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Copyright 2003 IEEE. Reprinted from The Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE UWBST Conference
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1. INTRODUCTION
Contemporary antenna designers face a variety of interesting challenges. One is the impending widespread deployment of ultra-wideband or UWB systems. Such systems use vast expanses of bandwidth in their operation, leaving them vulnerable to whatever narrowband sources of interference might exist in their environment. A second problem is the increasing commercial demand for multi-band systems. These systems combine a variety of different narrow band operational modes in the same device: for instance, a cellular phone that can utilize cell phone frequencies around 850 MHz, as well as PCS frequencies around 1900 MHz. For economic and cosmetic reasons, it is desirable that a multi-band device be able to use a single antenna that can function at potentially widely separated narrow bands of interest. These two disparate problems have been addressed before, but in less than satisfactory fashion. For instance, other investigators have approached this goal using a genetic algorithm approach [1]. The aim of the present paper is to demonstrate how multi-banding and frequency notching can be deliberately designed into an antenna from first principles.
2. MULTI-BAND ANTENNAS
A variety of techniques have been used to create multi-band antennas. Perhaps the simplest technique is to use a tuned antenna. Such an antenna relies on a variable reactance such as a variable capacitor or variable inductance to create a resonance that makes the antenna effective over a particular narrow band of interest. Even with the advent of more sophisticated micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), tuned antennas require a
Figure 2: A typical frequency notched UWB antenna system combines a UWB element with a notch filter.
Figure 3: Combining a UWB antenna element with narrowband resonant structures can yield a frequency notched UWB antenna element.
One way to implement a frequency notched UWB antenna is to incorporate a half wave resonant structure in an antenna. A variety of implementations are possible, two of which are shown in Figure 4.
Similarly, an elliptical notch UWB antenna element has a frequency notch where the arc length L forms a half wavelength resonant structure. When the L path is a half wavelength at a particular frequency, a destructive interference takes place causing the antenna to be nonresponsive at that frequency. To evaluate this concept, the authors created a test matrix of various triangular notch and elliptical notch dipoles. The triangular notch antennas are described by the notch width angle W and the notch angle N. For instance, antenna 1030 has notch width angle W = 10 and notch angle N = 30. Similarly, the elliptical notch antennas are described as a percentage of the outer circumference. For instance, C70 has an elliptical arc length L equal to 70% of the outer circumference of the element. The theoretical notch frequency is determined by the frequency at which A+N is a half wavelength for the triangular notch dipoles. For the elliptical notch dipoles, the theoretical notch frequency is the frequency at which L is a half wavelength. Although the antennas were constructed on a Rogers RO-4003 dielectric with r = 3.38, free space propagation was assumed since the electromagnetic energy propagates predominantly in the free space around the antennas. Experimental results for the triangular notch dipoles are shown in Figure 5. Notches of 10-20 dB were achieved with fractional bandwidths of 3-8%. Measured null frequencies were generally within 10% of the theoretical prediction, but because all the members of the matrix had similar dimensions, it was difficult to distinguish between them based on frequency response.
Figure 4: A triangular notch (left) and an elliptical notch (right) geometry both incorporate a quarter wave narrowband resonant structure in a UWB antenna element. A triangular notch UWB antenna element has a frequency notch where the arc length A and the notch length N add up to form a half wavelength resonant structure. When the A + N path is a half wavelength at a particular frequency, a destructive interference takes place causing the antenna to be non-responsive at that frequency.
Figure 5: Boresight gain for a variety of triangular notch dipoles (left) and the triangular notch antenna matrix (right).
Figure 6: Boresight gain for a variety of elliptical notch dipoles (left) and the elliptical notch antenna matrix (right). Experimental results for the elliptical notch dipoles are shown in Figure 6. Notches of 20-30 dB were achieved with fractional bandwidths of around 25%. Measured null frequency was generally within 10% of the theoretical prediction. The null width is related to the path difference between the inner and outer edges of the elliptical notch. Thus a narrower gap should result in a smaller null bandwidth. Measurements are compared to theoretical predictions in Table 1. Additional details and embodiments have been described elsewhere in conjunction with a pending U.S. patent application [4]. Notch Freq (GHz): Measured Theory Delta (%) 2.44 2.52 -3.3 2.48 2.64 -6.1 2.50 2.73 -8.4 2.64 2.56 3.2 2.71 2.92 -7.2 2.20 2.37 -7.4 2.61 2.72 -3.8 3.08 2.99 2.9 3.79 4.23 -10.4 Null Null BW% Depth(dB) 2.8 9.9 6.3 15.1 8.1 17.9 3.4 12.2 13.2 24.8 24.1 29.4 25.1 22.5 25.5 23.3 25.0 17.5
5. CONCLUSIONS
In short, it is often desirable to have a single UWB antenna with a notched frequency response. Such an antenna could offer multi-band narrowband coverage, as well as an ultra-wideband response with particular narrow bands notched out. In general, performance of a UWB system deteriorates with increasing number of spectral notches, but a system designer may be able to accept one or perhaps two as part of an overall compatibility and interference strategy. The examples shown in the present paper show two of the many ways in which one can introduce a narrowband resonance in an ultra-wideband antenna so as to create a desired frequency notching behavior.
Antenna 1015 1030 1530 530 1060 C90 C80 C70 C60
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The work presented in this paper was performed while the authors were employed by the Time Domain Corporation. The cooperation and assistance of the Time Domain Corporation are gratefully acknowledged.
7. REFERENCES
[1] A. Kerkhoff & H. Ling, Design of a Planar Monopole Antenna for Use With Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Having a Band-Notched Characteristic, IEEE APS 2003. [2] H. Schantz, Radiation Efficiency of UWB Antennas IEEE UWBST 2002. [3] H. Schantz, Planar Elliptical Element Ultra-Wideband Dipole Antennas IEEE APS 2002. [4] H. Schantz & G. Wolenec, Ultra-Wideband Antenna Having Frequency Selectivity, U.S. Patent Application Publication US 2003/0090436 A1.