METRICATION GUIDELINES FOR ASME CODES FOR PRESSURE PIPING B31

Table of Contents Topic

1. Introduction 2. Policy on Use of SI Units 3. Guidelines for Developing SI Equivalents 4 The International System of Units (SI) Table 1 - SI Prefixes 4.1 Base SI Units Table 2 - SI Base Units 4.2 Derived SI Units Table 3 - Examples of SI Derived Units 4.3 Units of Temperature Table 4 Temperature Reference Points 5. Units Conversion Factors 5.1 Conversion Factors for Commonly Used Units for Piping Table 5 - Conversion factors - Frequently Used USCS Units to SI Units Table 6 - Conversion Factors Mass Equivalents Table 7 - Conversion Factors Length Equivalents Table 8 - Conversion Factors Area Equivalents Table 9 - Conversion Factors Volume Equivalents Table 10 - Conversion Factors - Flow Rate Equivalents Table 11 - Conversion Factors Density Equivalents Table 12 - Conversion Factors Pressure Equivalents Table 13 - Conversion Factors Energy Equivalents 6. Conversion Guidelines 6.1 Size Designation of Pipe, Fittings, flanges, Valves and Other Piping Components Table 14- Size Designation for Pipe, Fittings, Flanges, Valves, etc. 6.2 Pressure-Temperature Ratings Table 15 - Class Ratings for Forged Fittings, Socket Welding and Threaded (B16.11) 6.3 Guidelines for Converting USCS Units of Length into SI Units 6.3.1 Toleranced versus Un-Toleranced Dimensions 6.3.2 Conversion of Inch Fractions Table 16-Conversion of Inch Fraction to Millimeter 6.3.3 Guidelines for Conversion of Inch Dimensions Table 17- Conversion of Most Dimensions from Inches to Millimeters 6.3.4 Guidelines for Conversion of Foot Dimensions Table 18- Conversion of Length into SI Units 6.5 Guidelines for Converting USCS Units of Temperature into SI Units 6.5.1 Converting Limiting Temperatures 6.5.2 Converting Preheat and Postweld Heat Treatment Temperatures 6.5.3 Converting Lower Critical Temperatures Table 19 - Conversion of Lower Critical Temperatures from Fahrenheit to Celsius 6.5.4 Converting Temperatures from Fahrenheit to Celsius in Allowable Stress Tables Table 20- Temperatures in Celsius to be used in Stress Tables for Ferrous Materials Table 21 -Temperatures in Celsius to be used in Stress Tables for Non-ferrous Materials 6.6 Guidelines for Converting USCS Units of Pressure into SI Units
Page

3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 7,8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 23 24 24

Table 22- Conversion of Pressure from psi to kPa or MPa 6.7 Guidelines for Converting USCS Units of Strength or Stress into SI Units 6.8 Guidelines for Converting Other Units

24 25 25

METRICATION GUIDELINES FOR ASME CODES FOR PRESSURE PIPING B31

1. Introduction
These guidelines are intended to provide an understanding of systems of units used in the United States and other countries; and establish guidance for conversion of US Customary System (USCS) of units into International System (SI) of metric units. These guidelines are intended to be applied uniformly to convert USCS units into SI metric units in all ASME B31, Code for Pressure Piping sections and standards.

2. Policy on Use of SI Units

A statement shall be provided in the Foreword in each book section as follows: Either US Customary Units or SI Units shall be used with this edition, but one system of units shall be used consistently for all Code requirements applying to an installation. Also include the following statement in the Foreword of each book section as follows: The equations in this code may be used with any consistent system of units. It is the responsibility of the organization performing the calculations to ensure that a consistent set of units is used.

3. Guidelines for Developing SI Equivalents

3.1 Either SI or USCS units may be primary. 3.2 the secondary units should be placed in parenthesis after the primary units in the text. 3.3 Separate USCS and SI tables should generally be provided if interpolation is expected. Table designation (e.g. table number) should be the same for both the US Customary and SI tables, with the addition of a letter in parenthesis for the secondary units Table. In the text, references to both tables should be made. For small tables, secondary units may be placed in parenthesis after the primary units if the result is clear and uncluttered. 3.4 Separate secondary unit versions of graphical information should be provided where adding the secondary units to existing graphical information would cause the result to be unclear or cluttered. 3.5 Conversions should be made by rounding the values to the number of significant digits of implied precision in the existing units. In each case, it will be necessary to apply a common sense test, favoring more significant digits in the secondary units if there is any question.

3.6 The equations in the codes for pressure piping are suitable for use only with either the SI or US Customary units provided in this metrication guide, or with the units provided in the nomenclature associated with that equation.

4 The International System of Units (SI)

SI units are divided into three categories of units, as follows: Base units Derived units SI units also include prefixes, which are listed in Table 1. These prefixes are used to form decimal multiples and submultiples of SI units.

Table 1 - SI Prefixes
Factor

Prefix Symbol Factor

3 8

Prefix

Symbol d c m n P f a z y

10 =(10 ) 1021=(103)7 1018= (103)6 1015=(103)5 1012= (103)4 109=(103)3 106= (103)2 103=(103)1 102 101

24

yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deka

Y Z E P T G M k h da

10 10-2 10-3=(103)-1 10-6=(103)-2 10-9=(103)-3 10-l2=(103)-4 10-15=(103)-5 10-18=(103)-6 10-21=(103)-7 10-24=(103)-8

-1

deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto

In accordance with United States and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), we shall use dot or period as the decimal marker rather than comma, used by European countries, the spellings "meter", "liter", and "deka " rather than "metre", "litre", "deca", and the name "metric ton" rather than "tonne". Henceforth, we will follow this approach, although we have done otherwise up to this point.

4. 1 Base SI Units
The following provides a definition of five base SI units. Table 2 lists the SI base units and their symbols.

Table 2 - SI Base Units

Base Quantity Length Mass Time SI Base Unit Name Symbol meter m kilogram k second s

Electric Current ampere Thermodynamic Kelvin temperature

A K

4.2 Derived SI Units

Derived units are expressed algebraically in terms of base units, or derived units. The symbols for derived units are obtained by mathematical operations of multiplication and division. Some commonly used derived units are listed in Table 3.

Table 3 - Examples of SI Derived Units

Derived Quantity SI Derived Unit Name Newton square meter cubic meter Symbol N (Kg m/s2) m2 m3 m/s
m/s2

Force Area Volume Speed, Velocity

meter per second Acceleration meter per second squared kilogram per cubic meter Mass Density Specific Volume cubic meter per kilogram

kg/m3
m3/kg

There are many more derived SI units, which are used for variety of tasks.

4.3 Units of Temperature

The most commonly used scales for measuring temperature are the Fahrenheit and Celsius (formerly Centigrade). These thermometer scales have as their base the melting and boiling points of water, both at atmospheric pressure. The relation of the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales is as follows:

Table 4 Temperature Reference Points

Temperature Scale Fahrenheit Celsius Absolute Zero - 459.6 degrees - 273. 16 degrees Freezing Point of Water Boiling Point of Water 32 degrees 0 degree 212 degrees 100 degrees

The relationship between the two scales is: Degree C = 5/9 (Degrees F - 32 ) and Degrees F = 9/5( Degrees C) + 32

Where, C is the reading on Celsius scale and F is the reading on Fahrenheit scale. In certain calculations, it is necessary to express the temperature in "absolute" units. The absolute temperature associated with Fahrenheit scale is called Rankine temperature, denoted by degree Rankine (R ) and it has the following association: Degree R = Degree F + 459.6

At times 459.6 is rounded to 460 when the accuracy of the results is not of serious concern. The absolute temperature associated with Celsius scale is termed degrees Kelvin (K) and this relationship is expressed as follows: Degrees K = Degrees C + 273.16 For sake of approximation, 273.16 is usually rounded off to 273.

5. Units Conversion Factors

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard SI 10 American National Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System provides conversion factors for converting US Customary units to SI units.

5.1 Conversion Factors for Commonly Used Units for Piping

The tables 5 through 13 provide conversion factors for various quantities associated with piping.

Table 5 - Conversion factors - Frequently Used USCS Units to SI Units

To convert Velocity Feet per second Acceleration Feet per sq second Area Square feet Energy Btu Calorie Foot pound-force Watt-hour Force Dyne Kilogram Pound-force Length Foot Mile (U.S. statute) Mass Pound Slug Ton (2000 lb)

To Meters per second Meters per sq second Square meters Joule Joule Joule Joule Newton Newton Newton Meter Meter Kilogram Kilogram Kilogram

Multiply by 0.3048 0.3048 0.09290304 1055.06 4.19002 1.355818 3600.355818 0.00001 9.80665 4.448222 0.3048 1609.344 0.4535924 14.5939 907.1847

Table 5 - Conversion factors - Frequently Used USCS Units to SI Units (continued)

To convert Power Btu per second Foot pounds per second Horsepower Pressure Atmosphere Bar Kilogram per sq cm. Pounds per sq in. Tore (mm Hg 0C) Viscosity Centipoise Pounds per foot second Volume Cubic foot Gallon (U.S. liquid) Cubic meter Cubic meter 0.02831685 0.003785412 Newton second per meter Newton second per meter 0.001 1.488164 Newtons per sq meter Newtons per sq meter Newtons per sq meter Newtons per sq meter Newtons per sq meter 101325 100000 98066.5 6894.757 133.322 Watt Watt Watt 1054.35 1.355818 746 To Multiply by

Mass Equivalents Table 6 - Conversion Factors Mass Equivalents

TO CONVERT FROM Pound (avdp) Gram Kilogram Grains

TO MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY

Pound (avdp) 1 0.0022 2.2046 1.4285E-4

Gram 453.6 1 1000 .06479

Kilogram 0.4536 0.001 1 6.4798E-5

Grains 7000 15.4324 1.54324E4 1

Length Equivalents Table 7 - Conversion Factors Length Equivalents

TO CONVERT FROM Inch Foot Mile (statute) Millimeter Centimeter Meter Kilometer TO Inch MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY 1 12 63360 0.03937 0.3937 39.3701 39,370 Foot 0.08333 1 5280 0.003281 0.032808 3.28084 3280.8 0.62137 1 1 10 1000 0.1 1 100 100,000 Mile (statute) Millimeter 25.4 304.8 Centimeter 2.54 30.48 Meter 0.0254 0.3048 1609.344 0.001 0.01 1 1000 0.001 1 1.609344 Kilometer

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Area Equivalents Table 8 - Conversion Factors Area Equivalents

TO CONVERT FROM Square inch Square foot Square millimeter Square centimeter Square meter TO MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY Square inch 1 144 0.00155 0.1550 1550.0031 0.001076 10.76391 Square foot 0.006944 1 Square millimeter 645.16 92903.04 1 100 1 E+6 Square centimeter 6.4516 929.0304 0.01 1 10,000 Square meter 0.00064516 0.09290 1 E-6 0.0001 1

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Volume Equivalents Table 9 - Conversion Factors Volume Equivalents

TO CONVERT FROM U.S. gallon Cubic inch Cubic foot Liter Cubic meter

TO MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY

U.S. gallon 1 0.004329 7.4805 0.26418 264.17

Cubic inch 231 1 1728 61.025 61023.74

Cubic foot 0.13368 0.000579 1 0.0353 35.3147

Liter 3.7853 0.0164 28.316 1 1000

Cubic Meter 0.00378 0.000016 0.02832 0.001 1

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Volumetric Flow Rate Equivalents Table 10 - Conversion Factors - Flow Rate Equivalents
TO CONVERT FROM U.S. gallons per minute Cubic feet per second Cubic meters per second Cubic meters per minute Cubic meters per hour Liter per second Liter per minute Barrel (42 gallons) per minute 0.0238 10.686 377.4 6.29 0.1048 0.3773 0.00629 Barrel (42 gallons) per day 34.286 15388 543447 9058 151 543.3 9.055

TO MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY

U.S. gallons per minute 1 448.83 15850 264.2 4.403 15.85 0.2642

Cubic feet per second 0.00223 1 35.315 0.5886 0.00982 0.0353 0.000589

Cubic meter per hour 0.2271 101.9 3600 60 1 3.6 0.06

Liter per second 0.0631 28.32 1000 16.667 0.2778 1 0.0167

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Density Equivalents Table 11 - Conversion Factors Density Equivalents

TO CONVERT FROM Grams per cubic centimeter Pounds per cubic inch Pounds per cubic foot Kilograms per cubic meter Pounds per cubic inch 0.03613 1 0.0005787 3.6128 E-5 Pounds per cubic foot 62.42806 1728 1 0.06243 Kilograms per cubic meter 1000 27679.905 16.01846 1

TO MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY

Grams per cubic centimeter 1 27.67991 0.01602 0.001

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Pressure Equivalents Table 12 - Conversion Factors Pressure Equivalents

TO CONVERT FROM
(PSI) Pounds per square inch (PSI) 1

TO
MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY

Atmosphere 0.068046

Kilograms per square centimeter 0.070307

Inches water (68F) 27.7276

Millimeters mercury (32F) 51.7149

Bar 0.068947

MegaPascal (MPa) 6.895E-3

KiloPascal (KPa) 6.8947

GigaPascal (GPa) 6.895E-6

Kips per Square Inch (KSI) 1E-3

1000 Kips per Square Inch (MSI) 1E-6

Atmosphere Kilograms per square centimeter Inches water (68F) Millimeters mercury (32F) Bar

14.696

1.03323

407.484

760

1.01325

0.101325

101.325

1.01325E-4

1.4696E-2

1.4696E-5

14.2233

0.96784

394.38

735.559

0.98067

0.098067

98.0665

9.8067E-5

1.42233E-2

1.42233E-5

0.036065

0.002454

0.00253

1.8651

0.002491

2.4908E-4

2.4908E-1

2.4908E-7

3.6065E-5

3.6065E-8

0.0193368

0.0013158

0.0013595

0.53616

1.333E-3

1.333E-4

0.1333224

1.333E-7

1.93368E-5

1.93368E-8

14.5038

0.98692

1.01972

402.156

750.062

0.1

100

1E-4

1.45038-2

1.45038-5

MPa

145.038

9.8692

10.1972

4021.56

7500.62

10

1000

1E-3

1.45038E-1

1.45038E-4

KPa

0.145038

0.0098692

0.01019716

4.02156

7.50062

.01

.001

1E-6

1.45038E-4

1.45038E-7

GPa

1.45038E5

9.8692E3

1.01972E4

4.02156E6

7.50062E6

1E4

1E3

1E6

145.038

1.45038E-1

KSI

1000

68.04596

70.30696

2.7727E4

5.17149E4

68.947

6.8947

6.8947E3

6.8947E-3

1E-3

MSI

1E6

6.80459E4

7.030696E4

2.7727E7

5.17149E7

6.8947E4

6.8947E3

6.8947E6

6.8947

1E3

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Energy Equivalents Table 13 - Conversion Factors Energy Equivalents

TO CONVERT FROM Btu* Calorie (gram)** Foot pound Horsepower hour Joule Kilowatt hour Kilogram meter

TO Btu* MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY MULTIPLY BY 1 0.00397 0.00129 2544.5 0.00095 3412.97 0.00929

Calorie (gram)** 251.8 1 0.32405 641616 0.239 860421 2.344

Foot pound 778.169 3.08596 1 1.98 E+6 0.73756 2.65 E+6 7.233

Horsepower hour 0.000393 1.56 E-6 5.05 E-7 1 3.72 E-7 1.34102 3.65 E-6

Joule 1055.06 4.184 1.35582 2.68 E+6 1 3.6 E+6 9.807

Kilowatt hour 0.000293 1.16 E-6 3.77 E-7 0.7457 2.77 E-7 1 2.72 E-6

Kilogram meter 107.586 0.426649 0.13825 273745 0.102 367098 1

*Based on 1 Btu = 778.169 ft-lb. **Based on 1 Cal = 4.1840 joules.

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6. Conversion Guidelines
This section provides guidance in converting USCS units into SI metric units with examples and associated rationale for use in ASME B31, Code Pressure Piping sections and standards.

6.2 Size Designation of Pipe, Fittings, flanges, Valves and Other Piping Components
In both the USCS and SI units systems, Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) followed by a dimensionless number, such as NPS 1 , 2, 24, 30, etc., is used to designate the size of a pipe, fitting, flange, valve, and other piping components, including connecting nozzles of pumps, vessels, tanks, etc. In some areas of the world, Diameter Nominal (DN) followed by a dimensionless number, such as DN 25, 50, 600, 750, etc. is used to designate the size of a pipe, fitting, flange, valve, and other piping components, including connecting nozzles of pumps, vessels, tanks, etc. Table 14 shows NPS and DN equivalents. B31 codes and standards should always show NPS. DN equivalents should generally be shown as well, but it is acceptable to just show the NPS values as long as a table similar to Table 14 is also provided in the code or standard.

Table 14- Size Designation for Pipe, Fittings, Flanges, Valves, etc.
Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) Diameter Nominal (DN) 1/8 6 1/4 8 3/8 10 1/2 15 3/4 20 1 25 1 1/4 32 1 1/2 40 2 50 2 1/2 65 3 80 4 100 For even sizes greater than NPS 4, DN size is obtained by multiplying NPS size designator by 25. For example NPS 6 = DN 6 X 25 = DN 150.

6.3 Pressure-Temperature Ratings

In USCS units, the pressure-temperature ratings of pipe, fittings, flanges, valves, and other components are expressed in Class followed by a dimensionless designator. Examples are: Class 25 Class 75 Class 125 Class 150 Class 250 Class 300 Class 400

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Class 600 Class 800 Class 900 Class 1500 Class 2500 Class 4500 Intermediate, limited, and Special Class ratings are also used to designate pressure-temperature ratings of components. Refer to relevant piping component standards, such as ASME B16.1, B16.5, B16.11, B16.34, etc. For pressure-temperature ratings of NPS 4 and smaller forged fittings, socket welding and threaded, see Table 15.

Table 15 - Class Ratings for Forged Fittings, Socket Welding and Threaded (ASME B16.11)
Forged Threaded Fittings Class 2000 Class 3000 Class 6000 Forged Socket Welding Fittings Class 3000 Class 6000 Class 9000

The pressure-temperature ratings are designated by Pression Nominal (PN). In some European and Asian codes and standards. Because Class ratings are not equivalent to PN ratings, it is not possible to establish a equivalency relationship between the two rating systems. ASME B16 Standards Committee has decided to use Class rating system only in all ASME B16 standards, so Class ratings should be used whenever referring to ASME and most other US based standards. When referring to standards that use PN ratings, PN ratings should be used.

6.4 Guidelines for Converting USCS Units of Length into SI Units

Dimension length may be used in many different forms to designate size, length, diameter, radius, thickness, or other parameter. Sometimes a number is used to designate size without utilization of units of length in either USCS or SI metric system of units. At times, dimension length may be subjected to established tolerances while in other cases no tolerance is applicable. Guidelines for converting dimension length take into consideration whether tolerances are applicable or not. Use of term "nominal" indicates that the stated size or dimension is only for designation, not for measurement. The actual dimension may or may not be the nominal size and may or may not be subject to established tolerances.

6.4.1 Toleranced versus Un-Toleranced Dimensions

Dimensions that have tolerances are those that are considered important for adequate fit-up and for the pressure and structural integrity of the piping components. These dimensions must be converted such that the metric dimensions are essentially the same as the USCS dimensions, and the converted tolerances ought to permit deviations from the specified dimensions that are

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functionally identical to those permitted by the USCS tolerances. Examples of toleranced dimensions include the pipe wall thickness, pipe outside diameter, etc. Dimensions that have no tolerances are those that need not have precision for fit-up and some deviations in them do not significantly affect the structural and pressure integrity of piping components. Examples of such dimensions are the flange outside diameter and the height of the flange raised face.

6.4.2 Conversion of Inch Fractions

Initially, smaller dimensions were expressed in inch fractions, such as 1/16 in., 1/8 in., etc. Later, these inch fractions were converted into decimal inches. 1/16 in. was converted to 0.0625 in. or 0.06 in. Similarly, 1/8 in. was expressed as 0.125 in. or 0.12 in. Millimeter dimensions should be converted from the initial inch fractions rather than the decimal inch dimensions. For example, 1/16 in., when converted from fraction, converts to 1 .6 mm. The decimal "equivalent" (0.06 in.) converts to 1.5 mm. 1/16 in., at times, has been converted to nearest 0.1 mm, sometimes converted to the nearest 0.5 mm, and at other times converted to the nearest 1 mm. The conversion depends on the needed precision of the measured dimension. Therefore, the millimeter equivalent for 0.06 in, is sometimes 1.6 mm, sometimes 1.5 mm, and other times 2 mm. This approach applies to conversion of other inch fractions as well. Table 16 provides the recommended conversions for inch fractions:

Table 16-Conversion of Inch Fraction to Millimeter

Inch Fraction Proposed SI Conversion 1/64 in. 0.4mm 1/32 in. 0.8mm 3/64 in. 1.2mm 1/16 in. 1.5 mm 3/32 in. 2.5 mm 1/8 in. 3 mm 5/32 in. 4mm 3/1 6 in. 5 mm 7/32 in. 5.5 mm 1/4 in. 6 mm 5/16 in. 8 mm 3/8 in. 10mm 7/16 in. 11 mm 1/2 in. 13 mm 9/1 6 in. 14 mm 5/8 in. 16mm 11/16 in. 17 mm 3/4in. 19mm 7/8 in. 22mm 1 in. 25 mm

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6.4.3 Guidelines for Conversion of Inch Dimensions

In case of nominal size or dimension, simply use even multiples of 25, and interpolate for intermediate values rather than converting and rounding to the nearest millimeter. Examples are shown in Table 26 below. This approach does not apply to nominal size of pipe or piping components designated by nominal pipe size (NPS).

Tablet 17- Conversion of Most Dimensions from Inches to Millimeters

Dimension, inches Dimension, mm 1 1 1/8 1 1/4 1 1/2 2 2 1/4 2 1/2 3 3 1/2 4 4 1/2 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 28 30 36 40 54 60 72 25 29 32 38 50 57 64 75 89 100 114 125 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 750 900 1000 1350 1500 1800

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6.4.4 Guidelines for Conversion of Foot Dimensions

Use Table 18 to convert size or length expressed in foot to meters. Rationale of rounding involves rounding to the whole number or the numbers on the right hand side of the decimal to a multiple of 0.25.

Table 18- Conversion of Length into SI Units

Size or Length, ft. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 50 100 200 Actual Converted Size or Length, m 0.3048 0.6096 0.9144 1.219 1.524 1.829 2.1336 2.438 2.7432 3.038 4.57 6.096 15.24 30.48 60.96 Rounded Size or Length, m 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.5 2.75 3.0 4.5 6.0 15.0 30.0 60.0

6.5 Guidelines for Converting USCS Units of Temperature into SI Units

In USCS of units, temperature is expressed in degrees Fahrenheit (F) while degrees Celsius are used in metric SI units. The following formula can be used to convert Fahrenheit into Celsius. Degrees Celsius = 5/9 (Degrees Fahrenheit - 32)

6.5.1 Converting Limiting Temperatures

The minimum and/or maximum temperature limits in Fahrenheit degrees for materials shall be converted to the nearest one degree Celsius. For example, Note 2 of Table A-l of ASME B31. 1-2004 Edition containing temperature of 775 F, will read "Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 413 C, the carbide phase of carbon steel may be converted to graphite." Note 12 of Table A-l of ASME B 31.1 -2004 Edition currently reads: "This is a product specification., Allowable stresses are not necessary. Limitations on metal temperature for materials covered by this specification for use under B31.1 are: Grade 1 and 2 -20 F to 600 F Grade 2H -20 F to 800 F After converting the temperature limits and rounding to the nearest degree Celsius in Note 12 reproduced above will read as follows:

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"This is a product specification., Allowable stresses are not necessary. Limitations on metal temperature for materials covered by this specification for use under B31.1 are: Grade I and 2 -29 C to 316 C Grade 2H -29 C to 427 C

6.5.2 Converting Preheat and Postweld Heat Treatment Temperatures

Preheat and postweld heat treatment (PWHT) temperatures or range of temperatures in Fahrenheit degrees shall be converted to the nearest five (5) degree Celsius.

6.5.3 Converting Lower Critical Temperatures

Lower critical temperatures in Fahrenheit degrees shall be converted to the nearest five (5) degree Celsius. Table 19 lists some examples.

Table 19 - Conversion of Lower Critical Temperatures from Fahrenheit to Celsius

Lower Critical Temperature F 1,340 1,350 1,375 1,430 1,480 1,490 1,505 Lower Critical Temperature C 725 730 745 775

805 810 820

6.5.4 Converting Temperatures from Fahrenheit to Celsius in Allowable Stress Tables

Conversion of Fahrenheit temperatures in for allowable stresses or design stress intensity tables shall not be done by using formula to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius degrees and rounding to the nearest one or five degrees. Table 20 provides listing of temperatures in Celsius that will be used in Appendix A for ferrous materials. There is no direct relationship between the Fahrenheit and Celsius temperatures listed in the two columns of the table hereunder; however, the approach is same as that followed by ASME Section II, Part D.

22

Tables 20 and 21 show the temperatures for listing the allowable stresses for ferrous and non-ferrous materials respectively. Please note that there is not a temperature for temperature conversion from Fahrenheit to Celsius. Table 20- Listing of Temperatures in Celsius to be used in Stress Tables for Ferrous Materials
Temperatures in Celsius (C) -30 to 40 65 100 125 150 200 250 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650

23

Table 21 - Listing of Temperatures in Celsius to be used in Stress Tables for Non-ferrous Materials
Temperatures in Celsius (C) -30 to 40 65 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 725 750 775 800 825 850 875

6.6 Guidelines for Converting USCS Units of Pressure into SI Units

In SI metric units, pressure may either be expressed in mega Pascals (MPa) or kilo Pascals (kPa) depending upon the magnitude of the pressure. In USCS units, pressure is expressed in pounds per square inch (psi). Table-22 provides values of pressure converted from psi to MPa and kPa. Pressure equal to and above 100 kPa has been rounded to the nearest multiple of 25.

24

In cases of jurisdictional boundaries the temperature or pressure needs to be more accurate, such as the jurisdictional boundary of 15 psi. Here the metric equivalent would be kPa rounded to one decimal place (103.4 kPa).

Table 22- Conversion of Pressure from psi to kPa or MPa

Pressure, psi 1 2 3 5 10 15 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 1,200 1,500 Pressure, kPa 6.8947 13.789 20.684 34.473 68.947 103.42 172.367 344.735 517.102 689.470 861.837 1034.2 1206.572 1378.94 1723.675 2068.41 2413.145 2757.88 3102.615 3447.35 4136.82 8273.64 10342.05 Pressure, kPa Rounded 7 15 20 35 70 100 175 350 525 700 850 1025 1200 1375 1725 2075 2425 2750 3100 3450 4150 8275 10350 Pressure, MPa Rounded --------------------1 1.2 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.75 3.1 3.4 4.1 8.3 10.3

6.7 Guidelines for Converting USCS Units of Strength or Stress into SI Units
Tensile and yield strengths of materials in SI metric units shall be those listed in the ASTM or ASME material specifications. Units for strength shall be expressed in MPa. In SI metric units, stress shall be expressed in MPa in allowable stress tables as applicable to each ASME B31 Code section.

6.8 Guidelines for Converting Other Units

Since the unit of time in USCS and SI metric systems of units is seconds, therefore, there is no need to convert it. Use seconds as currently being used. For force, Newtons (N) will replace pounds-force (lbf). For moment, Newton-meters (N-m) will replace inch-pound-force (in-lbf). For energy, Joules (J) will be used in place of foot-pound-force (ft-lbf).

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SI metric unit system has no equivalent of Brinell and Rockwell C hardness scale. Surface finish shall be expressed in micro meters in lieu of micro inch currently used in USCS system of units.

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