3D-Electromagnetic Field Simulations with the Finite Integration Technique (FIT)

Renato Rimolo-Donadio renato.rimolo@tu-harburg.de

Seminar Theoretische Elektrotechnik December 7th, 2006

Summary & Contents

This presentation discusses theory fundamentals,

procedure and practical aspects when performing 3Delectromagnetic simulations using the Finite integration technique (FIT) with CST microwave studio. CST Environment Overview Microwave Studio Main Features Finite Integration Technique Fundamentals (FIT) Simulation Procedure Examples

Basics of 3D-Electromagnetic Field Simulations with CST Microwave Studio 2006

CST Design Environment (CST-DE)

electromagnetic fields. CST-DE

[1]

Design suite with different tools for the 3D simulation of

Design Studio Simulation partition, 3D/circuit co-simulation Particle Studio

Microwave Studio

EM Studio

Simulation of free charged particles in electron guns, CRTs, magnetrons.

high frequency applications: antennas, filters, couplers, packages, PCBs, SI and EMC.

Low frequency applications: sensors, actuators, transformers, instrumentation

Basics of 3D-Electromagnetic Field Simulations with CST Microwave Studio 2006

CST Microwave Studio (MWS)

HF 3D-simulation based on the Finite integration technique (FIT). Utilization of Perfect Boundary Approximation (PBA) and Thin Sheet (TST) and Multilevel Subgriding (MSS) Techniques. Adjustable Hexahedral or Tetrahedral Meshes.

[2]

Time Domain, Frequency Domain and Eigenmode Solvers. Network Parameter and Spice Model Extraction.
Basics of 3D-Electromagnetic Field Simulations with CST Microwave Studio 2006

Finite Integration Method (FI)

form (Maxwell Grid Equations MGE):

[3][4]

Discrete Formulation of the Maxwell Equations in their integral

r r r B r E ds = t dA s A r r r D r r H ds = t + J dA s A r r r D dA = dV

d Ce = b dt d ~ Ch = d + j dt
~ Sd = q

r r e = E ds
s

r r ~ h = H ds
s

r r B dA = 0
A

Sb = 0

Integral balances: Energy and Charge Conservation

Topological Matrices: C=discrete curl operator S=discrete divergence operator
Basics of 3D-Electromagnetic Field Simulations with CST Microwave Studio 2006

Finite Integration Method (FI) cont

Solving approach: B.C.

[5]

h~+1 i h~ j

~ G
h~+1 j

G
ej
Calculation domain Grid G

ei +1
bn

dn ~

ei
Cells

ej+1

ei . . . . ej bn 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . . ei +1 = t . . . . 4444244443 . { 1 e j +1 b C . 2 13
e

h~ i

Ce =

d b dt

MGE

d ~ Ch = d + j dt ~ Sd = q

d = Me + p b = Mh m j = M e

+ Material Equations averaged over cell areas and edges

Sb = 0

Basics of 3D-Electromagnetic Field Simulations with CST Microwave Studio 2006

Solvers

[5]

Transient Solver: Derivatives modeled by central differences in a leap-frog scheme.

1 ~ 1 e n +1/ 2 = e n 1/ 2 + tM CM b n + jsn

b n +1 = b n tCe n +1/ 2
Frequency Domain Solver: When only one or few frequencies are of interest.

[
EigenMode Solver:

d / dt i ; ~ 1 CM C 2 M e = ij

Determination of eigenmodes in highly resonant structures.

~ 1 CM Ce = 2 M e
Basics of 3D-Electromagnetic Field Simulations with CST Microwave Studio 2006

Simulation Procedure[6]
1. Definition of the Model (Structure, Materials, Parameters) 2. Units and Frequency Range 3. Excitation: Signal & Ports (WG-Ports, L-Ports)/Loads

4. Mesh Definition: Type, lines/wavelength, lower limit, mesh/line ratio

Basics of 3D-Electromagnetic Field Simulations with CST Microwave Studio 2006

Simulation Procedure cont.

5. Boundary Conditions: PEC,PMC,PML.

[6]

6. Analysis: (Transient Settings) Accuracy, max. number of pulses, 7. Monitors: Frequencies to store field distributions 8. Simulation Execution 9. Post-processing: (0D: impedance, simulation parameters; 1D: S-Parameters, Smith Chart, Energy; 2D/3D: Port Modes, Field Plots for E,H,)

Basics of 3D-Electromagnetic Field Simulations with CST Microwave Studio 2006

Case I: Stacked Layer + Boundary Conditions

[7]

PEC: Perfect Electric Conductor PMC: Perfect Magnetic Conductor PML: Perfect Matched Layer b=h=5mm, l=10mm, t=0.2mm

Basics of 3D-Electromagnetic Field Simulations with CST Microwave Studio 2006

Case I: Stacked layer cont.

0 GHz 30 GHz

PML
(matched)

PEC_dc
(shorted circuit)

PMC_dc
(Open Circuit)

Basics of 3D-Electromagnetic Field Simulations with CST Microwave Studio 2006

Case I: Stacked layer cont.

Basics of 3D-Electromagnetic Field Simulations with CST Microwave Studio 2006

Case I: Stacked layer cont.

Basics of 3D-Electromagnetic Field Simulations with CST Microwave Studio 2006

Case II: Stripline

Zo =

60

4h ln 0.67 (0.8w + t ) 50.7 r

a = 2mil b = 40mil h = 6.35mil l = 100mil, t = 0.2mil 1mil 25.4m

Basics of 3D-Electromagnetic Field Simulations with CST Microwave Studio 2006

Case II: Stripline Boundary Conditions

Basics of 3D-Electromagnetic Field Simulations with CST Microwave Studio 2006

Case II: Stripline Waveguide Ports (WG)

WG Ports simulate excitation and absorption of energy. (Special boundary condition). Calculate the eigenmodes by means of a 2D Frequency Domain eigenmode solver at the port plane. Only few modes required for realistic simulations. Input signal normalized to 1 sqrt(Watt). The wave impedance at the 2D port plane is calculated for each grid point as:

E Z wave = avg i H i

Line impedance calculated at the port area (for each mode):

Z=

( i )
i

pointing vector integral

2

magnetic field integral around the conductor surfaces.

Basics of 3D-Electromagnetic Field Simulations with CST Microwave Studio 2006

Case II: Stripline b distance

b > 5a < 5% b > 5a < 5%

Basics of 3D-Electromagnetic Field Simulations with CST Microwave Studio 2006

Case II: Stripline Frequency

Basics of 3D-Electromagnetic Field Simulations with CST Microwave Studio 2006

Case II: Stripline Frequency cont.

(Neff~ tend/ t )

tend = t1 + (max .#. pulses)t1

t
2

1 1 1 + + x y z
2 2

Basics of 3D-Electromagnetic Field Simulations with CST Microwave Studio 2006

Case II: Stripline Mesh

Port Impedance: Simulation time:

50.89 265s

50.57 80s

49.80 25s

48.20 5s

Lines/wavelength Minimum number of lines Mesh lines ratio limit

Basics of 3D-Electromagnetic Field Simulations with CST Microwave Studio 2006

Case II: Stripline ports

Basics of 3D-Electromagnetic Field Simulations with CST Microwave Studio 2006

Case II: Stripline ports cont.

Less precise matching.

Basics of 3D-Electromagnetic Field Simulations with CST Microwave Studio 2006

References
[1] Computer Simulation Technology CST Website: http://www.cst.com [2] CST Microwave Studio Online Help. [3] M.Clemens, T.Weiland, Discrete Electromagnetism with the Finite Integration Technique, Progress in Electromagnetics Research, PIER 32, 65-87, 2001. [4] R. Marklein, The Finite Integration Technique as a General Tool to Compute Acoustic, Electromagnetic, Elastodynamic, and Coupled Wave Fields, University of Kassel, Department of Electrical Engineering/Computer Sciences, Electromagnetic Field Theory, Germany. [5] CST, Microwave Studio Advance Topics, V.5. 2003. [6] CST, Microwave Studio Getting Started, V.5. 2003. [7] Stripline Simulations with the Finite Integration Technique. Part I. Institute of Electromagnetic Theory. Hamburg University of Technology. Internal documentation. 2006.

Basics of 3D-Electromagnetic Field Simulations with CST Microwave Studio 2006