Pitch Control,

Wood Resin and Deresination

Ernst L. Black and Lawrence H. Allen, Editors
Item Number 0102B067
ISBN: 0-89852-519-5
392 pages, hard cover.
This new textbook covers all aspects of wood resin, with special emphasis on its
effects on the manufacture of pulp, paper, and board. This unique book reviews
present knowledge of wood resin, deresination, and pitch control in pulp and
paper mills, and describes the effects of wood resin on the properties of paper.
Table of Contents
Scope............................................................................................................................................... iii
List of Authors.................................................................................................................................. iv
Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................................v
Preface A: Definitions of wood resin and its components ......................................................vii
Preface B: The variability of wood resin ....................................................................................xii
Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... xv
Part 1: FUNDAMENTALS
Chapter 1: The locations and morphology of resin components in the wood ........................1
by Ernst L. Black
Resin canals and canal resin............................................................................................................2
Canal resin in softwoods ..........................................................................................................3
Canal resin in hardwoods.......................................................................................................10
Parenchyma cells and parenchyma resin ......................................................................................11
Softwood parenchyma............................................................................................................15
Hardwood parenchyma ..........................................................................................................17
Heartwood formation and heartwood resin ....................................................................................19
Heartwood in softwoods .........................................................................................................22
Heartwood in softwoods .........................................................................................................23
Resin in bark...................................................................................................................................26
Latex cells and oil cells...................................................................................................................27
Further reading and suggestions....................................................................................................27
Chapter 2: The chemistry of wood resin....................................................................................37
By Rainer Ekman and Bjarne Holmbom
Wood sampling and extraction .......................................................................................................37
Softwood resin ................................................................................................................................39
Scots pine and Norway spruce...............................................................................................43
Other softwoods .....................................................................................................................50
Hardwood resin...............................................................................................................................57
Silver birch and quaking aspen ..............................................................................................59
Other hardwoods ....................................................................................................................63
Some trends ...................................................................................................................................64
Canal resin .............................................................................................................................64
Parenchyma resin...................................................................................................................65
Wood resin analysis .......................................................................................................................65
Chapter 3: Volatile terpenes emitted to air ................................................................................77
by Ann-Margaret Strmvall and Gran Petersson
Terpene Compounds......................................................................................................................77

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Pitch Control,
Wood Resin and Deresination
Ernst L. Black and Lawrence H. Allen, Editors
Monoterpenes.........................................................................................................................77
Sesquiterpenes.......................................................................................................................78
Terpenoids..............................................................................................................................79
Terpenes in conifers .......................................................................................................................79
Biosynthesis of terpenes ........................................................................................................79
Monoterpene content in conifer wood and the yield of turpentine .........................................80
Composition of monoterpenes in conifers ..............................................................................80
Monoterpenes in Norway spruce and Scots pine...................................................................80
Sesquiterpenes in conifers .....................................................................................................81
Biogenic terpenes in ambient air ....................................................................................................82
Terpenes from conifers ..........................................................................................................82
Terpenes for defense and in response to air pollutants .........................................................83
Ecological aspects of conifer terpenes...................................................................................83
Photooxidants from terpene emissions ..........................................................................................83
Formation of photooxidants....................................................................................................83
Phytotoxic photooxidants from terpenes ................................................................................84
Reactivity of terpenes in air ....................................................................................................85
Analytical methods for terpenes in air ............................................................................................86
Overview of man-made terpene emissions ....................................................................................87
Formation of photooxidants in emission plumes from forestry...............................................87
Formation of photooxidants in emission plumes from pulp mills............................................88
Terpenes from forestry ...................................................................................................................88
Prevention of photooxidant problems.....................................................................................89
Terpenes emitted to air from pulp mills ..........................................................................................89
Terpene emissions from industrial barking ............................................................................89
Storage of roundwood and chips............................................................................................90
Terpenes from the kraft pulp process.....................................................................................90
Terpenes from the sulfite process ..........................................................................................92
Terpenes from mechanical pulp mills.....................................................................................93
Chapter 4: Resin in tropical hardwoods ..................................................................................101
by Ernst Black
General features ...........................................................................................................................101
The Dipterocarpaceae - A family with resin canals ......................................................................104
The exudate damar ..............................................................................................................105
Parenchyma resinand heartwood phenols...........................................................................110
Total resin in wood and pulp ................................................................................................112
Other pulpwoods with resin canals...............................................................................................115
Pulpwoods with oil cells................................................................................................................116
Pulpwoods with polyisoprenes and lacticifers ..............................................................................117
Reactive phenols ..........................................................................................................................121
Resin content in wood and pulps..................................................................................................128
Pulping, deresination, and pitch control .......................................................................................129
Some planted species ..................................................................................................................131
Chapter 5: Physico-chemical properties and surfactant behavior........................................139
by Gran Strm
Physical properties of resin components......................................................................................139
Solubilities of fatty and resin acid soaps ......................................................................................140
Hydrophodicity ..............................................................................................................................141
Amphiphiles and self-association .................................................................................................141
Micelles and liquid crystals ...........................................................................................................141
Precipitation of liquid crystals and metal soaps............................................................................145
Solubilization.................................................................................................................................146

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Pitch Control,
Wood Resin and Deresination
Ernst L. Black and Lawrence H. Allen, Editors
Chapter 6: Resin in suspensions and mechanisms of its deposition ..................................151
by Ernst L. Black
Formation of colloidal resin dispersions .......................................................................................152
Aqueous solubility of resin components .......................................................................................153
Stability of colloidal resin dispersions ...........................................................................................156
Chemical environment..................................................................................................................161
Reactivity with solid surfaces........................................................................................................165
Deposition from pulp suspensions................................................................................................170
Deposition from white water .........................................................................................................175
Deposition from paper webs.........................................................................................................175
Evaluation of the deposition tendency..........................................................................................177
PART 2: RESIN IN PULP AND PAPER PRODUCTION
Chapter 7: Resin during storage and in biological treatment................................................185
by Rainer Ekman
Softwood resin and its changes during wood storage..................................................................186
Spruce wood resin................................................................................................................186
Pine wood resin ....................................................................................................................191
Hardwood resin and its changes during wood storage ................................................................195
Aspen wood resin .................................................................................................................196
Birch wood resin ...................................................................................................................191
Resin during biological treatment of wood and pulp.....................................................................198
Treatment of chips with fungi ...............................................................................................198
Treatment of pulp with enzymes ..........................................................................................200
Chapter 8: Deresination in pulping and washing....................................................................205
by Ernst L. Black
Debarking .....................................................................................................................................205
Chip handling................................................................................................................................206
Kraft pulping..................................................................................................................................207
Reactions of resin components ............................................................................................207
Tall oil and other additives....................................................................................................211
Kraft pulp washing ........................................................................................................................212
Displacement of the black liquor and early washing ............................................................212
Final washing, calcium ions and pH .....................................................................................216
Composition of residual resin ...............................................................................................218
Washing with bleach plant filtrates (white waters) ...............................................................220
Washing equipment..............................................................................................................221
Sulfite pulping and washing..........................................................................................................222
Mechanical deresination of pulp ...................................................................................................224
Deresination of filtrates and white waters.....................................................................................225
Chapter 9: Resin reactions and deresination in bleaching....................................................231
by Bjarne Holmbom
Reactions of resin components in various bleaching stages .......................................................231
Oxygen .................................................................................................................................232
Chlorine ................................................................................................................................232
Chlorine dioxide....................................................................................................................233
Peroxide ...............................................................................................................................234
Ozone ...................................................................................................................................235
Alkaline extraction ................................................................................................................235
Enzymes and miscellaneous chemicals...............................................................................236
Deresination and pitch control in bleaching of chemical pulps.....................................................236
Deresination of mechanical pulps.................................................................................................240

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Pitch Control,
Wood Resin and Deresination
Ernst L. Black and Lawrence H. Allen, Editors
Deresination of chemimechanical pulps.......................................................................................241
Chapter 10: Resinous compounds in effluents from pulp mills............................................245
by Roland Mrck, Marianne Bjrklund Jansson and Olof Dahlman
Bleached kraft mill effluents..........................................................................................................245
Compounds identified...........................................................................................................245
Effects of process modifications...........................................................................................249
Effects of secondary effluent treatment................................................................................250
Unbleached kraft mill effluents .....................................................................................................252
Compounds identified...........................................................................................................252
Sulfite mill effluents.......................................................................................................................252
Compounds identified...........................................................................................................253
Effluents from mechanical pulping................................................................................................253
Compounds identified...........................................................................................................254
Effects of peroxide bleaching ...............................................................................................255
Effects of biological effluent treatment .................................................................................255
Chapter 11: Pitch control in pulp mills.....................................................................................265
by Lawrence H. Allen
Kraft pulp mills ..............................................................................................................................266
Seasoning of wood ...............................................................................................................268
Bark removal ........................................................................................................................268
Cooking ................................................................................................................................269
Foam control.........................................................................................................................271
Brownstock washing.............................................................................................................272
Unbleached screening and cleaning ....................................................................................274
Bleaching..............................................................................................................................277
Pulp machine........................................................................................................................279
Sulfite pulp mills............................................................................................................................280
Mechanical pulp mills ...................................................................................................................281
Pitch control with alum in newsprint and specialty mills using mechanical pulps ................282
Pitch control with retention aids............................................................................................284
Chapter 12: Analysis of resin deposits ....................................................................................289
by Bruce Sithol
Sampling and procurement of deposit samples ...........................................................................289
Spot tests......................................................................................................................................291
Qualitative analysis.......................................................................................................................294
Microscopy ...........................................................................................................................294
Infrared spectroscopy ...........................................................................................................294
Solubility ...............................................................................................................................295
Thin layer chromatography...................................................................................................295
Pyrolysis gas chromatography .............................................................................................296
Quantitative analysis ....................................................................................................................296
Gravimetry ............................................................................................................................296
Solvent extraction .................................................................................................................297
Molecular spectroscopy........................................................................................................298
Column chromatography and solid phase extraction ...........................................................299
Gas chromatography and/or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry...............................300
Size-exclusion chromatography ...........................................................................................301
Pyrolysis gas chromatography .............................................................................................301
Other analytical techniques ..................................................................................................302
Examples of analysis of mill pitch deposits ..................................................................................302
Deposits from a fine paper mill.............................................................................................302

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Pitch Control,
Wood Resin and Deresination
Ernst L. Black and Lawrence H. Allen, Editors
Deposits from a fine paper converting grade mill.................................................................302
Spots and holes on newsprint ..............................................................................................302
Flakes on a dryer roll in a paper mill ....................................................................................303
White pitch deposits .............................................................................................................303
Specks in paperboard ..........................................................................................................303
Cratering in "blown vinyl" wallpaper .....................................................................................304
Chapter 13: Pitch control in paper mills ..................................................................................307
by Lawrence H. Allen
Key factors for pitch control ..........................................................................................................308
Analysis of pitch problems............................................................................................................310
Methods of pitch control ...............................................................................................................313
A. Process conditions ...................................................................................................................313
Entire system........................................................................................................................313
Stock preparation .................................................................................................................318
Screening and cleaning of paper machine stock .................................................................319
Forming fabrics.....................................................................................................................319
Press section ........................................................................................................................319
Recycling of coated broke ....................................................................................................319
B. Additives...................................................................................................................................320
Dispersants...........................................................................................................................320
Retention aids.......................................................................................................................322
Alum .....................................................................................................................................323
Fabric treatments..................................................................................................................323
Talc .......................................................................................................................................324
Felt cleaning formulations ....................................................................................................324
Chapter 14: Contaminants depositing from recycled papers................................................329
by Bruce Sithol
Problems attributed to the use of recovered fibers.......................................................................329
Characterization and classification of contaminants ....................................................................331
Contaminants due to microbiological organisms..........................................................................332
Contaminants caused by metal ions ............................................................................................332
Impact of system closure on contaminants ..................................................................................333
Analysis of deposits and contaminants ........................................................................................333
Solutions .......................................................................................................................................334
Use of good quality furnish...................................................................................................334
Removal of contaminants in the recycled pulp or mill system .............................................335
Control of microbiological growths and slime deposits ................................................................339
PART 3: RESIN IN PRODUCTS
Chapter 15: Effect of wood resin on paper properties ...........................................................343
by Ernst L. Black, Marianne Bjrklund Jansson, Ann-Therese Karlberg, and Nils-Olof Nilvebrant
Strength properties .......................................................................................................................343
Redistribution of resin components during storage ......................................................................346
Wettability, surface inactivation, and printability...........................................................................348
Paper-to-paper and paper-to-metal friction ..................................................................................350
Estimation and identification of specks in paper ..........................................................................352
Color and brightness reversion due to extractives .......................................................................353
Influence on pulp and paper odor.................................................................................................354
Resin acids as contact allergens ..................................................................................................355
Chapter 16: Effect of wood resin on timber and building boards .........................................363
by Ernst L. Black, Ingvar Johansson, Ralph Nussbaum, and Brigit stman

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Pitch Control,
Wood Resin and Deresination
Ernst L. Black and Lawrence H. Allen, Editors
Resin exudates from knots and resin pockets..............................................................................363
Surface inactivation-glueability and paintability............................................................................364
Inactivation mechanisms ......................................................................................................364
Effects on glueability and paintability, time dependence......................................................366
Methods for surface activation .............................................................................................367
Mold and fungal resistance...........................................................................................................368
Dimensional stability and creep....................................................................................................372
Ignitability and other fire properties ..............................................................................................375
Emissions of volatile components ................................................................................................376
Volatile wood resin components...........................................................................................376
Indoor environment...............................................................................................................378
Emission from processing ....................................................................................................379
Treatments available for process gases ..............................................................................381
Wet and dry process building boards ...........................................................................................382

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