1 COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT THROUGHOUT BIO-PROSPECTIVE APPROACH IN AND ARROUND LORE LINDU NATIONAL PARK By: BANJAR YULIANTO LABAN

PREFACE Link in biodiversity improvement that implication is quality reformation system and conservation approach reposition. Thus this paper can be hoped more stronger to conservation discourse as a part of human behavior. Persuasive approach system need to be priority, remain on euphoria of reformation could be a heavy constraint to principle of conservation application, because until now according to people opinion, conservation approach dominated by depressiveness and focusing only on area conservation and species flora fauna conservation. Thus the main set prepared in this paper could be hoped to give contribution to policy of government. Therefore community empowerment throughout bio-prospective approach in conservation area is not based only on knowledge and practices of economic aspect, but several aspects of ecology and anthropology. The main set of this paper as follow : ecological condition anthropological condition empowerment collaboration strengthening in autonomy bio-prospective obsession recommendation.

ECOLOGICAL CONDITION Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP) area laid on administrative government of Donggala District and Poso District, Central Sulawesi Province. Launching for the first time in October 1982 when International congress of National Park beheld in Denpasar Bali. Then ministry of forestry and state plantation, degree No. 464/Kpts-II/1999, June 23rd , 1999 with total area 217.991,18 Hectares, declared her. On the bio-geographic type she laid on the Wallace region that famously as transition zone of Asia and Australia continent, thus she had been enriched by specific of flora and fauna. In this area we could find 266 species of flora and 200 species of fauna. Endemic fauna Sulawesi and be protected never the less of 37 species, for examples as follows : anoa, babirusa, Sulawesi brown civet, sulawesi black monkey, tarsius, hornbill and maleo bird. On the topographic type, this area laid on the heart of Central Sulawesi, The hinterland between 100 2800 meters a.s.l, mediate to heavy contour, very sensitive erosion soil, high rainy drops and laid on the line of earthquake signed by several tectonic hot springs. Photograph on satellite produced on September 1999 and checked by helicopter observation on early May 2000, habitat and ecological condition 95 % perfect.

2 Supporting of USAID grant, this year is a final report of zoning and long term LLNP management plan (25 years) conducted by The Nature Conservancy (TNC) management since August 1999. A lot of research and data compiling participatory activities about habitat ecological type had been prepared by TNC for communicate to resident people enriched participatory planning of in-park LLNP management. Meanwhile, since 1998 and finish in 2005 local government supported by ADB loan try to integrated program application in buffer of LLNP.

ANTHROPOLOGIC CONDITION Based on the topographic of LLNP area and around, there are two big valleys in park with enclave status and be settled by resident people before announcement of LLNP, those are Besoa valley and Lindu lake valley. Around and outside the park, there are four valleys be settled by resident people. Those are Palolo valley, Napu valley, Bada valley, Kulawi valley and Palu valley. All of 60 villages directed to line of LLNP boundary, managed by administrative government of Palolo sub district, Lore Utara Sub District, Lore Tengah Sub District, Lore Selatan Sub District, Kulawi Sub District and Sigi Biromaru Sub District. The total of resident people according to 1998 census never less than 130,000 peoples divided more than 5 local ethnic and immigrant of Java, Bali and South Sulawesi. Tania Lie an anthropology expert from Canada had researched resident people access to nature resource in and around the park. Then in early June 2000 she exposed her draft report to local NGO community as input data of consideration how manage LLNP as follows : 1. In and around LLNP area found a lot of megalith ( the ancient big stone statue). On the aspect of anthropology, these megaliths could be an indication that the area more than a hundred thousand years ago had been chosen by human being for settlement and sustaining their offspring live. Then it is exactly moment if UNESCO since 1977 declared a part of LLNP as a biosphere reserve site, especially for real culture sustainable accommodation. 2. In and around LLNP area found a lot of naturally ethnic that potential yet for develop their customary knowledge and wisdom relate to recognize their customary area and its nature resources. 3. Those potentials if evaluate to base of principles of conservation, really there are so many wisdom of local environment and nature resources sustainable benefit. Now, those wisdom had been degraded by centralistic regulation, repression, occupation and marginalizing to position of those potential for undeveloped at all. 4. The marginalizing could threat seriously to potential and existence of nature resources in LLNP, directly or indirectly. 5. Threat indicators, as follows:

3 a. From the angle of form and village condition: 1) Distribution and compactable of village forest, less or very few; 2) There are community land right that be occupied by individual of government staff or military. 3) There is a government decision for land right to stranger. 4) A new road opening based on economic prospective only. b. From the system of nature resources managed by resident people: 1) Dominated by authority of head of village. 2) Restless appearing of the people on the access of land use and nature resources management. 3) There is a weakness of head of village for controlling his villagers, especially relate to the access of nature resources benefit. c. From the culture condition : 1) Projects Intervention that accessing on nature resources degradation out of the park. 2) Compartment and business of land from local people to strangers. 3) Highly ethnic heterogeneity. d. From the social condition : 1) A lot of landless villagers. 2) Incompactly community and easy going to influenced by strangers.

EMPOWERMENT The last time so many people said empowerment, then in Indonesia had become a national jargon for overcame social problems because economic aspects implementation. Those are extractive, monopolistic and close to opportunity of people creativities. All of these made people had difficulties for self assessment and depend totally on monoculture access from government. About empowerment, long and wide description had been wrote by Aileen Mitchell Stewart in Her book of Empowering People. This book had translated to Indonesian language on the title of Pemberdayaan Sumber Daya Manusia by Agus M. Hardjana and published by Penerbit Kanisius Yogyakarta, first printed in 1998. According to Mitchell, the principles of empowerment are responsibility sharing close relate to power. This power from management aspect scooping to rolling power, expertise power and resources power. Really the power is capability for active to move something became or not became. Cause that, empowerment really very difficult for application if orientation of power still very dominated by bureaucratic management system.

4 Local autonomy practices since January first, 2001, contested by business of nature resources extraction based government permission and the authority of businessman for improving local government income. It will be a negative discourse for empowering people aspects, because Tania Lies indicators will grow up rapidly and need awareness that less of harmony if confronted to information access relate to achievement of empowering people its self. The impact is long misery to the people and nature resources degradation. Very interesting to Dr. Frank van Steen Bergen experiences in his study for participatory development in forest management in India and Pakistan. This Hollander expert had exposed pointers of learning relate to empowering people in front of trainee on systemic approach in participatory forest management that to be held by IBRAD in Calcutta West Bengal India, February 2000. According to Dr. Frank, empowering will process and success if government open the opportunity for participation in its forest management. He suggested as follows : 1. Do not make regulation that fully instruction for uniform creativities any place and any time. 2. That regulation will get people supporting if in practice not many intervention from government, the other man or the outsider institution directly. 3. In the level of village find out pure local institution as a product of villagers initiative and legitimated by villagers its self in dialog of agreement for manage together access and asset of its nature resources. 4. Position of villagers as partner, not customers. 5. There is appropriate technology, environment wisdom and sustainability. 6. There is spirit community that delayed to decision means unfinished frustration.

COLABORATIVE STRENGTHENING IN AUTONOMY Application of Law No. 22/1999 about Autonomy in Indonesia, since January 1 st 2001, means that conservation beside as a national jargon, has to ready as a bridge of collaboration system between Jakarta (central government), province, district, and municipality. The collaboration is very important, more to application of function and role of conservation in the region, remain to the assets of conservation as an answer on the international commitment laid always in the region. How the conservation can be a tool for unity in diversity has to gamble. Off course in the autonomy situation we need review necessary nor revitalization for role of conservation, not only pressure to area conservation and species flora fauna conservation based on the law and derivate of its regulation without care to application impact to the people, but we need

5 program to pressure, especially to develop role of conservation as a part of community behaviors. Contribution of the program to the government policies is very necessary. Empowering people ( customary or local resident) throughout bio-prospective and catchments area approach will well going on to forward , bring memorable change more persuasive and responsive to agreement development. Ecology and anthropology condition of LLNP is an example of challenge how conservation face to process of autonomy. War to face to importances of community nor local government and the other sectors of development, guarantee will not stop all day long before aspect legal of Law No. 5/1990 about nature conservation do not review soon. Because there are less three weakness of Law, as follows: 1. There are not consistency applications about conservation discourse, Global commitment in Stockholm derivate to regulation as a local treatment. 2. Application of item No. 37, which asked to the government to move and notice community for conservation awareness. It is an impression for repressive approach, and now very difficult as a base line approach conservation as a part of community behaviors throughout empowerment. 3. The law has a weakness of manipulation and strategy. Failure of area conservation able to be overcame by ex-situ species conservation. The remedy that until now still enough tested and could be received by resident people or customary people in a lot of meeting or dialog is application of principles of conservation, There are : nature forest is a part of ecosystem (buffer of human life), nature forest is bank of plasma (gene pool), and benefit sustainable of nature forest resources. They recognized that the principles are heritages of their ancient grandma. But it need an apology because the heritages have to revitalized. So many their heritages were degraded by human activities that appear as treat indicators of Tania Lie opinion. Relate to effort of principles of conservation development in the region throughout collaboration system for harmonizing development based environment and partial planning of the region, we need stepping approach like these: 1. Consultation to local government, province or district, for positioning conservation area or protected area, including National Park as a core of plasma of regional development based environment. This parallel to item 10 and 11 Law No. 22/1999 about Autonomy that focused governor or Head of District (Bupati) respond to care environment in his/her region. 2. Exactly, government conservation institutions in region have to change its management system, from bureaucratize management to collaborative management. 3. Together with resident people develop a participatory movement and collaborate forward to radical conservation. Its mean to applied principles of conservation as a part of

6 community behaviors; beside take an attention to conservation area position, function of habitat and the potential of endemic flora fauna. 4. Using conservation discourse as a tool for recovery selfness and developing of enlightenment, which owned by resident people.

BIO-PROSPECTIVE OBSESSION Conservation development as a part of community behaviors is a part of struggle forward to treats implication that will destroy function of LLNP area. The treats and cases founding i.e. illegal logging, illegal forest conversions to illegal cacao plantation for example, are daily materials and job of LLNP management. Nearly 80% of management volume, and the impact of this is persuasive approach of LLNP to resident people too low intensity. Never the less, the basic of collaborate management development throughout partnership LLNP Forum, slow but sure get in enlightenment together for reforming LLNP obsession as sources of bio-prospective development, that be hoped to exchange spirit of the people, destroyer to developer, especially function of LLNP sustainable beneficiaries. Bio- prospective could be an obsession, because based on legal formality and politics so many handled by government. Resident people or customary community, their daily life generation to generation accessing always to biodiversity of nature forest as a part of their culture and wisdom. They have to be recognized as prime actor and keeper of its property right and their intellectual right relate to bio-prospective aspects and be protected by ILO convention No 169, theyre involvement still need struggling. Until now, ILO convention No 169 is not ratification yet by government of Indonesia, even had been founded a new constraint in a national seminar of TRIPs-WTO for sustainable development process and biodiversity conservation in Indonesia was held in Bogor October 16 19, 2000. The constraint is Indonesia without discourse development throughout public consultation, had ratification to WTO agreement relate to intellectual right. This means, Indonesia had fell down to the position as supplier of raw materials of the product of manufacture industry or technology, that its intellectual right or patent be owned by foreigners/private of institution in development country. Indonesia position in the third world more be flat to the ground. Then I worry about quality of human resources next. Maybe ranking No. 109 under Vietnam in 2000 will be get down drastically for years after. I have impression that Indonesia by Law No. 5/ 1994 to ratification on convention of Rio relate to biodiversity have no meaningful again. So exactly, one approaching that able to enlighten and selfness are moral movement. Bioprospective can be cleared by local institution strengthening for communal activities follows Dr, Frank dedication. A stepping point for opening moral movement to bio-prospective aspect, had been done by local NGO in LLNP and around, for examples as follows:

7 1. Jambata foundation had filled opportunity to an early study about food local plantation and grows up its self in nature of LLNP, which used by resident people. This early study had collected information from 8 villages about 19 47 local variety of rice; 5 12 variety of popcorn; 11 20 species of bulbous; and plants species of vegetables including mush room 24 60 species. 2. Institution of nature lover AWAM GREEN had filled opportunity to participate throughout development research to potential of medicinal traditional flora that used by resident people in and around LLNP. Research activities from May to October 2000 for this temporary find out information about 415 kind of medicinal materials from 287 species of flora in and around LLNP. Common part of yearly flora species for traditional medicine could be divided as follows: tern 50%, rhizoid 15%, grass 15%, shrub herbal 6% and part of the trees 14%. And common usable for medicinal took from leaves (60%).

RECOMMENDATION Relate biodiversity improvement to empowering people for finding out capability of services in people welfare development and selfness, we need pro-active role of local people or customary for sustaining conservation area based co-management with conservation institution in the region. So that, we recommend: 1. Discourse relate to socio-ecology. It means there is public orientation for persuasive approach in the name of secure participatory to potential of bio-diversity. 2. A program relate to culture-anthropology. It means there is an orientation for positioning resident people or customary community as a part of ecosystem regional and not threatening to effort of nature forest sustainability. 3. Market advocating relate to bio- prospective of local flora fauna. It means there is an orientation for moral movement contribution, which develop selfness of resident/customary people and their enlightenment throughout the learning process of biodiversity management, in around and sustainable. 4. Exercise and education relate to eco-tourism. It means there are an orientation for open tourism market opportunity based synergy of social, culture and ecology. Eco-tourism promotion as a part of moral movement will take impact off the effort of participatory on area security, bio-prospective approach and anthropology. banjarlaban@yahoo.com

Palu, October 2001