchor elastic stiffness, = anchor elastic displacement):
.
.
= =
T
T M
M
17 5
2 5
7
(2)
Tension reaction of back 3 anchors:
T T
T 3 K = (3)
Substituting Eq. (2) into Eq. (3):
T M
T 7.5 K = (4)
Tension reaction of middle 2 anchors:
M M
T 2 K = (5)
Substituting Eq. (5) into Eq. (4):
T M
T 3.75T = (6)
Substituting into Eq. (1) above:

. . / .
. . / .
M 4 5
T 6 7 8
T 4 95k T T 4 95 2 2 48 k
T 18 6k T T T 18 6 3 6 20 k
= = = =
= = = = =

Total tension reaction:
( )( ) ( )( )
ua
N = 3 6.20 + 2 2.48 = 23.6 k

Check assumption of plate rigidity using results from analysis above:

The assumption that the compression reaction is located at the compression flange
of the steel beam as shown in Figure 3 is rational based on observations of tested
assemblies. While the load distribution to the tension-loaded anchors will also be
affected by their proximity to the connected wide flange shape, such effects are
likely to occur at larger rotations. Per D.3.1, the analysis may be based on elastic

1
0
.
5
"

7
"
T
T
T
M
C
360 in - k
a
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R

10-4
Example 10 (contd)

Code
Reference
anchor response. On the tension side, checking the moment at the beam face and
compare it to the moment in the plate:
( )
2
2
24 1.5
bh
M = S f = f = 36 ksi = 324in - k
y,pl x y,pl y,pl
6 6

( ) ( )
T
M = T a = 3 6.20 3.5 = 65.1in - k 324 in - k
face

ok
B. Shear: The anchors are welded to the attachment. Per RD.6.2.1 for anchors welded
to a common plate the shear is carried by the back anchor row.

Figure 4 Assumption of Critical Anchor Row for Shear Loading
RD.6.2.1
4. Determine design tensile strength, N
n
, as follows:

Nominal steel strength in tension, N
sa
: D.5.1.1
check:
uta ya
f =65ksi <1.9 f =(1.9)(51) = 96.9 k <125 ksi o.k.
D.5.1.2
Effective cross-sectional area of anchor:

2 2
2
se
d 0.875
A = = =0.601 in
4 4

Tension,
sa se uta
N = A f =(0.601)(65) = 39.07 k for a single stud Eq.(D-3)
Concrete breakout strength in tension, N
cbg
: D.5.2
Nc
cbg ec,N ed ,N c,N cp,N b
Nco
A
N N
A
=
Eq.(D-5)
Determine A
Nc
for the group of tensioned anchors, T
4
, T
5
, T
6
, T
7
and T
8
and A
Nco
for
single anchor:

1 2 3
6 7 8
4 5

y
x
z
2
7
"

1
0
.
5
"

6
"

20 k c
a
1

6"
c
a2

critical anchor row
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R

10-5
Example 10 (contd)

Code
Reference
The projected concrete failure area, A
Nc
, is shown shaded in Figure 5 and is
calculated as follows:

h
ef
= 9 in.

N c ef a2 x ef y
2
A = (1.5h +c +2s ) (21.5h +s )
= (1.59 + 6 + 210.5) (21.59 + 10.5)
= 1,519 in.

D.5.2.1

Figure 5 Determination of Projected Failure Area and e'
N
for Tension-Loaded
Anchors

Determine A
Nco
for the single anchor:
( )
2 2 2
Nco ef
A 9 h 9 9 729 in. = = =
Eq.(D-6)
Determine the eccentricity modification factor
ec,N
:

ec,N
N
ef
1
1.0
2 e
1
3 h
=

+

Eq.(D-9)
Determine the eccentricity,
N
e , of the resultant tension load with respect to the
centroid of the tension-loaded anchors.
Fig. RD.5.2.4(b)
The location of the geometric centroid of tension-loaded anchors (T
4
- T
8
) as
measured from axis a-a (see Figure 5) is given by
y
(2 5 )s . Summing moments
about a-a, the location of the resultant of the tension-loaded anchors is given

1 2 3
8
4 5

y
x
z
3
7
.
5
"

1
3
.
5
"

1
3
.
5
"

1
0
.
5
"

40.5"
Nc
A
a a
s
y

e'
N

centroid of tension-
loaded anchors (T
4
- T
8
)
resultant of
tension-loaded
anchors (T
4
- T
8
)
y
2
s
5

c
a2

7 6
s
x

B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R

10-6
Example 10 (contd)

Code
Reference
by
4 5 y
ua
(T +T ) s
N
. The eccentricity
N
e between the centroid of the tension-loaded
anchors and the tension resultant is thus given as:
y 4 5 y
N
ua
2s (T +T ) s
(2)(10.5) (2.48+2.48)(10.5)
e - = - = 1.99 in.
5 N 5 23.6
=
ec,N
1
= =0.87
2(1.99)
1+
3(9)

a,min ef
c =6 in.<1.5h =13.5in.
Determine the near-edge modification factor
ed ,N
:

a,min
ed,N
ef
c 6
=0.7 +0.3 =0.7 +0.3 =0.83
1.5h 1.5(9)

Eq.(D-11)
Determine the modification factor for cracked/uncracked concrete
c,N
:

Per D.5.2.6, unless an analysis is performed to show no cracking at service loads,
the concrete is assumed to be cracked for the purposes of the determining the
anchor design strength:
c,N
= 1.0 for cracked concrete.
D.5.2.6
Determine the splitting modification factor
cp,N
:

=
cp,N
1.0 for cast-in anchors.
D.5.2.7
Determine the basic concrete breakout tensile strength for a single anchor, N
b
: D.5.2.2
' 1.5
b c c ef
N = k f h Note: =
ef
h 9 in.< 11 in. Use of Eq. (D-7) required. Eq.(D-7)
c
k = 24
1.5
b
N =(24) 4,500 (9) = 43,469lb = 43.5k
Substituting into Eq.(D-5):
cbg
1,519
N = (0.87)(0.83)(1.0)(1.0)(43.5) =65.5 k
729

Determine the pullout strength of anchors in tension, N
pn
: D.5.3
pn c,P p
N N =
Eq.(D-14)
where:
c,P
= 1.0 cracking assumed D.5.3.6
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R

10-7
Example 10 (contd)

Code
Reference
Pullout strength of single anchor in tension, N
p
D.5.3.4
'
p brg c
N =8 A f Eq.(D-15)
Determine bearing area of the head of a single stud:
2 2 2 2
2 h
brg
(d - d ) (1.375 - 0.875 )
A = = =0.884 in.
4 4

p
N =(8)(0.884)(4,500) = 31,824lb =31.8 k

pn
N =(1.0)(31.8) =31.8 k for a single anchor

Determine the side-face blowout tensile strength, N
sb
: D.5.4
a,min ef
c =6 in. 0.4h =3.6 in. side-face blowout failure mode not applicable
D.5.4.1
The design tensile strengths are calculated with the calculated nominal strengths
and strength reduction factors of D.4.4.

Steel strength, =0.75 D.4.4
Per AWS D1.1 Type B studs qualify as a ductile steel element (20% minimum
elongation in 2", see Table A.)
( )
sa
N =(0.75) 39.07 = 29.3 k for a single anchor.
D.4.1.2
Strength reduction factor for concrete breakout, Condition B: =0.70 D.4.4
Note: Although the cantilever beam contains significant amounts of beam
reinforcing located in the anchor vicinity, this reinforcing is not configured to
provide the necessary restraint to the tension-induced concrete breakout surface to
warrant the use of the strength reduction factor associated with Condition A.
Therefore, Condition B is assumed (supplementary reinforcement not provided).
D.4.4
cbg
N =(0.7)(65.5) = 45.9 k for the anchor group comprised of anchors T
4
- T
8
.
D.4.1.2
Strength reduction factor for pullout =0.70 D.4.4
pn pn
N = N =(0.70)(31.8) = 22.3k for a single anchor.
D.5.3
Note: Since this is an elastic analysis, the check for the controlling strength is
dependent on the nature of the load distribution. In this case the anchor loads are
not uniform, so the steel and pullout checks must be performed on the most

B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R

10-8
Example 10 (contd)

Code
Reference
critically-loaded anchor. Since the CCD method predicts the concrete breakout
resistance of the group, the concrete breakout check is always performed for the
group of tension-loaded anchors.
Summary of connection strength tension: D.4.1.2
Failure
mode
Critical
anchor(s)
Associated
strength,
n
N
Factored
Load,
ua
N
Ratio
ua
n
N
N

Steel 6, 7 or 8
sa
N 29.3 k 6.4 k 0.22

Concrete
breakout
group 4 - 8
cbg
N
45.9 k 23.6 k 0.51controls

Concrete
pullout
6, 7 or 8
pn
N
22.3 k 6.4 k 0.29
Side-face
blowout
8
sb
N
not applicable
5. Determine design shear strength, V
n
, as follows:
Nominal steel strength in shear for cast-in headed studs, V
sa
: D.6.1.2
sa se uta
V = nA f =(1)(0.601)(65) = 39.1 k Eq.(D-19)
For a single anchor:
sa
V =(1)(0.601)(65) = 39.1 k
Concrete breakout strength in shear, V
cbg
: D.6.2.1
Vc
cbg ec,V ed ,V c,V b
Vco
A
V V
A
=
Eq.(D-22)
Note: Per RD.6.2.1 for anchors welded to a common plate the shear is carried by
the back anchor row (anchors 6, 7 and 8, see Figure 4) The shear load per anchor is
therefore
ua
V 20k / 3 6.7k = = . Note also that the contribution to the shear capacity
of the fastening by the concrete located in front of the embedded plate will be
neglected.
RD.6.2.1
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R

10-9
Example 10 (contd)

Code
Reference

Figure 6 Determination of Projected Failure Area for Shear Loading

Figure 7 Determination of Projected Failure Surface for Shear Loading View of
Girder Soffit

The edge distance from the edge to the farthest anchor row = 27 in. (see Figure 6).
Determine the projected concrete failure areas, A
Vco
and A
Vc
:
Note that anchors are influenced by three edges (including the beam width), and are
located less than 1.5 h
ef
, therefore the value of c
a1
used in Eq. D-21 through D-28
will be reduced therefore check:
x,max a2 a
a1
s c h 6 18 21
c = max ; ; = max ; ; =12 in.
1.5 1.5 3 1.5 1.5 3

D.6.2.4

A
Vc

45"
1
8
"

#5 stirrups @4" o.c.
40.5" 10.5" 10.5" 6"
2
7
"

1 2 3
6 7
8
4
5
c
a
1

=

1
2
"

B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R

10-10
Example 10 (contd)

Code
Reference
2 2 2
Vco a1
A = 4.5c = 4.5(12) = 648 in.
Eq.(D-23)
2
Vc a1 x a2
A = (1.5c +2s +c )(h)=(45)(18)=810 in for anchors 6, 7 and 8 D.6.2.1
Determine the eccentricity modification factor
ec,V
:

ec,V
= 1.0 for no eccentricity in the connection D.6.2.5
Determine the near-edge modification factor
,
ed V
:

a2
ed,V
a1
c 6
=0.7+0.3 =0.7+0.3 =0.80
1.5c 1.5 12

Eq.(D-28)
Determine the modification factor for cracked/uncracked concrete
,
c V
:

Per D.6.2.7:
c,V
= 1.4 for cracked concrete with supplementary reinforcement
of a No. 4 bar or greater between the anchor and the edge, and with
the supplementary reinforcement enclosed within stirrups spaced at
not more than 4 inches
The #10 girder flexural reinforcement substantially exceeds the requirement of a
No. 4 bar, and the associated stirrups for this example will be considered effective
in meeting the requirements of D.6.2.7. One issue arises from the fact that the
edge reinforcing, in this case a #10 bar, does not extend beyond the failure
surface on the right-hand side. While the language of D.6.2.7 does not specifically
require this, it is a reasonable expectation that the edge reinforcing is intended to act
as a tension tie across the face of the failure prism. The assumption is made here
that the beam reinforcing is adequate to justify the increase provided by D.6.2.7. A
check for development of the #5 stirrups in the assumed breakout surface as shown
below should be made.
D.6.2.7
Refer to Figure 8. Per Section 12.2.2, for #6 and smaller straight deformed bars, the
development length is given by:

=

A
y t e
d b
c
f
60,000111
d = 0.625=22.3in.
25 f ' 25 4,500

( ) A
d , provided
210.5 +6 - 2 - 2 = 23in.
12.2.2
The #5 stirrups in this case are also closed loop stirrups anchored by their
interaction with the #10 longitudinal steel, so say ok.
For this example the #5 stirrups will be considered as supplemental reinforcement
in meeting the requirements of tying the shear failure prism to the structure.

B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R

10-11
Example 10 (contd)

Code
Reference

Figure 8 Elevation of Girder Reinforcement at End
Determine basic concrete breakout shear strength, V
b
, for cast-in anchors
continuously welded to a steel attachment having a minimum thickness equal to
the greater of 3/8 in. or half of the anchor diameter:
D.6.2.3
0.2
' 1.5 e
b o c a1
o
V 8 d f c
d

=

A
Eq.(D-25)
where:
e
A = 8 d
o
= (8)(0.875) = 7 in. (8 d
o
controls) D.6.2.2
Substituting into Eq.(D-25)
0.2
1.5
b
7
V =(8) 0.875 4,500 (12) =31,629lb =31.6 k
0.875

Substituting into Eq.(D-22)

cbg
810
V = (1.0)(0.80)(1.4)(31.6) = 44.2 k
648

Determine the concrete pryout strength
cpg
V
D.6.3
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t

l
e
n
g
t
h

2
3

i
n
.

d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t

l
e
n
g
t
h

#5 stirrups
#10
assumed failure
surface
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R

10-12
Example 10 (contd)

Code
Reference
cpg cp cbg
V = k N
Eq.(D-30)
Check the pryout capacity associated with the back three anchors. This is
conservative.

Determine the concrete breakout strength of rear three anchors (6, 7 and 8):
Nc
cbg ec,N ed,N c,N b
Nco
A
N = N
A

Eq.(D-5)

Figure 9 Determination of Projected Failure Area for Pryout
Nc ef ef x a2
A =(3h )(1.5h +2s +c ) =(27)(13.5+21+6) =1,094

cp
k = 2.0 for
ef
h 2.5 in.

cbg
1,094
N = (1.0)(0.83)(1.0)(43.5) = 54.1 k
729

Note: For the calculation of the pryout capacity, the tension resistance of the
anchor group is calculated assuming uniform load distribution to the anchors,
therefore
ec,N
1.0 = .

cpg
V =(2.0)(54.1) =108.3 k

The design shear strengths are calculated with the calculated nominal strengths and
strength reduction factors of D.4.4.

10.5" 10.5" 6" 13.5"
1
3
.
5
"

1
3
.
5
"

A
Nc

1 2 3
6 7
8
4
5
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R

10-13
Example 10 (contd)

Code
Reference
elongation in 2)
D.1

Determination of the number of anchors
contributing to the steel shear capacity is
dependent on the assumption for concrete
edge failure. The contributions of anchors
1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are neglected for the steel
shear calculation, since these anchors are
contained within the assumed breakout
surface (see Figure 10). This is reflected
in the calculation of V
ua
= 6.7k.
Figure 10 Determination of No. of
Anchors Contributing to V
sa

Strength reduction factor for steel strength, =0.65 D.4.4
sa
V =(0.65)(39.1) = 25.4k
D.6.1
Strength reduction factor for concrete breakout, Condition A: =0.75 D.4.4
Note: For the concrete breakout strength of the anchors in shear, the # 5 stirrups
in this example will be considered as supplemental reinforcement (Condition
A), since the girder reinforcement will substantially engage the breakout
surface.
D.4.4
cbg
V =(0.75)(44.2) = 33.2 k
D.6.2
Strength reduction factor for pryout, Condition B: =0.70 D.4.4
cpg
V =(0.70)(108.3) =75.8k
D.6.3
Note: As with the tension case, it is important to ensure that the most critically-
loaded anchor is identified for the steel check. Since the CCD method predicts the
concrete breakout resistance of the group, the concrete breakout and pryout checks
are performed for the anchor group only.

1 2 3
6 7 8
4 5
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R

10-14
Example 10 (contd)

Summary of connection strength shear: D.4.1.2
Failure
mode
Critical
anchor(s)
Associated
strength,
n
V
Factored
Load,
ua
V
Ratio
ua
n
V
V

Steel
6, 7 or 8
sa
V 25.4 k 6.7 k 0.26
Concrete
breakout
group 4 - 8
cbg
V
33.2 k 20 k 0.60 controls
Concrete
pryout
group 6 - 8
cpg
V
75.8 k 20 k 0.26
6. Check tension and shear interaction (concrete breakout): D.7
N
ua
= 23.6 k > 0.2 N
n
(= 9.18 k) D.7.2
V
ua
= 20 k > 0.2 V
n
(= 6.64 k) D.7.1
ua ua
n n
N V 23.6 20
+ = 1.12 1.2
N V 45.9 33.2
+ = <

ok
Eq.(D-31)
Interaction for steel failure ok by inspection.

B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
Example 12 - Multiple Anchor Connection Subjected to Seismic Moment and Shear
Check the design of an embedded plate with a group of eight welded headed studs spaced as shown to
support a factored reversible bending moment, M
ua
of 30,000 lb-ft (360 kip-in ) and a factored reversible end
reaction, V
ua
of 60,000 lbs (60 kips) (based on elastic analysis, see note below ). The loading results from an
earthquake in a region of moderate or high seismic risk. The connection is located far away from any edges
of the concrete member; assume it to be in a shear wall (see Figure 1).

Figure 1 Beam Support Consisting of Embed Plate with Welded Studs

Code
Reference
1. Note : As discussed in the ACI 318-05 Commentary R21.2.1, the design forces may
be less than those corresponding to linear response at the anticipated earthquake
intensity. The design loads for this connection should be established consistent with
the requirements of a code such as ASCE 7. Any reduction factor, R
w
, should
consider the type of construction and the behavior required for the steel beam to
concrete connection.
2. The connections shown in Figure 1 is to be checked for the given loading and
ductility requirements of Appendix D for resisting seismic loads in a region of
moderate or high seismic risk.
3. Design basis:
(1) basic assumptions
- cracked concrete
- plastic design

2" x 1'-0" x 1'-8"
embed plate
4" 4"
2"
typ.
8
"

8
"

1 2
5 6
3 4
y
x
z
2"
2'-0"
h
ef
= 14"
welded
headed
studs
W14x53
M
ua
V
ua

normal wt.
concrete
f'c = 6,000 psi
#6 @12"
o.c., typ.
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R

12-2
Code
Reference
(2) materials
- embed plate: ASTM A 36, 2 x 12 x 20 (t
p
= 2 in.)
- anchors:
3/4" diameter x 13-3/16" AWS D1.1 Type B mild steel welded headed stud
specified yield strength of anchor steel f
ya
= 51 ksi
specified tensile strength of anchor steel f
uta
= 65 ksi
stud head diameter d
h
= 1.25 in.
stud head thickness t
h
= 3/8 in.
reduction in stud length due to welding ~ 3/16 in.
effective anchor embedment:
h
ef
= 13-3/16 3/8 3/16 + 2 = 14.63 Assume h
ef
= 14 in.

4. Requirements for design:
Connection must be proportioned to satisfy D.3.3, i.e., either the anchor design is
governed by steel strength or the attachment will undergo ductile yielding before
the anchors reach design strength.
Checking the plastic capacity of the attached beam (assume F
y
= 50 ksi):
Z = 87.1 in
3
, M
pl
= 87.1 x 50 = 4,355 kip-in.
D.3.3.5
Clearly, it is not practical to develop the plastic strength of the beam. In this case,
the anchor design must be controlled by steel strength of the anchors.
D.3.3.4
5. Determine anchor forces: D.3.1
A. Tension: Anchor forces are determined on the basis of plastic response.
Assume a simplified elastic statically determinate analysis: Assume that the
compression reaction is located directly beneath the toe of the W14 beam
(conservative) and that the embedded plate is stiff enough to exhibit rigid-body
rotation (see Figure 2).
B
O
R
R
A
D
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R

12-3
Code
Reference
Figure 2 Tension Load Distribution
T
T
= tension force on top anchors (5 and
6)
T
M
= tension force on middle anchors
(3 and 4)
( ) ( ) 360 2 7 2 15 0 = + =
M T
T T M
30 T
T
+ 14 T
M
= 360
Because plastic behavior is assumed,
all tension anchors have equal force:
M T
T T =
Substituting into the above equation:
( ) k N
k
in kip
T T
ua
M T
72 . 32 18 . 8 4
18 . 8
44
. 360
= =
=

= =

Check assumption of plate rigidity:
The 2-in. embed plate has a nominal yield moment capacity of:
( )
. 288 36
6
0 . 2 12
6
2 2
in kip ksi f
bh
f S M
y y x y
= = = =
However, the plastic moment capacity of the plate is given by:
. 432 . 288 5 . 1 5 . 1 in kip in kip M M f M
y y pl pl
= = = =
Since the yield capacity of the embed plate at the toe of the connected shape is
close to the applied moment, the stiffness of the plate should minimize the prying
forces in this connection. The assumption of the compression reaction at the toe
is reasonable and conservative. While the load distribution to the tension-loaded
anchors will also be affected by their proximity to the connected wide flange
shape, such effects are likely to occur at larger rotations. Per D.3.1, plastic
analysis is permitted. On the tension side, checking the moment in the plate at
the top face of the beam flange:
( )( )
= = = ok in kip in kip in k a T M
T face
. 288 . 36 . 16 . 1 18 . 8 2
6. Determine design tensile strength of the anchors, N
n
:
Calculate the nominal steel strength in tension, N
sa
: D.5.1.2
check: OK ksi ksi f ksi f
y uta
125 9 . 96 51 9 . 1 9 . 1 65 < = = =
D.5.1.2
Effective cross-sectional area of anchor:
8
"

7
"
T
T

T
M

C
360 in - k
a

B
O
R
R
A
D
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R

12-4
Code
Reference
2 2
2
se
d 0.75
A = = =0.442 in
4 4

Nominal Steel Tensile Strength
( )( ) kips f A N
uta se sa
73 . 28 65 442 . 0 = = = for a single anchor

Eq.(D-3)
Calculate the nominal concrete breakout strength in tension, N
cbg
: D.5.2
) (
, , , , e b N cp N c N ed N c
Nco
Nc
cbg
N
A
A
N =
Eq.(D-5)
Determine the ratio of A
Nc
for the tension anchor group, T
3
, T
4
, T
5
and T
6
,
and A
Nco
for a single anchor.

The projected concrete failure area, A
Nc
, shown as a shaded area on the figure
below is calculated as follows (see Figure 3):
h
ef
= 14 in.

D.5.2.1

A
Nc
= (1.5h
ef
+ s
x
+ 1.5h
ef
)(1.5h
ef
+ s
y
+ 1.5h
ef
)
= (21 + 8 + 21)(21 + 8 + 21)
= 2,500 in
2

B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R

12-5
Code
Reference

Figure 3 Determination of Projected Failure Area and e'
N
for Tension-Loaded
Anchors
Determine A
Nco
for single anchor

A
Nco
= 9(h
ef
)
2
= 9(14)
2
= 1,764 in
2
for a single anchor.
Eq.(D-6)
Determine the modification factors
ec,N
,
ed ,N
,
c,N
and
cp,N
:
Determine the eccentricity modification factor,
ec,N

0 . 1
3
2
1
1
'
,

+
=
ef
N
N ec
h
e

Eq.(D-9)
Because plastic analysis is being used, all tension anchors have equal force, and
the resultant of the four tension anchors is concentric with respect to the center of
gravity of the anchors group, and the eccentricity
'
N
e is zero.
0 . 1
,
=
N ec

Fig. RD.5.2.4(b)
Determine the edge modification factor,

ed ,N

Connection is remote from edges: 0 . 1
,
=
N ed

Determine the modification factor for cracked concrete,

c,N

Per D.5.2.6, unless an analysis is performed to show no cracking at service
loads, the concrete is assumed to be cracked for the purposes of the determining
D.5.2.6
1 2
3
6
4
5

5
0
"

2
1
"

2
1
"

8
"

25"
a a
s
y

resultant of
tension-loaded
anchors (T
3,
T
4
,
T
5
and T
6
)
y
s
2

25"
A
Nc

s
x

B
O
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R
A
D
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R

12-6
Code
Reference
the anchor design strength (this is a prudent assumption for most seismic design
cases): 0 . 1
,
=
N c

Determine the modification factor for post-installed anchor in uncracked
concrete,
cp,N

Since it is not a post-installed anchor, 1.0
cp,N
=

Determine the concrete breakout strength, N
b
, for a single anchor in
tension

:
D.5.2.2
5 . 1 '
ef c c b
h f k N = Eq.(D-7)
h
ef
= 14 in.
16 =
c
k for cast-in anchors, . 25 . 11 in h in
ef

( ) kips N
b
8 . 100 14 000 , 6 16
3 / 5
= =
Substituting into Eq.(D-5) for the group capacity:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) kips N
cbg
9 . 142 8 . 100 ) 0 . 1 ( 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1
764 , 1
500 , 2
= =
Determine the pullout strength of anchors in tension, N
pn
: D.5.3
p P c pn
N N
,
=
Eq.(D-14)
where:
P c,
= 1.0 cracked concrete assumed
D.5.3.6
Determine pullout capacity of single anchor in tension, N
p
D.5.3.4
'
8
c brg p
f A N =

Eq.(D-15)
Determine bearing area of the head of a single anchor :
2 2 2 2
2 h
brg
(D - d ) (1.25 - 0.75 )
A = = =0.785 in.
4 4

( )( ) kips N
p
6 . 37 000 , 6 785 . 0 8 = =
Substituting into Eq. (D-14)
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R

12-7
Code
Reference

N
pn
= (1.0)(37.6) = 37.6 kips for a single anchor
Determine side-face blowout tensile capacity, N
sb
(not applicable since there
are no near edges)
D.5.4
Determine strength reduction factors applicable for the conditions
The design tensile strengths are determined with the calculated nominal
strengths and strength reduction factors of D.4.4.
Determine the design steel tensile strength:

Strength reduction factor for ductile steel in tension, =0.75

D.4.4.a.i
elongation in 2)
( ) ( ) kips N n N
sa t sa
2 . 86 73 . 28 4 75 . 0 = = =
D.4.1.1
Determine design concrete breakout strength in tension:
Strength reduction factor for concrete breakout, Condition B: =0.70

D.4.4.c.ii
Note: The wall element in which the connection is embedded contains normal
orthogonal reinforcement, which will not significantly interact with the tension
failure surface of the tension-loaded anchors. Therefore, Condition B is assumed
(supplementary reinforcement not provided).
D.4.4
( ) kips N
cbg
03 . 100 9 . 142 7 . 0 = =
D.4.1.1
Determine design concrete pullout strength in tension :
Strength reduction factor for pullout =0.70

D.4.4.c.ii
( ) ( )
pn t pn
N = n N =0.70 4 37.6 =105.3k ips D.4.1.1
Summary of design anchor strength tension: D.4.1.2
Steel
sa
N
86.2 kips controls OK
D.3.3.4
Concrete
breakout
cbg
N
100.03 kips
Concrete
pullout
pn
N
105.3 kips
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R

12-8
Code
Reference
Note: The design strength of steel is exceeded by the design strength of
concrete breakout and concrete pullout. For plastic design, it may be prudent to
require that the nominal strength of steel be exceeded by the design strength of
concrete breakout and concrete pullout. This would require an increase in
embedment from 14 in. to about 17 in.
7. Design Strength for Tension in a region of moderate or high seismic risk :
( ) kips N
n
65 . 64 2 . 86 75 . 0 75 . 0 = =
D.3.3.3
8. Determine design shear strength, V
n
,
The contribution to the shear capacity of the anchorage by the concrete located in front
of the embedded plate is neglected.
Nominal steel strength in shear, V
sa
: for six anchors D.6.1.2
( ) ( ) kips f A n V
uta se sa
4 . 172 65 442 . 0 6 = = = Eq.(D-19)
Nominal Concrete breakout strength in shear, V
cbg
:
Not applicable, since there are no proximate edges.
D.6.2.1
Determine the anchor group nominal pryout strength , V
cpg

Concrete pryout strength V
cpg

D.6.3
cpg cp cbg
V = k N
Eq.(D-30)
Concrete breakout strength of four anchors (3,4,5 and 6):
Note : As all six anchors are in shear, technically N
cbg
of all six anchors need to
be determined. However, conservatively, N
cbg
for the anchors in tension are
taken for the following calculation.
N
cbg
= 142.9 kips Eq.(D-5)
cp
k = 2.0 for h
ef
2.5 in
V
cpg
= 2.0 x 142.9 = 285.8 kips
Determine design shear strength of the anchors
The design shear strength is determined with the calculated nominal strengths
and strength reduction factors of D.4.4.
elongation in 2)
D.1
B
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R
A
D
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12-9
Code
Reference
Strength reduction factor for ductile steel in shear,
=0.65

D.4.4.a.i
( ) kips V
sa
0 . 112 3 . 172 65 . 0 = =
Eq.(D-19)
Strength reduction factor for concrete pryout
=0.70

D.4.4.c.i
cpg
V = 0.70(285.8) = 200.0 kips
D.4.1.1
Summary of anchor strength shear: D.4.1.2
Steel
sa
V
112.0 kips controls OK
D.3.3.4
Concrete
pryout
cpg
V
200.0 kips
9. Design strength for Shear in a region of moderate or high seismic risk :
( )
n
0.75 V =0.75 112.0 =84.0 k ips

D.3.3.3
10. Check tension and shear interaction: D.7
N
ua
= 32.7 kips > 0.2 N
n
= 0.2 (64.65) = 12.93 kips D.7.2
V
ua
= 60 kips > 0.2 V
n
= 0.2(84) = 16.8 kips D.7.1
2 . 1 22 . 1
0 . 84
60
65 . 64
7 . 32
75 . 0 75 . 0
> = + =
n
ua
n
ua
V
V
N
N

Interaction is not met and design strength must be increased. It can be achieved
by using larger diameter anchors.
Eq.(D-31)

B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
16-1

Example 16 - Group of Tension Anchors on a Pier with Shear Lug

Design the anchors and shear lug for the steel column located atop the concrete pedestal shown in Figure A.1.
Tension is resisted by the anchors, and all the shear is resisted by the shear lug. This is a common design
situation encountered in industrial facilities. The pedestal, in this example, could just as easily have been a
wall or pilaster. The challenge for this application is to design all of the elements to work properly together
while making certain that the design is constructible. This example goes beyond the provisions of Appendix
D and uses other provisions such as ACI 349 and AISC Column Base Plate Design Guide. These other
provisions are used to evaluate the shear lug. The reader is cautioned to review these other documents to fully
understand their limitations.
Given:
Pedestal geometry shown in Figure A.1
Pedestal vertical reinforcement 16 - #8 bars (designed per ACI 318 for
tension plus bending at the top of footing)
Pedestal transverse tie sets of #4 bars arranged as shown
Concrete strength f
c
= 4000 psi, reinforcement strength f
y
= 60,000 psi
W12x58 column with 16 square base plate 1- thick
All plate steel is ASTM A36
Use 4 anchors, as shown in Figure A.1, are ASTM F 1554 Grade 55
material
Use anchors with double heavy hex nut at the embedded end
Anchors are to be a ductile design
Service Dead Load (DL) = 200 kips
Service Wind Load (WL) = 230 kips uplift and 40 kips shear (acting as
shown in Figure A.1)

B
O
R
R
A
D
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R

Code
Reference

16-2

Figure A.1

Design Ultimate Loads
Load combinations are from Section 9.2 of ACI 318. Combination (9-6) controls
for tension and shear on the anchors.
Tension
T
u
= 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H = 0.9 (200 kip) + 1.6 (-230 kip) = -188 kips
(upward)
Shear
V
u
= 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H = 1.6 (40 kip) = 64 kips
Anchor Design
1. Select the anchor diameter to resist the factored load using
Section D.5.1 of ACI 318. Try 1- in. diameter anchor.
ASTM F 1554 Grade 55 is ductile steel. Check the assumed
anchor diameter by checking the tensile capacity.
Therefore, equals 0.75 for tension D.4.4
uta se sa
f A n N = Eq. (D-3)
2
969 . 0 in A
se
= From Table B1 of this design guide
ksi f
uta
75 = From Table A of this design guide
kip ksi in N
sa
218 ) 75 )( 969 . 0 )( 4 ( 75 . 0
2
= = > 188 kips (looks ok)
2. Make Initial Estimate of Embedment Depth:
Estimate the required embedded length h
ef
at 12 diameters.
Given the 7 in. anchor spacing and 30 in. pier, 12 diameters
equals h
ef
of ~15 in., which will include the entire area of the
pier in the projected failure area A
Nc
. Note from Section
RD.5.2 that the failure surface projects outward 1.5 units per
every 1 unit of depth (~35 degrees to the concrete surface).
Since the tension force in this example places the entire
concrete pier section in tension it is doubtful that the concrete
breakout capacity will be sufficient to resist the applied load
(this will be verified by calculation in Section 3). In this case,
the load path must be from the anchors to the vertical pier
reinforcement. The transfer of force from anchors to
reinforcement requires development of the reinforcing bars
into the concrete breakout cone. The #8 vertical bars have a
B
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A
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Code
Reference

16-3

tension development length of approximately 48 in. For now,
provide h
ef
such that a #6 bar with hook could be developed
into the failure cone as shown in Figure A.2within a distance
of L
d
.

Figure A.2
Allowing 10 in. to develop a #6 hooked bar (including the
length reduction factor of 0.7 from ACI 318, 12.5.3(a)) and 2
in. for cover at the top of pier:
in h
ef
67 . 19 67 . 7 2 10 = + + =
Try 20 in. as the embedment depth for the anchors
3. Determine Concrete Breakout Capacity of Anchor Group:
Use Section D.5.2 of ACI 318 to calculate the concrete
breakout capacity. Note that this check is included in this
example for illustrative purposes only, since it is apparent that
the concrete breakout load will have to be resisted by
supplemental reinforcement. According to Section D.4.4.a.i
and D.4.4.c.i of ACI 318, the strength reduction factor will
be 0.75 for shear and tension since Condition A applies.
The group tension capacity is:
b N cp N c N ed N ec
Nco
Nc
cbg
N
A
A
N
, , , ,
= Eq. (D-5)
Determine the maximum embedment depth allowed:
This determination is required because if the actual
embedment depth is used the calculation is overly
conservative.
B
O
R
R
A
D
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R

Code
Reference

16-4

c
a,max
= (30 - 7) / 2 = 11.5 in. ; 1.5h
ef
= 1.5(20) = 30 in.
in h in c
ef a
30 5 . 1 5 . 11
max ,
= < = Per ACI 318, D.5.2.3,
limit the embedment
depth used in EQ. D-4
through D-11.
h
ef
> s
max
/3 = 7/3 =2.33 in
in c h
a ef
67 . 7 5 . 1 / 5 . 11 5 . 1 /
max ,
= = =
For use in D-4 through D-11
h
ef
maximum of c
a,max
/1.5 or s
max
/3
h
ef
= 7.67 in
Determine the concrete breakout areas to account for spacing
- Determine concrete breakout area for anchor group
2 2
900 ) 30 ( in in A
Nc
= = Since 1.5h
ef
= 30 in, by inspection the
projected area includes the entire pier area.

- Determine the concrete breakout area for a single anchor
2
9
ef Nco
h A = Eq. (D-6)
2 2
529 ) 67 . 7 ( 9 in in A
Nco
= =
Determine the single anchor tension breakout capacity
5 . 1
ef c c b
h f k N = Note: Although the anchors have an embedment depth of about 20 in.,
D5.2.3 reduces the embedment depth because of the multiple side effects which requires the use of Eq. D-7
instead of D-8. Eq. ( D-7)
24 =
c
k For cast-in anchors
lb N
b
32243 ) 67 . 7 ( 4000 24
5 . 1
= =
Determine the eccentricity modification factor,
ec,N

0 . 1
,
=
N ec
Eq. (D-9)
Factor equals 1, since there is no eccentric load.
Determine the edge distance modification factor,
ed,N

ef
a
N ed
h
c
5 . 1
3 . 0 7 . 0
min ,
,
+ = Eq. (D-11)
B
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A
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Code
Reference

16-5

Factor applies due to close proximity of edges.
0 . 1
) 67 . 7 ( 5 . 1
5 . 11
3 . 0 7 . 0
,
= + =
N ed

Determine the cracking modification factor,
c,N

25 . 1
,
=
N c
D.5.2.6

By inspection of the magnitude and direction of the applied factored loads (axial
tension and shear only) it is concluded that at service loads there will be no
cracking along the axis of the anchors. Since there is no cracking that would affect
the concrete breakout capacity, The cracking modification factor equals 1.25.

Calculate the anchor group concrete tension breakout capacity
kips lb N
cbg
4 . 51 51427 ) 32243 )( 25 . 1 )( 0 . 1 )( 0 . 1 (
529
900
75 . 0 = = =
Clearly, the concrete tension breakout capacity is not adequate
to resist the factored tension load. Supplemental
reinforcement is required.
4. Determine the anchor pullout capacity. D.5.3
p P c pn
N n nN
,
= Eq. (D-14)
c brg p
f A N = 8 Eq. (D-15)
2
237 . 2 in A
brg
= See Table B1 of this design guide
Determine the cracking modification factor,
c,N

4 . 1
,
=
P c
D.5.3.6
Factor equals 1.4, since there is no cracking that would affect bearing at the
embedded head of the anchor.

Calculate the single anchor pullout capacity, N
p

kips lb N
p
5 . 71 71584 ) 4000 ( ) 237 . 2 ( 8 = = =
Calculate the anchor group pullout capacity, N
pg

kips lb N n
pn
7 . 300 300652 ) 71584 )( 4 . 1 )( 4 ( 75 . 0 = = =
5. Check side-face blowout. D.5.4
c
a1
= 11.5 in. Edge distance
B
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R
R
A
D
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R

Code
Reference

16-6

0.4h
ef
= 0.4(20) = 8 in. < c
a1
= 11.5 in. Tension
capacity is not affected by side-face blowout.
Summary of anchor capacity for tension load:
Anchor steel capacity = 218 kips
Concrete breakout capacity = 51.4 kips
Pullout capacity = 300.7 kips
Side-face blowout capacity = not applicable
Since the concrete breakout capacity controls and is less than the (RD.4.2.1)
factored tension of 188 kips, reinforcement is required to be
anchored on both sides of the breakout planes. In addition, a
ductile design is required as part of the problem statement. A
ductile design requires that overall capacity be limited by the
anchors steel capacity, which is 218 kips.
Reinforcement Design
1. There are many possible options for designing the
reinforcement. The challenge is to make certain that the
design is constructible. Often, the design will have to be
sketched to scale in order to check for congestion and
interferences. It is also advisable to coordinate with a member
of the construction team.
This example requires vertical reinforcement to constrain the
concrete failure prism. The reinforcement must be developed
on both sides of the failure plane. As previously discussed, the
#8 vertical bars have an approximate tension development
length of 48 in. (ACI 318, Section 12.2). Since the effective
embedment h
ef
is equal to 20 in., a straight #8 bar cannot be
developed. One option, which will not be examined in this
example, would be to make the anchors long enough to
develop the #8 bars; if there were an excess area of #8 bars,
then the development length could be reduced in accordance
with ACI 318, Section 12.2.5. Several other options will be
evaluated.
The following is the area of reinforcement required to develop
the anchor capacity of 218 kips:
2
04 . 4
) 60 ( 9 . 0
218
in
ksi
kips
A
s
= =
9.3.2.1
#8 bars equivalent to A
s
= 4.04/0.79 = 5.11 => 6 bars
#6 bars equivalent to A
s
= 4.04/0.44 = 9.18 => 10 bars
B
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R
R
A
D
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Code
Reference

16-7

Figure A.3
Figure A.3 shows three reinforcement options. One option not
considered in this example is the use of headed reinforcing bars
for the #6 and #8 bar options. A general discussion of the three
options considered follows:
A. Option (A) requires a 180 degree hook at the top of each
#8 bar. The development length for a standard hook on a
#8 bar is approximately 14 in. (including the length
reduction factor of 0.7 from ACI 318, Section 12.5.3(a)).
Since there is an excess of #8 bars for developing the
anchors (6 bars required, 16 bars in the pier), the
development length may be reduced according to ACI
318, Section 12.5.3 (d), as follows:
in in
provided A
required A
in l
s
s
dh
47 . 4
) 79 . 0 ( 16
04 . 4
) 14 ( ) 14 ( = = =
12.5.3 (d)
However, l
dh
shall not be less than 8
db
or 6 in.
in in l
dh
8 ) 0 . 1 ( 8 = = Since 10 in. was previously allotted
for bar development, the #8 bars
with hooks will work.
The J dimension, or width of the hook, is 8 in., which
puts the hooks in close proximity to the anchors. Also, the
hooks would have to be rotated in order to avoid
interfering with one another at the corners of the pier. As
shown in Figure A.1, the #8 bars are continuous into the
foundation below the pier; therefore, once the #8 bars are
cast into the foundation, it will be difficult to adjust the
hooks at the top in order to accommodate the anchors and
the shear lug blockout. For this example, Option (A) is
ruled out.
B
O
R
R
A
D
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Code
Reference

16-8

B. Option (B) requires #6 U-bars (or hairpins) to be installed
adjacent to the anchors. Since 10 - #6 bars are required to
develop the anchors, 5 U-bars would have to be placed.
This option allows the #6 U-bars bars to be placed at the
same time as the anchors and shear lug blockout.
Unfortunately, the U-bars will have to compete for space
with the anchors, shear key blockout, and lateral tie sets. In
addition, construction will have to take additional measures
to secure the U-bars during the casting of concrete. For this
example, Option (B) is ruled out.
C. Option (C) is the solution chosen for this example. This
option makes use of hooked #6 bars that are lap spliced with
the #8 pier reinforcement. The required number of #6 bars is
10, but 12 bars will be provided for convenience because
there are three #8 bars between corners in the pedestal (3 on
each side of the pier). The hooked bars may be placed at the
same time as the anchors and shear key blockout, which will
permit adjustment of the hooks to avoid congestion and
interferences. Also, the hooked bars will not interfere with
the interior legs of the lateral tie sets.
The lap splice for the #6 bars must be Class B, and the
required lap length is approximately 37 in., according to
ACI 318, Section 12.15. Therefore, the overall length of the
hooked bars is 10 in. (the development length) plus 37 in.
(the lap splice length) plus 7.67 in due to slope of shear cone
(See Figure A.3.c), which equals 54 in. The 4 ft-6 in. (54
in.) pier height is sufficient to accommodate the hooked
bars.
2. ACI 318, Section 7.10.5.6, requires lateral reinforcement to
encompass the anchors in the top of a pier/column. As shown in
Figure A.1, 2 sets of #4 ties will be located within the top 5 in. of
the pier.
Shear Lug Design
A single cantilever type shear lug is proposed to transfer the entire
shear load to the top of the concrete pier. For convenience, the lug
will use the same 1--thick plate used for the column base plate.
The methodology used in this example is based on ACI 349-06,
Appendix D, and Column Base Plates: Steel Design Guide Series 1,
American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc., Chicago, Illinois,
1990.
As a matter of good practice, the shear lug should be embedded a
minimum of 2 in. into the concrete pier. The 1- in. thick grout pad
between the base plate and top of pier is considered to be ineffective
for transfer of shear. The shear lug must therefore be a minimum of 3
B
O
R
R
A
D
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R

Code
Reference

16-9

in. deep. Try 2 in. of concrete embedment a lug length of 12 in.
(see sketch in Figure A.4)
Figure A.4
1. Check the lug for concrete bearing. (Note that factors From ACI 349 are
different than those used in ACI 318 and that ACI 349 factors will be used
for this design)
lug c n
A f P = 3 . 1 Bearing capacity
according to ACI 349,
Section D.4.6.2
kips lb P
n
4 . 87 87360 ) 12 2 )( 4000 )( 3 . 1 ( 7 . 0 = = = > V
u
= 64 kips O.K.
2. Check for shear acting towards the edge of the pier. The
methodology of ACI 349, Section D.11.2, is applied. The
effective stress area is found by projecting 45-degree planes
from the bearing edges of the shear lug as shown in Figure A.4.
2
5 . 463 ) 2 12 ( ) 25 . 16 30 ( in A
eff
= = Note, the area of the
lug must be
deducted.
eff c n
A f V = 4
8 . 0 =
kips lb V
n
8 . 93 93803 ) 5 . 436 ( 4000 ) 4 ( 8 . 0 = = = > V
u
= 64 kips
O.K.
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R

Code
Reference

16-10

3. Check the shear lug for bending and shear stresses. A
uniform bearing pressure is assumed over the 2 in. of embedded
depth into the top of the pedestal. The maximum moment will
occur where the lug attaches to the baseplate. The plate capacity
is based on the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
capacity for a plate in bending and shear.
Determine the bending capacity of shear lug
in kip M
u
= + = 160 )
2
2
5 . 1 )( 64 ( Applied factored moment at the weld of
the lug to the baseplate, based on the shear
load being applied at mid-depth of lug.
y n
ZF M = Plastic moment capacity of the shear lug plate
AISCLRFD F1.1
in kip M
n
= = 7 . 218 ) 36 (
4
) 5 . 1 )( 12 (
) 9 . 0 (
2
> M
u
= 160 kip-in O.K.
Determine the shear capacity of the shear lug
y g n
F A V 6 . 0 = Shear capacity of the shear lug plate AISC LRFD J5.3
kips V
n
350 ) 36 )( 5 . 1 12 )( 6 . 0 ( 9 . 0 = = > V
u
= 64 kips O.K.

Figure A.5
4. Design the shear lug-to-baseplate weld using E70XX electrodes. The
resultant forces on the welds are as shown in Figure A.5. The shear force is
shared equally between the two fillets. The moment is resisted by a force
B
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R
A
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Code
Reference

16-11

couple at the two fillets. The vertical force couple with distance s is taken
between the centroids of the two fillet welds. For 1- in. plate, the minimum
allowable fillet size is 5/16 in.
in kip f
v
/ 67 . 2 ) 2 12 /( ) 64 ( = = Shear force per in. of weld
in kip f
t
/ 8 . 7
)]
16
5
3
1
2 ( 5 . 1 )[ 12 (
160
=
+
=
Tension force per in. of weld
in kip f f R
t v
/ 24 . 8
2 2
= + = Total force per in. of weld
) sin 50 . 0 0 . 1 ( 6 . 0
5 . 1
+ =
EXX w
F F Weld capacity AISC LRFD
Appendix J2.4
= 90 degrees since the force is perpendicular to the axis of the weld.
= 0.75
Solve for the required weld leg size, a :
in a 25 . 0
) 707 . 0 ))( 90 ( sin 5 . 0 1 )( 70 )( 6 . 0 ( 75 . 0
24 . 8
5 . 1
=
+
=
< 5/16 in.
Use the minimum allowable size of 5/16 in.
Design Summary
Anchors: 1- in. diameter ASTM 1554 Grade 55 w/ heavy
hex nuts
20 in. embedment depth (top of concrete to top of
embedded head/nut)
Supplementary reinforcement: 12 - #6 bars with standard 180 hooks at the top,
lap splice with #8 pier reinforcement
Shear lugs: 12 in. x 3- in. x 1- in. thick plate ASTM A36
5/16 in. fillet weld E70XX on each of shear lug
side to baseplate

B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R

Table A
MATERIALS FOR HEADED ANCHORS AND THREADED RODS
Yield Strength, Min. Elongation, Min.
Material

Grade
or
Type
Diameter
(in.)
Tensile
Strength,
Min.
(ksi)
(ksi) Method (%) Length
Reduction
of Area,
Min.
(%)

Comments
Welded Studs
AWS D1.1:2004
ASTM A29-05 /
A 108-03
B
1010
1020
to 1 65 51 0.2% 20 2 in. 50
Structural Welding Code Steel, Section 7, covers welded
headed or welded bent studs. AWS D1.1 requires studs to be
made from cold drawn bar stock conforming to the
requirements of ASTM A108.
36 to 4 58 36 0.2% 23 2 in. 40
55 2* 75 55 0.2% 21 2 in. 30
ASTM F1554-
04
(H,HD, T)
1

105 to 3 125 105 0.2% 15 2 in. 45
ASTM F1554, Standard Specification for Anchor Bolts,
Steel, 36, 55, and 105-ksi Yield Strength is the preferred
material specification for anchors.
*Diameters larger than 2 in. (up to 4 in) are available, but
the reduction of area will vary for Grade 55.
2- 125 105 0.2% 16 4D 50
2- to 4 115 95 0.2% 16 4D 50
ASTM A193-05
(H,T)
B7
Over 4 to 7 100 75 0.2% 18 4D 50
ASTM A193, Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and
Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for High-Temperature Service:
Grade B7 is an alloy steel for use in high-temperature service.
A to 4 60 18 2 in.
ASTM A307-04
(Gr. A: HD)
(Gr. C: H, T)
C to 4 58 36 23 2 in.
ASTM A307, Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and
Studs, 60000 PSI Tensile Strength: ACI 349 specifies that
elements meeting ASTM A307 shall be considered ductile.
Note that Grade C conforms to tensile properties for ASTM
A36.
ASTM A36-05
(H, T)
- To 8 58 36 23 2 in.
ASTM A36, Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel:
Since ACI 318 considers ASTM A307 to be ductile, A36 will
also qualify since it is the basis for ASTM A307 Grade C.
to 1 120 92 0.2% 14 4D 35
Over 1 to 1- 105 81 0.2% 14 4D 35
ASTM A449-
04b
(H, HD, T)
1
Over 1- to 3 90 58 0.2% 14 4D 35
ASTM A449, Standard Specification for Quenched and
Tempered Steel Bolts and Studs: This specification is for
general high strength applications.
Notes:
1 Anchor type availabilities are denoted as follows: H = hooked bolt, HD = headed bolt, and T = threaded rod.
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
Table B1
Gross Area (A
D
), Effective Area (A
se
), and Bearing Area (A
brg
) for cast-in-place anchors, threaded rod with nuts, and threaded
rods with nuts and washers
d
o
(in.) A
D
(in.
2
) A
se
(in.
2
)
0.250 0.049 0.032 0.092 0.117
-
0.142 0.201 0.117 0.167
0.375 0.110 0.078 0.206 0.164
-
0.280 0.362 0.164 0.299
0.500 0.196 0.142 0.366 0.291 0.467 0.464 0.569 0.291 0.467
0.625 0.307 0.226 0.572 0.454 0.671 0.693 0.822 0.454 0.671
0.750 0.442 0.334 0.824 0.654 0.911 0.824 1.121 0.654 0.911
0.875 0.601 0.462 1.121 0.891 1.188 1.121 1.465 0.891 1.188
1.000 0.785 0.606 1.465 1.163 1.501 1.465 1.855 1.163 1.501
1.125 0.994 0.763 1.854 1.472 1.851 1.854 2.291 1.472 1.851
1.250 1.227 0.969 2.288 1.817 2.237 2.288 2.773 1.817 2.237
1.375 1.485 1.16 2.769 2.199 2.659 2.769 3.300 2.199 2.659
1.500 1.767 1.41 3.295 2.617 3.118 3.295 3.873 2.617 3.118
1.750 2.405 1.90
-
3.562 4.144
- - -
4.144
2.000 3.142 2.50
-
4.653 5.316
- - -
5.316
Notes:
1 Dimensions taken from AISC Steel Design Manual
2 A
se
= 0.7854(d
0
-(0.9743/n))
2
3 A
H
= F
2
(Square Head Bolt/Nut) or A
H
= 1.5F
2
tan30 (Hex/Heavy Hex Head Bolt/Nut)
4 A
brg
= A
H
-A
D
Gross Cross-
Sectional Area
Nominal
Diameter
Table B1 - Dimensional Characteristics of Cast-In-Place Bolts & Threaded Rods with Nuts
A
brg
(in.
2
)
Square Head
Bolt
Hex Head
Bolt
Heavy Hex
Head Bolt
Threaded
Rod w/
Square Nut
Threaded
Rod w/
Heavy
Square Nut
Threaded
Rod w/ Hex
Nut
Threaded
Rod w/
Heavy Hex
Nut
Effective Cross-
Sectional Area
Note: All washers need to meet the minimum thickness requirements in Table B2, or a reduced A
brg
. needs to be calculated according to D.5.2.8.
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R

Stud Gross Area
Diameter (d
o
) of stud (A
D
)
Width (F)
Gross Area (A
H
) A
brg Width (F)
Gross Area (A
H
) A
brg Width (F)
Gross Area (A
H
) A
brg
(in.) (in.
2
) (in.) (in.) (in.)
0.250 0.049 0.375 0.141 0.092 0.438 0.166 0.117 N.A. N.A. N.A.
0.375 0.110 0.563 0.316 0.206 0.563 0.274 0.164 N.A. N.A. N.A.
0.500 0.196 0.750 0.563 0.366 0.750 0.487 0.291 0.875 0.663 0.467
0.625 0.307 0.938 0.879 0.572 0.938 0.761 0.454 1.063 0.978 0.671
0.750 0.442 1.125 1.266 0.824 1.125 1.096 0.654 1.250 1.353 0.911
0.875 0.601 1.313 1.723 1.121 1.313 1.492 0.891 1.438 1.790 1.188
1.000 0.785 1.500 2.250 1.465 1.500 1.949 1.163 1.625 2.287 1.501
1.125 0.994 1.688 2.848 1.854 1.688 2.466 1.472 1.813 2.845 1.851
1.250 1.227 1.875 3.516 2.288 1.875 3.045 1.817 2.000 3.464 2.237
1.375 1.485 2.063 4.254 2.769 2.063 3.684 2.199 2.188 4.144 2.659
1.500 1.767 2.250 5.063 3.295 2.250 4.384 2.617 2.375 4.885 3.118
1.750 2.405 N.A. N.A. N.A. 2.625 5.967 3.562 2.750 6.549 4.144
2.000 3.142 N.A. N.A. N.A. 3.000 7.794 4.653 3.125 8.457 5.316
Notes:
2 A
se
= 0.7854(d
0
-(0.9743/n))
2
3 A
H
= F
2
H
= 1.5F
2
4 A
brg
= A
H
-A
D
5 Ref. Figures of Table B1.
(in.
2
) (in.
2
)
TABLE B2 - DIMENSIONAL PROPERTIES OF BOLTS FOR DETERMINING BEARING AREA, A
brg
Square Head Bolt Hex Head Bolt Heavy Hex Head Bolt
(in.
2
)

B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
Stud Gross Area
Diameter (d
o
) of stud (A
D
)
Width (F)
Gross Area (A
H
) A
brg Width (F)
Gross Area (A
H
) A
brg Width (F)
Gross Area (A
H
) A
brg Width (F)
Gross Area (A
H
) A
brg
(in.) (in.
2
) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.)
0.250 0.049 0.438 0.191 0.142 0.500 0.250 0.201 0.438 0.166 0.117 0.500 0.217 0.167
0.375 0.110 0.625 0.391 0.280 0.688 0.473 0.362 0.563 0.274 0.164 0.688 0.409 0.299
0.500 0.196 0.813 0.660 0.464 0.875 0.766 0.569 0.750 0.487 0.291 0.875 0.663 0.467
0.625 0.307 1.000 1.000 0.693 1.063 1.129 0.822 0.938 0.761 0.454 1.063 0.978 0.671
0.750 0.442 1.125 1.266 0.824 1.250 1.563 1.121 1.125 1.096 0.654 1.250 1.353 0.911
0.875 0.601 1.313 1.723 1.121 1.438 2.066 1.465 1.313 1.492 0.891 1.438 1.790 1.188
1.000 0.785 1.500 2.250 1.465 1.625 2.641 1.855 1.500 1.949 1.163 1.625 2.287 1.501
1.125 0.994 1.688 2.848 1.854 1.813 3.285 2.291 1.688 2.466 1.472 1.813 2.845 1.851
1.250 1.227 1.875 3.516 2.288 2.000 4.000 2.773 1.875 3.045 1.817 2.000 3.464 2.237
1.375 1.485 2.063 4.254 2.769 2.188 4.785 3.300 2.063 3.684 2.199 2.188 4.144 2.659
1.500 1.767 2.250 5.063 3.295 2.375 5.641 3.873 2.250 4.384 2.617 2.375 4.885 3.118
1.750 2.405
-
- -
-
- -
-
- - 2.750 6.549 4.144
2.000 3.142 - - - - - - - - - 3.125 8.457 5.316
Notes:
2 A
se
= 0.7854(d
0
-(0.9743/n))
2
3 A
H
= F
2
H
= 1.5F
2
4 A
brg
= A
H
-A
D
5 Ref. Figures of Table B1.
(in.
2
) (in.
2
) (in.
2
) (in.
2
)
TABLE B3 - DIMENSIONAL PROPERTIES OF NUTS FOR DETERMINING BEARING AREA, A
brg
Heavy Hex Nut Square Nut Heavy Square Nut Hex Nut

B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R
Table CSample data for a post-installed torque-controlled mechanical expansion anchor

[Note: This table was created for illustrating the use of test data as would be developed from a test
program according to ACI 355.2-04 for use with the design procedures of ACI 318-05 Appendix D.
This data is purely fictional and does not represent any specific anchor system. This data should not
be used for actual design purposes. For actual anchor design data, obtain data that has been tested,
developed, and certified to be in accordance with ACI 355.2-04.]

Anchor system is qualified for use in both cracked and uncracked concrete in accordance with test
program of Table 4.2 of ACI 355.2-04. The material, ASTM F1554 grade 55, meets the ductile steel
element requirements of ACI 318-05 Appendix D (tensile test elongation of at least 14 percent and
reduction in area of at least 30 percent).

Characteristic Symbol Units Nominal anchor diameter
Installation information
Outside diameter d
o
in. 3/8 5/8
1.75 2.5 3 3.5
2.75 3.5 4.5 5 Effective embedment depth h
ef
in.
4.5 5.5 6.5 8
Installation torque T
inst
ft-lb 30 65 100 175
Minimum edge distance c
min
in. 1.75 2.5 3 3.5
Minimum spacing s
min
in. 1.75 2.5 3 3.5
Minimum concrete thickness h
min
in. 1.5h
ef
1.5h
ef
1.5h
ef
1.5h
ef

Critical edge distance @ h
min
c
ac
in. 2.1 3.0 3.6 4.0
Anchor data
Anchor material ASTM F 1554 Grade 55 (meets ductile steel element requirements)
Category number 1, 2, or 3 2 2 1 1
Yield strength of anchor steel f
ya
psi 55,000 55,000 55,000 55,000
Ultimate strength of anchor steel f
uta
psi 75,000 75,000 75,000 75,000
Effective tensile stress area A
se
in.
2
0.0775 0.142 0.226 0.334
Effective shear stress area A
se
in.
2
0.0775 0.142 0.226 0.334
Effectiveness factor for
uncracked concrete
k
uncr

24 24 24 24
Effectiveness factor for cracked
concrete used for ACI 318 design
k
cr
* 17 17 17 17
c,N
for ACI 318 design in cracked
concrete
c,N
* 1.0 1.0 1.0 1,0
c,N
= k
uncr
/k
cr
for ACI 318 design in
uncracked concrete
c,N
* 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
h
ef
N
p
h
ef
N
p
h
ef
N
p
h
ef
N
p

1.75 1,354 2.5 2,312 3 4,469 3.5 5,632
2.75 2,667 3.5 3,830 4.5 8,211 5 9,617
Pullout or pull-through resistance from
tests
N
p
lb
4.5 5,583 5.5 7,544 6.5 14,254 8 19,463
1.75 903 2.5 1,541 3 2,979 3.5 3,755
Tension resistance of single anchor for
seismic loads
N
eq
lb
4.5 3,722 5.5 5,029 6.5 9,503 8 12,975
Shear resistance of single anchor for seismic
loads
V
eq
lb 2,906 5,321 8,475 12,543
Axial stiffness in service load range lb/in. 55,000 57,600 59,200 62,000
Coefficient of variation for axial
stiffness in service load range.
% 12 11 10 9
*These are values used for k
c
and
c,N
in ACI 318 for anchors qualified for use only in both cracked and
uncracked concrete.
B
O
R
R
A
D
O
R

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1-1

Example 1 - Single Headed Anchor in Tension Away from Edges

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