THE FINAL SEMESTER ASSIGNMENT OF INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR

This assignment is presented as a partial requirement to follow the final semester test of Intermediate Grammar in English Education Study Program

LECTURER : PARIATI, S.Pd.

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION DEPARTMENT INSTITUTE OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION TEACHERS ASSOCIATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA ( STKIP-PGRI) LUBUKLINGGAU 2012

PREFACE

Alhamdulillahi robbilalamin, for the most gracious and the most merciful, Allah SWT,so I could finish writing this assignment. The purpose of the writing is to fulfil one of an assignment that given by Basic Grammar lecturer Mrs.Pariati,S.pd. This assignment is writen from internet,who related with Conditional Sentence. Finally,any criticisms,comments,and suggestions will be considered to make this thesis better.

Bangunsari,May 2012

The Writer

CONTENTS

Coveri Prefaceii Contents.iii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION1 A. Background..1 B. Limitation of the study.2 C. The significances of the study...2

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION.3 A. Conditional Sentence..3

CHAPTER III CONCLUSION.12 A. Conclusion..12 B. Suggestions.12 Refferences..

Biography of the Student

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background Conditional sentencing, introduced in September 1996, allows for sentences of imprisonment to be served in the community, rather than in a correctional facility. It is a midway point between imprisonment and sanctions such as probation or fines. The conditional sentence was not introduced in isolation, but as part of a renewal of the sentencing provisions in the Criminal Code. These provisions included the fundamental purpose and principles of sentencing. The fundamental principle of sentencing is that a sentence must be proportionate to the gravity of the offence and the degree of responsibility of the offender. The renewed sentencing provisions set out further sentencing principles, including a list of aggravating and mitigating circumstances that should guide sentences imposed. The primary goal of conditional sentencing is to reduce the reliance upon incarceration by providing an alternative sentencing mechanism to the courts. In addition, the conditional sentence provides an opportunity to further incorporate restorative justice concepts into the sentencing process by encouraging those who have caused harm to acknowledge this fact and to make reparation. At the time of their introduction, conditional sentences were generally seen as an appropriate mechanism to divert minor offences and offenders away from the prison system. Overuse of incarceration was recognized by many as problematic, while restorative justice concepts were seen as beneficial. In practice, however, conditional sentences are sometimes viewed in a negative light when used in cases of very serious crime.

Concern has been expressed that some offenders are receiving conditional sentences of imprisonment for crimes of serious violence, sexual assault and related offences, driving offences involving death or serious bodily harm, and theft committed in the context of a breach of trust. While allowing persons not dangerous to the community, who would otherwise be incarcerated, and who have not committed a serious or violent crime, to serve their sentence in the community is widely believed to be beneficial, it has also been argued that sometimes the very nature of the offence and the offender require incarceration. The fear is that to refuse to incarcerate an offender can bring the entire conditional sentence regime, and hence the criminal justice system, into disrepute. In other words, it is not the existence of conditional sentences that is problematic, but, rather, their use in cases that appear to justify incarceration.

B. Limitation of the Study

In this lecture our concern is not with subtleties in the logical or semantic properties of conditional sentences, but with the tight connection between the meanings of English conditional sentences and features of their grammatical form.

C. T he Significances of the Study To make understand the meaning and the using of Conditional Sentence.

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

In grammar, conditional sentences are sentences discussing factual implications or hypothetical situations and their consequences. Languages use a variety of conditional constructions and verb forms (such as the conditional mood) to form such sentences. Full conditional sentences contain two clauses: the condition or protasis, and the consequence or apodosis. If it rains [condition], (then) the picnic will be cancelled [consequence]. Conditional sentences play an important role in grammar. They describe a condition and the result that follows. Conditional sentences are made up of two parts: the if-clause (condition) and the main clause (result that follows). IF-CLAUSE If it rains, MAIN CLAUSE will take an umbrella.

The if-clause can come first or second. When it comes first, we usually put a comma between the two clauses. There are 4 (four) types of conditional sentences, including mixed conditional. Type 1 1.If+S+V1 S+will/shall+V1 Be adjective Type 2 1.If+S+V2 S+would+V1 2.If+S+were+adj/verb be adjective

Type 3 1.If+S+had+V3 S+would have+V3 2.If+S+had been adj have been adjective

1.Conditional Sentence Type 1 The if-clause is in the present tense, the main clause uses will and the infinitive, or simple present.

Conditional Sentence Type 1 TYPE IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE Simple Type Simple 1 present you Simple you will succeed. When do we use conditional sentence type 1? a. We use conditional sentence type 1 to talk about possible situations in the present or future.
o o

MEANING

present True in the present or succeed. possible in future

If you work hard,

future Its possible to happen in the future

If you leave earlier, you will not be late. If you open the windows, the room will get some fresh air. If you heat water to 100 degrees, it will boil. If we stare into the sun, we will hurt our eyes.

b. We often use conditional type 1 to talk about facts or processes:

o o

Note: Other modal verbs can also be used in place of will and would.
o o

If it rains like this all day, the river might flood. (might = will possibly) If it rains like this all day, the river could flood. (could = will be able to)

First-type conditionals Form and meaning The basic form for this type of conditional sentence can be seen in the chart below. As before, the order of the clauses can be changed with no change in meaning. This type refers to future possibilities that are certain or probable. First-type conditionals If clause If + Present tense Main or conditional clause Future tense

If they don't arrive soon we'll leave without them. If they are late I'm going to be angry.

You will note that on the if side of the sentence any present tense can be used, while in the main clause the speaker is free to choose any future that helps to express any additional meaning that the speaker wants to express. If he's sleeping, he won't wake up until morning. (The Present Continuous in the first part of the sentence expresses the present temporary nature of the situation and the will in the second part is making a prediction about the future.)

Alan is going to post me the recipe, if he finds it. (In the first clause I am expressing Alan's intention so going to is the best future to use, while the second clause contains a Simple Present tense.) If he's staying at the party, I'm leaving. (In the first clause I am thinking about the possible current state of affairs, so I choose the Present Continuous, while in the second I am referring to the future plan that I have in mind should he decide to stay, so again I choose the Present Continuous.) If you have finished the essay, leave it on my desk. (By using the Present Perfect tense in the if clause I am stressing the completed nature of the action, while in the second clause I have used an imperative, which has a future meaning.) 2. Conditional Sentence Type 2 The if-clause is in the simple past or the past continuous tense, the main clause uses would and the infinitive, or would be and the present participle (Verb-ing). Conditional Sentence Type 2 TYPE IF CLAUSE Simple Type 2 past MAIN CLAUSE would + simple form you would succeed. would be + present participle I would be going out for a walk. MEANING Untrue in the present Fact: You dont work hard, so you dont succeed

If you worked hard, Past continuous If it were not

Fact:Its raining now, so Im not going out for a walk.

raining now,

When do we use conditional sentence type 2? Conditional sentence type 2 is used to talk about actions or situations that are not taking place in the present or future, but we can imagine the probable result.

If we didnt live in a big city, we would not have to breathe polluted air everyday. (In truth, we live in a big city)

If

he

were

here,

would

tell

him

about

my plan.

(In fact, he isnt here) Note:

Were is used for both singular and plural subjects. The use of type 2 conditional in If I were you, I would is a common form of advice.

Second-type conditionals Form and meaning This type is often called the hypothetical or 'unreal' future conditional since it is usually used to speculate about either very unlikely future situations or present and future impossibilities. Second-type conditionals If clause Main or conditional clause

If + Past tense would + verb If I had time I would drop you off at school.

If I had wings I would fly. Other examples are:

If you were coming with us, you would have a great time. (Either I am not expecting you to come or you have already told me that you do not intend to come, so the situation is very unlikely to happen.)

I'm sure my mother would help if you asked her. (I am unsure whether you are going to ask so I hedge my bets by using an 'unreal' conditional; if I had used I'm sure my mother will help instead, this gives the impression that I feel you are likely to ask.)

If I were you, I'd call back later. (This is a fixed expression used for giving advice, but since I can never be you, I use the future hypothetical conditional; you should note that many people would say if I was you and this is becoming increasingly common.)

3. Conditional Sentence Type 3 The if-clause is in the past perfect or the past perfect continuous tense, the main clause uses would have and past participle (Verb 3), or would have been and present participle (Verb-ing).

Conditional Sentence Type 3 TYPE IF CLAUSE Past MAIN CLAUSE MEANING

perfect would have + past Untrue in the past

If you had worked participle hard, Type Past 3 continuous you would perfect succeeded.

have Fact: You didnt work hard, so you didnt It was succeed. raining

would have been + Fact:

If it had not been present raining

participle yesterday afternoon. I was

yesterday I would have been not going out for a walk. going out for a walk.

afternoon,

When do we use conditional sentence type 3? Conditional sentence type 3 is used to talk about actions or situations that did not take or were not taking place in the past, but we can imagine the probable result.
o

If you had come to the party last night, you would have met my cousin. (In truth, you didnt come to the party last night)

If he had not been late this morning, his teacher would not have punished him. (In truth, he was late)

Third-type conditionals Form and meaning This type refers to hypothetical situations in the past. In this case we use the Past Perfect tenses in the if clause and would + have in the main clause. Third-type conditionals If clause If + Past Perfect tense Main or conditional clause would have + past participle

If I had known about his condition I would have phoned for you earlier. If we had known about the storm we wouldn't have started our journey. The main uses of the third conditional are for speculating about the past, expressing regrets, excusing our own actions and criticising others. Some of the uses tend to overlap in practice as the examples below demonstrate:

If we'd taken the first turning, we would have been at home by now. If I'd bought the lottery ticket, we would have won millions. If I'd realised you were going to be so sensitive, I'd have kept quiet. The meeting would've finished before 1:00 if you'd said less.

There is one other major variation to the form given in the chart above; in place of the more usual If I had known about his condition... we can use Had I known about his condition... where the if is omitted and the subject and auxiliary verb are inverted.

4. Mixed Conditional Sentence Mixed conditional sentence is a combination of conditional sentence type 2 and conditional sentence type 3.

Mixed Conditional Sentence TYPE IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE would have + past participle I would have flown to your place last night. would + simple form you would succeed. MEANING Untrue in the present or future. Fact: I am not a bird, so I didnt fly to your place. Untrue in the past. Fact: You didnt work hard. Now, you dont succeed.

Simple Mixed Type

past

If I were a bird, Past hard, perfect

If you had worked

When do we use mixed conditional sentence? Mixed conditional sentence is used to talk about actions or situations that did not take or were not taking place in the past, but we can imagine the probable result in the present, or actions or situations that do not take place in the present, but we can imagine the probable result in the past.
o

If you lived near the factory, you would have heard the sound of the explosion. (In truth, you dont live near the factory. Therefore, you didn't hear the sound of the explosion.)

If he had not been late this morning, he would be permitted to join the test. (In truth, he was late. Therefore, he is not permitted to join the test.)

Mixed conditionals The four types of conditional sentence discussed above appear to fit into very rigid patterns of form and meaning but we often find exceptions to these rules. In many cases we may want to talk about events that happened or did not happen in the past and the present results of those events. Therefore, we will often need to mix clauses from different conditional types in order to get our meaning across clearly and unambiguously. Taking one example from above, we might want to say: If I'd bought the lottery ticket, we would be millionaires now. In this sentence I want to refer to something that I did not do in the past (and probably regret) and the possible effect that this action might have had on the present - so I use a third-conditional if clause and a second-conditional main clause. Swapping around these two types we also get:

If he was going to come, he would have arrived by now (with a second-conditional if clause and a third-conditional main).

This kind of mixing of conditional types is not uncommon.

CHAPTER III CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusion

Conditional sentences play an important role in grammar. They describe a condition and the result that follows. Conditional sentences are made up of two parts: the if-clause (condition) and the main clause (result that follows). The if-clause can come first or second. When it comes first, we usually put a comma between the two clauses. There are 4 (four) types of conditional sentences, including mixed conditional. Type 1 1.If+S+V1 S+will/shall+V1 Be adjective Type 2 1.If+S+V2 S+would+V1 2.If+S+were+adj/verb be adjective Type 3 1.If+S+had+V3 S+would have+V3 2.If+S+had been adj have been adjective

B. Suggestion

Because conditional sentences are quite complex in both form and meaning, they are a problem for most learners of English. If you have a good understanding of the English tense system and of the modal auxiliaries, you will find it easier to understand and use conditional sentences. (The sentence you just read is a predictive conditional sentence).

References:

1. Azar B.S. Understanding and Using English Grammar (2nd Ed). NJ: Prentice-Hall. Inc, 1989. 2. Thomson & Martinet. A Practical English Grammar (4th Ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. 3. Swan, M. Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980. 4. Bennett, Jonathan. (2003). A Philosophical Guide to Conditionals. Oxford University Press.

BIOGRAPHY

Wise Word "Success is not the key to happiness. Happiness is the key to success. If you love what you are doing, you will be successful". ("Sukses bukanlah kunci menuju kebahagiaan Kebahagiaan adalah kunci sukses.. Jika Anda menyukai apa yang Anda lakukan, Anda akan sukses".)

Name Born Address Education Kindergarten Elementary school Junior High School

: Yeni Fransiska : Bangunsari, 4 july 1993 : T Bangunsari,Kec Purwodadi

: At TK Ciptasari in 1999 : At SDN Bangunsari in 1999-2005 : At Islamic Boarding School( Al-Azhaar) Lubuklinggau in 2005-2008

Senior High School

: At SMAN Purwodadi in 2008-2011

Continue the study at STKIP PGRI Lubuklinggau