NUMBER SYSTEM To a computer everything is a number.

Numbers are numbers; letters are numbers; sound and pictures are numbers. Even the computers own instructions are numbers. Rule 1: The only data inside a computers chips are zeros and ones. Rule 2: There are no colors, no circles or squares, no musical notes, etc. Just 1s & 0s. The computers are made up of digital electronic circuits. The major circuit elements are transistors which are essentially bi-stable or binary in nature. The term bi-stable or binary means that the transistor can operate only in two states: fully conducting and non-conducting states. Thus, a transistor acts like a switch that it is either on (fully conducting) or off (non- conducting). Since the computers are made up of binary logic circuits, data is also represented in a computer by either the presence or absence of electronic signals. This is called binary or two state representation of data. The number system used to represent data in a computer is, therefore, known as binary number system. Depending upon the base of numbers, number systems are categorized into the following types: a) Decimal or Denary Number System b) Binary Number System c) Octal Number System d) Hexadecimal Number System A. DECIMAL SYSTEM Popular numbering for human beings. Founded by Hindu philosophers. In this system 10 digits are used. They are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. It can be written as subscripted 10 or D. e.g. (123)10 or (123)D B. BINARY SYSTEM Used by computer i.e. the language known by computer. Consists of only two digits 0 and 1. It can be written as subscripted 2 or B. e.g. (101)2 or (101)B C. OCTAL SYSTEM Consists of 8 digits (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7) It can be written as subscripted 8 or O. e.g. (64)8 or (354)O The conversion table is: Octal 0 1 Decimal 0 1 Binary 000 001

2 3 4 5 6 7

2 3 4 5 6 7

010 011 100 101 110 111

D. HEXADECIMAL SYSTEM Consists of 16 numbers (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F) Numbers from 10 to 15 are represented by letters A to F. It can be written as subscripted 16 or H. e.g. (A4)16 or (B2C)H The conversion table is: Hexadecimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Binary 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

NUMBER CONVERSION METHODS/RULES 1. Decimal to Binary a. Divide the given number by 2 and collect remainders from back b. Example: (43)10 = (101011)2 2. Decimal to Octal a. Divide the given number by 8 and collect reminders from back b. Example: (266)10 = (412)8 3. Decimal to Hexadecimal a. Divide the given number by 16 and collect remainders from back b. Example: (423)10 = (1A7)16 4. Binary to Decimal a. Multiply each digit by 2x and sum

b. Example: (1011)2 = 123+022+121+120 =8+0+2+1 = (11)10 5. Binary to Octal a. Put binary numbers in group of 3 bits b. Always start grouping from right to left direction. c. Insert extra zeroes in leftmost group if the number does not contain 3 digits. d. Use 4 2 1 formula (i.e. 20 = 1, 21=2, 22=4) e. Example: (101011)2 = 101 011 = (53)8 6. Binary to Hexadecimal a. Put binary numbers in group of 4 bits b. Always start grouping from right to left direction. c. Insert extra zeroes in leftmost group if the number does not contain 4 digits. d. Use 8 4 2 1 formula (i.e. 20 = 1, 21=2, 22=4, 23=8) e. Example: (110010110010)2 = 1100 1011 0010= (CB2)16 7. Octal to decimal a. Multiply each digit by 8x and sum b. Example: (213)8 = 282+181+380 = 128 + 8 + 3 = (139)10 8. Octal to Binary a. Use opposite procedure that involved in conversion from binary to octal. b. Convert octal to binary using the conversion table. c. Example: (347)8 = 011 100 111 = (011100111)2 9. Octal to Hexadecimal a. Convert the Octal to Decimal than convert decimal to Hexadecimal (or) b. Convert the Octal to Binary than convert binary to Hexadecimal (or) c. Use conversion table. d. Example: (127)8 = (001 010 111)2 = (57)16 10. Hexadecimal to Decimal a. Multiply each hex digit by 16x and sum b. Example: (356)16 = 3 x 162 + 5 x 161 + 6 x 160 = 768 + 80 + 6 = (854)10