Two Mark Questions 1. What is flux density?

It is the flux passing per unit area in a substance through a plain at a right angle to the flux. The letter B denotes it and it is measured in Weber/cm2 . B = Q/a Weber/cm2 . 2. What is magneto motive force? The force, which drives the magnetic flux through a magnetic circuit, is called the magneto motive force. 3. What is permeability? Permeability of a substance is the conducting power for lines of force of magnetic material as compared with the air. 4. What is reluctivity? It is the specific reluctance of a magnetic circuit or magnetic material as in the case of resistivity in an electric circuit. 5. What is reluctance? It is the property of a magnetic material, which opposes the establishment of magnetic flux in it, as in the case resistance in an electric circuit. 6. What is permeance? It is the reciprocal of reluctance, which helps to develop or establish magnetic flux easily in a magnetic material as in the case of conductivity in an electrical circuit 7. What are the advantages of electro magnetism? a. Electro magnets can be magnetised very easily by sending DC through it. b. Changing the direction of the current through the coil can change the polarity of the poles. c. The strength of the magnet can be controlled by the electric current. d. Electro magnets can be made in any shape depending upon the need. e. The magnetic strength remains constant as long as the current is constant. 8. State Cork screw rule and Right hand thumb rule. Cork screw rule Direction of magnetic lines of force around a straight current carrying conductor can be determined by these rules. Cork screw rule says that, the direction of magnetic lines of force around a straight current carrying conductor is the same as that in which the cork screw must be rotated to cause to an advance in the direction of the current in conductor. Right hand thumb rule Grasp the conductor with right hand in such a way that the extended thumb must be in the direction of current in the conductor. Then the folded fingers or encircling fingers must be in the direction of magnetic lines of force around the conductor

9. State the faradays laws of electro magnetic induction. In 1831 Faraday discovered the production of electric current in electric conductor by converting magnetism. Faraday has mentioned two laws known as faradays laws of electro magnetic induction. First law Whenever a conductor causes to cut the magnetic lines of force an emf will be induced in that conductor. Second law The quantity of electricity or the value of the emf produced in that conductor is irectly proportional to the rate of change of flux linked with that conductor. 10. How we can find the direction of induced emf? The direction of induced emf can be find out by the Flemings right hand rule, and lenzs law 11. State Flemings Right hand rule. Flemings right hand rule states that, if one extends the thumb, fore finger and middle finger of the right hand at right angle to each other in such a way that the thumb indicates in direction of motion of the conductor, the fore finger in the direction f flux (from north to south pole), then the middle finger is indicate the direction of the induced emf in the conductor. 12. State Lenzs law The lenzs law states that, electro magnetically induced current always flows in such a way or direction that the action of magnetic field set up by induced current tends to opposes the root cause which produces it. 13. What is eddy current? Eddy currents are those which are produced or induced in the mass of metal whenever the metal are moved in magnetic field of the magnetic field is moved cross the mass metal so as to link it. The direction of this eddy current is always in opposite direction to the cause to produce them as per lenzs law. Eddy current can be calculated by following equation We = k Bmax f2 14. What is magnetic Hysteresis? Lagging of magnetization or induction flux density B behind the magnetising force H is known as magnetic hysteresis. 15. What are the types of induced electro motive force? \ a. Dynamically induced emf. b. Statically induced emf. Statically induced emf can be further divided into two groups. a. Mutually induced emf. b. Self induced emf.

16. What are the use of mutual induction and self-induction? Use of mutual induction a. Transformers are works on this principle. b. An inductance furnace makes use of it. c. Used in ignition coils of motor car, motor cycles, scooters etc. Use of self-induction a. In regulators to give reduced voltage to the fans. b. In fluorescence tube light to give high voltage at the time of starting and to give law voltage at its normal working time. c. Used in welding plant rectifiers to keep arc stationary by smoothing choke. 17. What is generator? What are the essential parts of the generator? Generator is a machine, which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. A generator works on under the principle of faradays laws of electro magnetic induction. Its essential parts are conductor, magnetic field and the movement of either the conductor or the magnetic field so as to create a rate of change of flux linkage with the conductor by the action of applied mechanical energy. 18. What is the equation used to find out frequency of number of cycles of induced emf? f = NP/120 19. What are the types of generators? There are two types of generator. a. Permanent magnet generator. b. Electro magnet generator. In electro magnet generator there are two types. a. Self excited generator. b. Separately excited generator. 20. What are main types of DC generator? Mainly there are three types. a. Series generator or series wound generator. b. Shunt generator or shunt wound generator. c. Compound generator. There are different types of compound generator. a. Short shunt commulative compound generator. b. Short shunt differential compound generator. c. Long shunt commulative compound generator. d. Long shunt differential compound generator. Depending upon the terminal voltage characteristics there are three types of compound generator. a. Under compound generator. b. Flat or level compound generator. c. Over compound generator.

21. What is the emf equation for generator? emf = P * * Z * N / A * 60 Where, = Flux per pole in Weber. Z = Total number of armature conductors. P = Number of poles. A = Number of parallel paths in armature. N = Speed in rpm. emf = emf generated in one parallel path and it is the emf generated of that generator. For a wave wound generator there are only two (2) parallel paths in the armature. In such cases A=2 and in lap wave wound armature parallel paths is equal to the number of poles in the armature winding. 22. What are the losses in DC generator? There are two main losses. a. Copper losses or electrical losses. b. Stray losses or rotational losses or constant losses. Copper losses includes following losses a. Armature copper losses (Ia2 Ra) b. Field copper losses (Ise2 R) or (Ish2 Rsh) c. Losses in brush. Stray losses are as follows a. Magnetic losses (Iron loss or core loss). b. Mechanical losses. 23. What is efficiency of generator? Efficiency = Out put / input Or output / output +losses 2.4 What is the difference between self-excited and separately excited DC generator? Self-excited generator: In a self-excited generator the field winding is excited by an external DC source like a battery etc. Separately excited generator: In a separately excited generator the field poles have some residual magnetism. When the armature is rotated a small emf is induced in it. This is fed to the field winding and if the current direction is such that it adds the residual magnetic flux to the field winding and the field strength is increased. The more emf in the armature, which is again fed to the field winding and goes on till the generator builds up voltage. 25. How many types of DC motors are there? DC shunt motor: shunt motor speed varies slightly from no load to full load. DC series motor: series motor speed varies greatly as load changes. DC compound motor: the compound motor contains both a shunt field and a series field and therefore has characteristics between the shunt and the series motors. This motor

has the good starting torque characteristics provided by the series field, while the shunt field provides for a relatively constant speed. 26. What is motor? How DC motor works? A motor is a machine, which takes electrical energy and converts that electrical energy into mechanical energy. DC motor works under the principle, that whenever a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field, a mechanical force will be acts upon that conductor and the conductor tends to rotate, if it is arranged freely to rotate. The direction of the force or rotation can be determine by Flemings left hand rule 27. What is torque? Whenever a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field, a mechanical force will be acts upon that conductor and the conductor tends to rotate, if it is arranged freely to rotate. This rotation is due to the turning or twisting force acted on that conductor. This turning or twisting movement of a force about an axis is called torque T. T = force * radius Newton-meter. 28. What are the classifications of DC motor? a. DC series motor. b. DC shunt motor. c. DC compound motor. There are two types of DC compound motor. a. Differential compound motor. b. Commulative compound motor. 29. What are the losses in DC motor? The losses in DC motor are same as that of DC generator. They are copper losses, magnetic losses and mechanical losses. 30. What are the characteristics of DC motor? The characteristics of DC motor shows the relation between armature current (Ia),speed (N) and torque (T). a. Torque and armature current characteristics. It is also known as electrical characteristics. b. Speed and armature current characteristics. c. Speed and torque characteristics. 31. What is the necessity of DC motor starter? Eb = V Ia ra. Ia = V Eb / ra. At the time of starting from the rest there is no any back emf (Eb) in the armature. So a large current flows through the armature based on V / ra. This very large current blow out the fuses and before to that it will damage the commutator, commutator brushes and winding. To avoid this difficulties a proper resistance has to be introduce in series with the armature till the motor reaches its rated speed or till development of Eb in the armature to reduce the starting large current to safe value. This starting resistance is gradually cut out

as the motor gains speed and the develops back emf (Eb) which regulates its speed and armature current. This can be achieved by the help of starter. 32. What are the types of DC motor starter? a. DC two point starter for series motor. b. DC three point starter for shunt motor. c. DC four point starter for compound motor. 33. How speed control of DC motor can be achieved? Induced emf in the armature E = P * * Z * N / A * 60 volts. Where Z and A are constant. N =Eb / N =V Ia ra / . We can consider that the Ia ra drop is very small and there by in the place of V Ia ra we can consider only V. If it so then N =V/ . So speed may be varied by varying either applied voltage to the armature and by varying field flux or field strength per pole or total field flux.