EXPERIMENT 2 : OVERHEAD LINE MODEL

Experiment 2.1 : No Load Performances Experiment 2.1 (a) : No Load Operation Three phase transformer in delta connection 380V and secondary side to star U N 10%. Measured voltage at between two conductor at the beginning and end of the line. Result U1 = 380V U2 = 380V P =0.4 x 10 = 4W Q =0.6 x100 = 60Var(cap)

The measured value is single phase and thus must be multiplied by a factor of 3. Three phase value U1 = 380 x U2 = 380 x = 658.18V = 658.18V P = 4 x 3 = 12W Q = 60 x 3 = 180Var(cap)

Compare the measured charging reactive power with that which is requires according to the calculation: Theory value: Qc = CB x U2N = 2 (50) x 5x10-6 x 3802 = 227 Var Measured value: Qc = CB x U2N = 2 (50) x 5x10-6 x 3802 = 227 Var

Experiment 2.1 (b) : Concept of Operating Capacitance Three phase transformer in delta connection 380V and secondary side to star U N 10%. Measured voltage at between two conductor at the beginning and end of each line capacitance. Result U1 = 380V Q =0.6 x 100 = 60Var(cap) U2 = 380V

The measured value is single phase and thus must be multiplied by a factor of 3. Three phase value U1 = 380 x U2 = 380 x = 658.18V = 658.18V Q = 60 x 3 = 180Var(cap)

Compare the measured charging reactive power with that which is requires according to the calculation: Theory value: Qc = CB x U2N = 2 (50) x 5x10-6 x 3802 = 227 Var Measured value: Qc = CB x U2N = 2 (50) x 5x10-6 x 3802 = 227 Var Comparison between experiment 2.1 (a) and experiment 2.1 (b) Experiment 2.1 (a) Experiment 2.1 (b) U1 = 380V U1 = 380V Q = 60Var(cap) Q = 60Var(cap) U2 = 380V U2 = 380V

Experiment 2.1 (c) : Line with Increased Operating Capacitance

By connecting the two artificial line capacitances, the operating capacitance of the line is doubled and the voltage increase effect at the line. Measured the voltage between two outer at the beginning and end of each line capacitor. Result U1 = 380V Q = 0.1 x 100 = 100 Var(cap) U2 = 400 V

The measured value is single phase and thus must be multiplied by a factor of 3. Three phase value U1 = 380 x U2 = 400 x = 658.18V = 692.82V Q = 100 x 3 = 180Var(cap)

Comparison between experiment 2.1 (a) and experiment 2.1 (c) Experiment 2.1 (a) Experiment 2.1 (c) Differential in experiment 2.1 Experiment 2.1 (a) Experiment 2.1 (b) Experiment 2.1 (c) U1 = 380V U1 = 380V U1 = 380V Q = 60Var(cap) Q = 60Var(cap) Q = 100Var(cap) U2 = 380V U2 = 380V U2 = 400V U1 = 380V U1 = 380V Q = 60Var(cap) Q = 100Var(cap) U2 = 380V U2 = 400V

Discussion : For experiment 2.1 (a), we do three phase power system when no load is performed. We set the primary side of three phase transformer in delta connection 380V and using bridging

plugs set the secondary side to star UN 100%. The source we use for this circuit is 380V, we connect the U1 at the beginning transmission line and U2 at the end of the transmission line, we get the same value for U1 and U2 that is 380V same like supply voltage If there is no load, add at the operation the transmission line is stable. The nominal voltage is present at one end of the transmission line, while other end is not under load. The value P (active power) is 4W very small compare to the Q (reactive power) is 60 Var(cap) in single phase. It just need small value of active power because no-load in the transmission line its also due low current flowing from the beginning to the end of the line and across half the operating capacitance.We connect the parallel capacitive to act as operating capacitance to the three phase operating systems. For experiment 2.1 (b), we want to know the concept of operating capacitance, C B when we remove the all bridging plugs at secondary side and connect the line capacitor in the separated way which is call equivalent capacitor, CE. Before this, we connect the bridging plug at the three phase transmission line. Then we connect the line artificial capacitances to the beginning and to the end of line model. the measurement of U1 is 380V, the Q(reactive power) 60 Var(cap) and U2 is 380V that same value like in experiment 2.1 (a). This is because capacitance CL between the conductors and capacitance CE between the conductor and ground are always present. The capacitors between the conductors are also frequently referred to as coupling capacitances. An equivalent capacitance of the operating capacitance CB performs in same way as the individual capacitances CE and CL of the line. CE and CL is a load for the line model. With the capacitance CE and CL in the three-phase equivalent circuit diagram and the
requirement of equal power in both representations, the following equation applies: From the equation below: CB = CE + 3 CL Where: CB = Operating Capacitance CE = Capacitance conductor ground CL = Capacitance conductor conductor For experiment 2.1 (c) we do the line with increasing operating capacitance, to emphasize the difference between the performance of a cable and the performance of an overhead transmission line in no load operation reconnect al bridging plugs connecting the capacitances line to line model. by connecting the two artificial line capacitances, the operating capacitance of the line is doubled and the voltage increase effect at the line end is thus amplified. The value of the measurement is U 1 is 380V, the Q (reactive power) is 100 Var(cap) and U2 is 400V. All the value that we get in measurement is in single phase and must be multiplied by a factor of 3.

Conclusion : For the conclusion, in experiment 2.1 we do three experiment that is no load performances with no load operation, in concept of operating capacitance and no load with line with increased operating capacitance. Its to perform the measurement of the voltage and current relationship of an overhead line in no load operation and matched-load operations. We can also determine the line model with increased operating capacitance. In no load case, there is no load at the end of the transmission line. Given a voltage U2 at the line end (phase to neutral voltage), the voltage at the beginning of the line is found by adding the voltage drop UL across the line inductor geometrically to U2. The increase in voltage at the line end is dependent on the value of the operating capacitance CB. The charging current is proportional to the transmission length and very quickly reaches its thermal limit current in cables.

Experiment 2.2 : Ohmic-inductive Load Three phase transformer in delta connection 380V and using bridging plugs set the secondaryside to star UN +5%. Results

For inductive load: L1 = L2 = L3 = 4 = 1.27H R1=R2=R3 3 5 U1 (V) 420 419 I1 (A) 0.4 0.76 P1 (W) 0.85x100=85 1.63x100=163 Q1 (Var) 0.4x100=40 0.75x100=75 U2 (V) 320 290 I2 (A) 0.6 0.9 cos 2 +0.75 +0.925

For inductive load: L1 = L2= L3 = 5 = 0.9H R1=R2=R3 3 5 U1 (V) 420 420 I1 (A) 0.5 0.75 P1 (W) Q1 (Var) 0.8x100=80 0.7x100=70 1.4x100=140 0.9x100=90 U2 (V) 300 280 I2 (A) 0.71 0.95 cos 2 +0.65 +0.85

For inductive load: L1 = L2 = L3 = 6 = 0.64 H R1=R2=R3 3 5 U1(V) 420 420 I1 (A) 0.6 0.8 P1 (W) 0.7x100=70 1.2x100=120 Q1 (Var) 1.1x100=110 1.2x100=120 U2 (V) 280 260 I2 (A) 0.85 1.1 cos 2 +0.3 +0.77

Measurement when remove the connection to the resistive load For inductive load: L1 = L2 = L3 = 4 = 1.27H U1 (V) 420 I1 (A) 0.1 P1 (W) Q1 (Var) 1x10=10 0.38x100=38 U2 (V) 340 I2 (A) 0.5 cos 2 +0.18

Discussion : In experiment 2.2 we do ohmic inductive load. We set primary side of the three phase transformer in delta connection 380V and using bridging plugs set the secondary side to star UN +5%. All bridging plugs connecting the capacitance we insert to overhead line model. then we end terminal of line by connect a three phase balanced ohmic inductive load. The value of inductive will be decrease. For table 1- Inductive load: L1 = L2 = L3 =L4 = 1.27H, we can deduce that the value is increase for both active power (P) and reactive power (Q). The value for U1 is 10V from the source about 380V. For I1, active current is increase depends on the voltage value because voltmeter and ammeter are connected each other. So from that, the value

of active power is also increase. In general, the line represents any transmission line connecting two devices, irrespective of the number of conductor may have. The two conductors leading to the resistor carry the active power.The voltage, U and current, I are in phase and current entering the positive terminal. For table 2- Inductive Load : L1 = L2 = L3 = 5 = 0.9H. The value is small value change because we only change the value for inductive. The inductor value is decrease for sequence table. The power factor for each table is also increase because power factor is ratio of the real power to the apparent power. So when the values of real power increase, the power factor is also increased. But for inductive the power factor is positive reading. Conclusion : For the conclusion, in experiment 2.2, we can interpret of the terms characteristic wave impedance, lagging and leading operation, efficiency and transmission losses. And we perform the measurement of the current and voltage ratio of transmission line with mixed ohmi inductive loads. When the value of inductive load is increased the value of power factor will increase. When we used inductive load that have the lower value we obtained that the power factor also is near to 0. While for the reactive power we can conclude that when the inductive load is decreased the value of reactive power will increased. For this experiment we obtained the value of power factor and reactive power is always positive because as we know in this experiment we deal with the inductive load. Besides that the value of reactive power and power factor also will increase from R3 to R5 for all value of the inductive load that we used. In all measurements, the voltage at the line end is considerably lower than the voltage at the line beginning and decreases as the load current increases. All transmission line in power system exhibits the electrical properties of resistance, inductances, capacitances and conductance. The inductance and capacitance are due to the effects of magnetic and electric field around the conductor. This parameter are essential for the development of the transmission line model used in power system analysis. The shunt conductance accounts for leakage currents flowing across insulator and ionized pathways in the air. The leakage current are negligible compared to the current flowing in the transmission lines and may be neglected. Experiment 2.3 : Ohmic-capacitive Load

Three phase transformer in delta connection 380V and using bridging plugs set the secondaryside to star UN +5%. Results Capacitive load : C1 = C2 = C3 = 1 = 2 F R1=R2=R3 3 5 U1(V) 420 410 I1(A) 0.7 0.1 P1(W) 1.5x100=150 2.3x100=230 Q1(Var) 1x100= -100 0.15x100= -15 U2( V) 410 360 I2(A) 0.55 1.0 Cos2 -0.94 -0.97

Capacitive load : C1 = C2 = C3 = 2 = 3 F R1=R2=R3 3 5 U1(V) 420 400 I1(A) 0.8 1.2 P1(W) 1.6x100=160 2.5x100=250 Q1(Var) 1.2x100= -120 0.2x100= -20 U2(V) 420 360 I2(A) 0.6 1.0 Cos2 -0.88 -0.96

Capacitive load : C1 = C2 = C3 = 3 = 5 F R1=R2=R3 3 5 U1(V) 420 400 I1(A) 1.1 1.2 P1(W) 2x100=200 2.75x100=275 Q1(Var) 1.6x100= -160 0.4x100= -40 U2(V) 450 380 I2(A) 0.8 1.3 Cos2 -0.75 -0.91

Measurement when remove the connection to the resistive load. Capacitive load : C1 = C2 = C3 = 3 = 5 F U1(V) 425 I1(A) 1.1 P1(W) 0.4x10=4 Q1(Var) 2.75x100= -275 U2(V) 520 I2(A) 0.6 Cos2 -0.5

Discussion : In experiment 2.3 we do the ohmic capacitive load, we set primary side of the three phase transformer in delta connection 380V and using bridging plugs we set the secondary side to star UN+5%. All bridging plugs connecting the capacitance we insert to overhead line

model. then we end terminal of line by connect a three phase balanced ohmic capacitive load The value of capacitance will be increase. For table 1, Capacitive Load : C1 = C2 = C3 = 1 = 2F, we can deduce that the value is increase for both active power (P) and reactive power (Q). The value for U1 is 10V from the source about 380V. For I1, active current is increase depends on the voltage value because voltmeter and ammeter are connected each other. So from that, the value of active power is also increase. In general, the line represents any transmission line connecting two devices, irrespective of the number of conductor may have. The two conductors leading to the resistor carry the active power.The voltage, U and current, I are in phase and current entering the positive terminal. For table 3- Capacitive Load : C1 = C2 = C3 =3 = 5F. The value is small value change because we only change the value for capacitance. The capacitance value is increase for sequence table. But the value from table 1 to table 3 for value of active power, P and reactive power, Q is increase to each other follow the value of resistor. The power factor for each table is also increase because power factor is ratio of the real power to the apparent power. So when the values of real power increase, the power factor is also increased. But for capacitive the power factor is negative reading for reactive power, Q. Conclusion : For the conclusion, in experiment 2.3 we can know to interpret of the term characteristics wave impedance, lagging and leading operation, efficiency and transmission losses. And to perform the measurement of the current and voltage ratios of a transmission line with mixed ohmic capacitive loads. During the experiment we learn that in all voltage measurements at the line end is higher than the voltage at the line beginning and also decrease as the load current increase. This statement are proved from the data that we get from the experiment where the value of U1 is lower that U2 and when I2 or I1 increase the value of U1 and U2 will decrease. For the last step, when the connection to the resistive load is removed, the capacitors practically have no losses, so that no active power is consumed and the Cos2 becomes negative and for our result we got -0.5.

QUESTIONS
1. What can be deduced from the result in experiment 2.1(b) and 2.1(c)? Why the

value U2 higher in Experiment 2.1(c)?

Base on the result in Experiment 2.1(c), we can notice that the value of Q is doubled if compare with the result in Experiment 2.1(b). The value of Q is double because there is an increasing capacitance value. U2 is higher because the functions of the internal capacitance at the line model add with the artificial line capacitance at the beginning and at the end of the line model.
2. How does the receiving end voltage (U2) of a transmission line vary with the

quality of the connected resistive load? From this experiment data regarding the resistive load can be conclude that the output voltage (U2), is inversely proportional to the resistive load such as resistor and inductor. The inductor is also consuming an active power due to ohmic-resistances and iron losses of inductor. Unlike inductor, capacitors practically no losses so that here nearly no active power is consumed. The more resistor to be used, the more power loss will occurs. 3. Explain the performance of a transmission line in term of its receiving end voltage and power factor in R-L load and R-C load connections. For R-L load connection, the power factor is positive and increasing as the resistive decrease. The voltage at the line end is lower than the voltage at the beginning of the line and decreases as the load current increase. For R-C load connection, the power factor is in negative and is decreased as the resistive decrease. The voltage at the line end is higher than the voltage at the starting line and decrease as the load current increase