EXPERIEMENT#01

Study Of Model For Dynamic Response And Determination Of Stiffness of Model APPARATUS:
i) ii) Model Frame Spring Balance

RELATED THEORY: MECHANICS:

It is the branch of physical science which is concerned with the state of rest or motion when subjected to applied forces. Engineering Mechanics is further sub divided into two parts: a) Engineering Mechanics b) Engineering Dynamics

ENGINEERING MECHANICS:
It is concerned with the equilibrium of body either in rest or moving with constant velocity.

ENGINEERING DYNAMICS:
It is more related to the accelerated motion of the Body. Dynamics is treated in two ways: i) Kinematics ii) Kinetics i) KINEMATICS: It treats only with the geometric aspect of motion ii) KINETICS: Analysis of forces causing the motion

STRUCUTURAL ENGINEERING:
It is the art of using materials to build a real structure to withstand forces , so that responsibility with respect to public safety can be satisfied.

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING SPECIALITIES FOR BUILDING:

1) Earth Quake Engineering 2) Fire Engineering 3) Roof Engineering 4) Tower Engineering 5) Wind Engineering Structural engineering depends upon detailed loads, physics and material to understand and predict that how structure supports (resist self weight) and imposed loads. To apply the knowledge successfully a structural engineer will need a detailed knowledge of mathematics and relevant mathematical and empirical and theoretical designs codes. We also need to know about the corrosion resistance of materials and structures especially when those structures are exposed to external environment.

EARTH QUAKE ENGINEERING STRUCTURES:

Those engineered structures , that withstand carious types of hazardous earth quake exposures at the sites of this particular location .

OBJECTIVES OF EARTH QUAKE ENGINEERING:

i) To understand interaction of structures with shaking ground

ii) iii)

Reducing the consequences of possible earth quakes Design construct a structure that will its function when exposed to an earth quake.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS:
There are two types of structural analysis : a) Static Analysis (function of space only) b) Dynamic Analysis (Function of space and time only)

DYNAMICS ANALYSIS:
Under dynamic or time varying loads , the response of structure become a function of time and space. Dynamic Analysis is response evaluation at different time steps or intervals. It can be said that dynamic analysis is Step wise carried out Static Analysis F = m

DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF DYNAMIC LOADS:

1) Dynamic loads can be regular type of loads i.e of Sinusoidal or Harmonic Loads. 2) Dynamic loads can be highly irregular type of loads i.e Winds and Earth Quake Loads

STIFFNESS:
It is the resistance of elastic body to deformation by an applied force along a given degree of freedom (DOF) when a set of loading points and boundary conditions are prescribed on elastic body. It is an extensive material property.

EQUATION OF MOTION: P(t) = m + c + ku

P(t) = Dynamic Load M = mass of Structure C= damping coefficient = Acceleration = velocity u = Displacement

m : Inertial forces due to mass or weight of structure. It acts opposite to the direction to applied loads and keeps the structure at rest. c : Damping due to internal friction of structure & external friction with air or other medium ku : It is elastic force or restoring force. It also acts in the opposite direction of the applied force.

DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF A STRUCTURE

Dynamic response of a structure are of three types: a) Acceleration response b) Velocity response c) Displacement response

EXPERIEMENT# 02
Determination Of natural Frequency & Time Period of Free Vibratory Model Frames APPARATUS:
i) Model Frame

RELATED THEORY:
FREQUENCY: It is no. of occurrence of a repeating event per unit time . It is also referred as Temporal Frequency NATURAL FREQUENCY: It is the frequency at which a system vibrates naturally once it had been set into motion . In other words , natural frequency is the no of times a system will oscillate move back and forth between its original position and it is displaced position , if there is no outside interference . It is expressed in terms of Heartz(Hz) ANGULAR FREQUENCY: It is designated symbol . Angular Frequency is defined as Rate of change of orientation angle during rotation . It is expressed in terms of radians / sec .

n =

fn =
CYCLIC FREQUENCY:

n = natural circular frequency

fn = natural cyclic frequency

NATURAL TIME PERIOD: It is duration of cycle in a repeating event and it is reciprocal to frequency.

n T=

EXPERIEMENT#03
Determination of damping ratio and damping coefficient of model frame. APPARATUS:
i) Model Frame

RELATED THEORY:

Damping:
Rate at which motion of system decays, Damping is any effect that tends to reduce the amplitude of oscillation in an oscillatory system particularly the harmonic oscillator, generally the damped harmonic oscillator satisfy the 2nd order differential equation

Where,
0

= =

Undamped angular frequency of oscillator Damping ratio

For a mass on a spring having spring constant K and damping coefficient C

Damped natural angular frequency:

It is the frequency at which the oscillation occurs when the system is under damped (having < 1) and under free vibration with regards to the damping ratio and undamped natural angular frequency is given by the relation

Damping coefficient:
It is the measure of damping dissipated in one cycle of free vibration or forced vibration.

Damping ratio:
It is the measure of damping of a system. ( )

An ideal mass spring damper system with mass m in kg and spring constant K in N/m and viscous damper of damping coefficient C in N-sec/m is subjected to an oscillatory force.

Treating the mass as a free body and apply newton 2 nd law so, the total force on the body is Where, a x = = Acceleration in m/sec Displacement in m

Comparing Eq. (1) and (2)

System Behaviour:
The behavior of the system depends upon relative value of two fundamental parameters 1. Undamped natural frequency ( 2. Damping ratio ()
0)

The value of damping ratio determines the behavior of system.

1) Over damped ( >1):

The system returns to equilibrium without oscillations, large values of damping ratio return to equilibrium suddenly

2) Critically damped ( =1):

The system returns to equilibrium as quickly as possible without oscillating i.e often desired for the damping of a system, such as doors.

3) Under damped ( <1):

The system oscillates with slight difference of frequency and its amplitude decreases gradually to zero.