TS DR

RECYCLING CENTRE
AD1 DESIGN REPORT
TOMMY JAE WUK SHIN 1027539
AD1 BRIEF
Future Christchurch Camia Young with Jordan Saunders When looking at the history of architecture in Christchurch there are three primary factors that stand out as influential the latest styles imported from abroad, available construction technologies, and accessibility of materials. A Christchurch faces the task of rebuilding, these same three factors will influence the citys architecture, but because we live in a different age, the global trends, technologies and access to materials have changed. Because materials are at the core of innovation, the students started their research by choosing a locally available resource. They became familiar with its properties and developed a rigorous formal investigation using their chosen resources as the basis. Following on the students developed an architectural response derived from their research and explored this through the use of computer aided design techniques.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION A straight forward definition of what it means to act sustainably triggered this design project that is: take what we need to live now without jeopardizing the potential for people in the future to meet their needs. Construction materials demand a great deal from our natural resources. The rate at which the world is using raw materials, such as cement, steel and wood, is increasing globally and in New Zealand. The consequence of this process of manufacturing natural resources and turning them into construction materials causes significant pollution and energy use. I found that one of the possible ways to reduce the overall energy consumption and pollution is to look at the life span of construction materials. There is a one-way life cycle of most building materials in New Zealand, first they are extracted as raw materials, then manufactured into building materials, then used for a building, but once the building no longer serves a purpose, the building is demolished and the materials often end up in a landfill. This one-way life cycle has several consequences including filling landfills and triggering further natural resource extraction. I discovered through my research that construction and demolition waste is responsible for more than a quarter of the total waste in landfills in the world. To address this problem my proposed building uses recycled construction materials. Through this proposal I aim to end the one-way life cycle of construction materials and turn it instead into a loop by adopting recycling and reuse methods. By adopting this proposal and using these building methods, it would reduce energy use by reducing the demand for new materials made from raw resources, it would reduce the waste in landfills by reusing and recycling construction materials, and ultimately it would save natural resources for future generations. Christchurch will soon be in a major rebuilding process, but currently there is a great deal of demolition in progress. This proposal is very appropriate for this situation, where there is a massive amount of material waste created due to the on going demolition. Through this proposal I aim to show how recycled materials could be used in future buildings. The program for the building is a recycling centre which includes education, administration and a recycling plant. The building is designed as a showcase for the use of material waste and aims to promote recycling materials. A key driver for this project is to minimize impact on the environment through the proposed architecture. A range of demolished construction materials were used in this proposed building including concrete debris and recycled timber. The overall architectural response and experience is to expose and promote the many ways of recycling different materials.
RESEARCH: CONCRETE&ENVIRONMENT
Page 5
MATERIAL INVESTIGATION: RECYCLING
Page 18
DESIGN PROPOSAL
Page 39
ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE
Page 49
GLOSSARY AND REFERENCE
Page 69
TABLE OF CONTENT
CONCRETE | RECYCLING CENTRE
Tommy Jae Wuk Shin
6.0 C O N C R E T E & E N V I R O N M E N T
Definition:
The word Concrete comes from the latin word concretus (meaning compact or condensed), the perfect passive participle of concrescere, from con. (together) and crescere (to grow).
Tommy Jae Wuk Shin
What is Concrete?
Concrete is a mixture of cement, water, aggregate (fine and coarse) and admixture. +
Water Cement
CONCRETE AND ITS COMPONENT
+
Aggregates
+
(Admixture)
=
Concrete
Chemical Substance
Binder
Filler
Accelerator
H20
Proportions:
100%
W:C ratio 0.50- Exposed to freezing & thawning. 0.45- Sulphate Conditions 14-21% Higher Quality concrete. 7-15% Smoother surface, easy to place however, resuting concrete will shrink & be less economical Difficult to place, rough & porous 60-80% Keep Cost Low
Quantity depends on type of Admixture
6-8%
Water (W)
Cement (C)
Aggregates
Air
Proportions Graph
Process of Mixing:
Water
+
Cement
=
Paste Paste
+
Aggregates
=
Synthetic Conglomerate
+
Admixtures
Chemical Reaction Hydration Process of hardening and gaining stength
added to the concrete to give it certain charachteristics not obtainable with plain concrete mixes.
Variables affecting Concrete Strength:
Strength of concrete
Quality of paste
Ratio of Water:Cement (W:C)
Workability
Less Water results in a stronger concrete mix. Less water is achievable if there is proper curing, placing & consolidating.
Ability of fresh (plastic) concrete mix to fill the form/mould properly with the desired work (vibration) and without reducing the concretes quality.Timimg is critical
T O M M Y
N C | RECYCLING CENTRE R E T CONCRETE

M OTommy N A
F Jae Wuk Shin A R
CEMENT
What is Cement?
Cement is a material component of concrete. It is classified the chemically active component, but its reactivity is only brought into effect when mixed with water.This reaction is called hydration Cement is a mixture of proportioned and finely interground mixture of portland cement clinker and a small amount of certain substances such as lime, magnesia, (Gypsum)calcium sulphate, etc.
+
Fine Cement Clinker
+
Substances
=
Cement
Chemical Composition:
Portland cement clinker is made up of four major compounds: Tricalcium Silicate (C3S), Dicalcium Silicate (C2S), Tricalcium Aluminate (C3A) and Tetra Calcium Aluminate (C4AF). A small quantity of other substances such as Lime (CaO), Magnesia (MgO), Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4), Silica (SiO2 ), Alumina (Al2O3), Iron Oxide (Fe2O3), Sulphur Trioxide (SO3), Alkaliks (Na2O + K2O) are also added.
Major Compounds of Cement Clinker:

C 3S
Percentage of Cement Composition:

(%) 100 80 60
Percentage by Weight in Cement:

(%) 100 80 60 40 20 Compounds 0 Compounds
C 2S
C3 A
C4AF
+ Added Substances:
CaO SO3
+ +
MgO
CaSO4
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
40 20 0
Na2O + K2O
Performance of Compounds:
The Silicates C3S and C2S are the main components responsible for the strength of the cement. C3A is the least stable, where cement containing more than 10 % is prone to Sulphate attack which, causes an overall loss in strength. C4AF is of less importance than the other componets. It does not have a significant effect on the behaviour. However, it can increase the rate of hydration of the silicates. The added substances CaO, MgO and CaSO4 should not exist in excess quantities as they may expand on hydration or react with other substances in the aggregate and cause the concrete to disintegrate. These compounds affect the speed and time of hydration, as well as the strength developmen of the concrete.
Cement Hydration:
a a b
Unhydrated cement particles Cement Gel C 3S C2S C 3A
Speed of Hydration
Quick Slow Very Quick Very Slow C 2S C 3S
Time of Hydration/ Strength Development

7 days Develops early Strength Slow 1 Day 7 days + Contributes to development in strength after 7 days After 24 hours Contribution to Strength is almost 0
Capilary Pores and Cavities c d c a)Immediatley after mixing b)Reaction around particles - ealry stiffening c)Formation of skeletal Structure- first hardening d)Gel infiling - later hardening
C4AF
C 3A
C4AF
Insignificant time of hydration and strength development. More than 10% C3A makes cement prone to CaSO4 attack.
Tommy Jae Wuk Shin
Concrete & living
Concrete is the second most consumed substance on earth, after water.
CONCRETE AND ENVIRONMENT
#1
#2
Average consumption of concrete is about 1 ton per year per every living human being.
1t
/ Year
Ingredients of finished concrete
As with any building product, production of concrete and its ingredients does require energy that in turn results in the generation of carbon dioxide.
6%
Air
18%
Water
Aggregate
66%
Cement
10%
Typical composition of hydraulic cement concrete
Sustainability & New Zealand
The importance of sustainable development is currently dominating headlines, and as a concept is frequently defined as the practice of meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The quest for sustainability has been compared with New Zealands nuclear free stance in the 1980s, and politicians have been enthusiastically pledging their support to make New Zealand the first nation to be truly sustainable. There is no question that sustainable development has been adopted as the philosophy to direct New Zealands way forward, and as a means to find solutions that provide the best economic, social and environmental outcomes.
T O M M Y
CONCRETE | RECYCLING CENTRE M O N A
Tommy Jae Wuk Shin A H F A R
CO2 emissions during concrete manufacture
CO2 EMISSIONS DURING CONCRETE PRODUCTION
The basic constituents of concrete are cement, water and aggregates. During the manufacturing of concrete, considerable amount of carbon dioxide emissions occurs.
Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Admixtures Production Diesel Fuel Fine Aggregates Production
LPG Fuel
Cement Production Unexploited Resources Fly Ash Processing
Transport of Raw Materials to Concrete Batching Plants
Concrete Production
Transport of Concrete to Construction Site
Placement (Pumpin g) of Concrete on Site
One Cubic Meter of Concrete in Structure
GGBFS Processing
Electricity
Coarse Aggregates Production
Explosives
Carbon dioxide within concrete production diagram
10
T O M M Y
Tommy Jae Wuk ShinA H F A R
Main CO2 contributer among concrete ingredients
CO2 EMISSIONS AND CONCRETE
Water, sand, aggregates and other ingredients make up about 90% of the concrete mixture by weight. The process of mining sand and gravel, crushing stone, combining the materials in a concrete plant and transporting concrete to the construction site requires very little energy and therefore only emits a relatively small amount of carbon dioxide. The amount of caonbon dioxide embodied in concrete are mainly from cement production.
from manufacturing aggregates
20%
from manufacturing cement
80%
Proportion of the total carbon dioxide emission embeded within finished concrete
The cement industry is responsible for 5% of total global carbon dioxide emission.
14%
Other sectors
5%
Manufacturing Cement
17%
5%
Road transport Energy Industry
18%
6%
Heat and Power Non-road transport
35%
Global carbon dioxide emission by sectors
Difference between concrete & cement
The primary difference between concrete and cement is that concrete is a composite material made of water, aggregate, and cement. Cement is a very fine powder made of limestone and other minerals, which absorbs water and acts as a binder to hold the concrete together. While cement is a construction material in its own right, concrete cannot be made without cement. The two terms often are incorrectly used interchangeably, but concrete and cement are distinctly separate products.
11
T O M M Y
Tommy Jae Wuk A R A H F Shin
2006 low
2015 high low
2030 high low
2050 high
Production (Mt cement)
commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur.
Consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
4 000
Other OECD Europe OECD Paci c China India Economies in transition Other developing Asia
3 000
6.0 C O N C R E T enim ad minim veniam, quis O N M E N T Ut E & E N V I R

Production (Mt cement) Production (Mt cement)
2 000
300 200
300 200 100 0 2006 2015 2030 2050
300 200 100
300 200 100 2030 2050
2006 300 300

200 200 100 100
300 200
2015 high low
2030 300 300

200 200
300 200
2050 low high
nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea European This map and figures show Global cement commodo consequat.Union 25 aute estimated cement productionDuis for production & future irure dolor2030 and 2050, 2006, 2015, in reprehenderit in trend voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur.
400 100 0 2006 2015 2030 2050
1 000
Canada and United States Other OECD Europe Other OECD Europe OECD Paci c in transition Economies Economies in transition
400 400 400
Latin America
Canada and United States

400
OECD Paci c
400
European Union 25
400
0 0 Regional cement production: 2050 2006 2015 2030 2006 2015
2006, 2015, 2030 and 2050
0 0 Regional0cement production: 2006 2015 2030 2030 2050 2006 2006 2015 2015 2030 2050
2006, 2015, 2030 and 2050
Consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla Economies in transition Other OECD Europe Latin America pariatur. OECD Paci c
Production (Mt cement) Production (Mt cement) Production (Mt cement) 400 300 200 400 400 300 200 100 0 2030 2006 2015 2050 Production (Mt cement) 400 300 200 100 2006 0 2015 2006 2015 300 200 100 0 2050 2006 2030
Other OECD Europe

Production (Mt cement) 400 300 200 100 0 2006 2015
Economies in transition European Union 25 Canada and United States 400

Production (Mt cement) Production (Mt cement) 400 300 200 100 2050 0 2006 300 200 100 0 2030 400 300 200 100 2050 0 2006 2015 2030 2050
100
2030
2006
2015
2030
2030
2015
2030
2050
2006
2015
2030
2050
2015
2050
2050 high demand scenario low demand scenario
high demand scenario
cement production: 15, 2030 and 2050
Other OECD Europe

Production (Mt cement) 400 300 200 100 0 2006 2015 2030 2050
5 000
Economies in transition
Production (Mt cement) 400 300 200 100
Latin America
Production (Mt cement) 400 300 200 100 0 2006 2015 2030 2050
Africa & Middle East

800
ement production: 5, 2030 and 2050
Regional cement production: 2006, 2015, 2030 and 2050
Global cement production: 0 2006,2015 20302030 and 2050 2015, 2050 2006
high demand scenario low demand scenario Canada and United Stat es European Union 25 Other OECD Europe OECD Paci c China India Economies in transition Other developing Asia
600
180 160 140 120 10 0 80 60 40 20 0
180 160 140 120 10 0 80 60 40 20 0
Africa and Middle East
LatinLatin Am
400 300 200 100
400 400
400
low
high
00
100 5 000 2050 4 000
100 100
100 0 high demand scenario2030 2050 2006 2015 2015 2030 2030 2006 2006 2015 2050 2050 low demand scenario
China and United States Canada

European Union 25
1 800
Other OECD Europe OECD Paci c

1 600 China
3 000
India 2 000
1 400
Economies in transition Other developing Asia
1 000
Latin America Africa and Middle East 0 2006 low 2015 high low 2030 high low 2050 high
1 000 1 200
Latin America
Production (Mt cement) 400 300 200 100 0
400 600 800
180 160 140 120 10 0 80 60 40 20 0
400
300
200
100
0 200
high d
low de
200
India
800
low demand scenario
2006
2015
2030
2050
600
400
200
2006
2015
2030
2050
Other developing Asia

800
high demand scenario low demand scenario

400
European Union 25
Production (Mt cement) 400

400
600
OECD Paci c
Production (Mt cement) 400 300 200 100 0
etur adipisicing elit, sed od tempor incididunt ut dolore magna aliqua.
4 000
400 300
3 000
300 200
Africa and Middle East 0 2006 low 2015 high low 2030 high low 2050 high
ad minim veniam, quis exercitation ullamco si ut aliquip ex ea o consequat. Duis aute or in reprehenderit in e velit esse cillum dolore nulla pariatur.
2 000
European Union 25
400 300 200 100 0 2006 2015 2030
200

100
2006 2015 2030
200 200 100

0 0
OECD Paci c
400
1 000
Latin America
400 2050 300 200 100 0
2006
2015
2030
2050
20062006 2015 2015 2030 2030 2050 2050
2006
300 200 100 0
2050 12
2006
2015
2030
2050
T O M M Y
2006
CONCRETE | RECYCLING CENTRE C M O N A

2015 2030 2050
180 160 140 120 10 R E T E 80 Tommy Jae Wuk Shin

2015 2030 2050
F A R A H
Global cement productin trend
Unit: million tons
Global cement production trend

3060 2860
2810 2610 2350 2190 2020 1660 1750 1850
1185
1291 1123
1370
1445
1493
1547
1540
1600
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
(Sourec: U.S geological survey)
Regional cement production & CO2

Unit: million tons
420
372
Regional cement production & CO2 emission in 1994

Cement volume CO2 volume
180 129 150 105

120
105
111
95
88
78
101
80
97
71
62
60
41
33
China
Europe
OECD Paci c
Other Asia
Middle East
North America
EE/FSU
Latin America
India
Africa
(Source:Cambureau)
13
T O M M Y
CONCRETE C R | RECYCLING CENTRE E T E M O N A
Tommy Jae Wuk R A H F A Shin
New Zealand cement production trend
Unit: thousand tons

1200 1080
950 1100 1120 1050
1200
1200
974
976
900
800
950
960
950
950
1000
576
579
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
(Sourec: IPCC/USGS)
NZ cement market sectors

New Zealand cement market sectors in 1994
7%
Masonry
10%
Precast 2% Pipes and tiles
19%
Merchant bags
62%
Ready mixed concrete
14
T O M M Y
Embodied CO2 from cement production
EMBODIED CO2 FROM CEMENT PRODUCTION
Cement manufacturing releases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere both directly when calcium carbonate is heated, producing lime and carbon dioxide, and also indirectly through the use of energy if its production involves the emission of carbon dioxide. The cement industry produces about 5% of global man-made carbon dioxide emissions, of which 50% is from the chemical process, and 40% from burning fuel. The amount of carbon dioxide emitted by the cement industry is nearly 900 kg of carbon dioxide for every 1000 kg of cement produced.
Typical manufacturing process of concrete

9 8
Blending
10 the cement silo

Cement grinding
Storing in
Golden bay cement plant, which is located at Portland near Whangarei, produced 522,169tons (approximately 55% of national production in 1993)
7 6
Cooling and storing
5 4
Quarries
Clinker production in the rotary kiln Precalcining
Preheating
3 2 Crushing
Prehomogenization and raw meal grinding
Holcim cement plant, which is located near Westport, produced 402,000 tons (approximately 43% of national production in 1993)
Quarrying raw materials
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T O M M Y
Reduction of CO2
REDUCTION OF CO2 EMISSION
The primary options for reducing the quantity of carbon dioxide generated during cement manufacturing process are to use alternatives to fossil fuels, change the raw ingredients used in manufacture and intergrind additional materials with the clinker.
Using byproducts such as fly ash, blast furnace slag and silica fume to supplement a portion of the cement used in concrete. These industrial products, which would otherwise end up in landfills, are called supplementary cementitious materials or SCMs for short. The use of SCMs in concrete work in combination with portland cement to improve strength and durability in addition to reducing the carbon dioxide embodied in concrete by as much as 70%, with typical value ranging between 15 and 40%.
Fly ash is the waste byproduct of burning coal in electrical power plants. Generally, 15% to 20% of burned coal takes the form of fly ash. At one time, most fly ash was landfilled, but today a significant portion is used in concrete.
Blast furnace slag is the waste byproduct of iron manufacture. After quenching and grinding, the blast furnace slag takes on much higher value as a supplementary cementitious material for concrete. Blast furnace slag is used as a partial replacement for cement to impart added strength and durability to concrete.
Silica fume is a waste byproduct of processing quartz into silicon or ferro-silocon metals in an electric arc furnace. Silica fume consists of superfine, spherical particles that when combined with cement significantly increases strength and durability of concrete. It is used for some high-rise buildings to produce concretes which exceed 140MPa compressive strength and in bridge and parking garage construction to help keep chlorides from deicing salts from corroding steel reinforcement.
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T O M M Y
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH PHASE
Global cement production trend

Unit: million tons
6%
Air from manufacturing aggregates
20%
3060
2810 2610
2860
18%
Water
Heat and power

2020 1660 1750 1850
35%
2350 2190
#1
1t
Non-road transport
1185
1291 1123
1370
1445
1493
1547
1540
1600
6%
Aggregate
66%
1t
#2 per year
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
from manufacturing cement
80%
produce
Road transport
18%
Energy industry
5%

Unit: thousand tons
1t
1200
1200
1200
Manufacturing
900
950
17%
1080 974
976 950
1100
1120 1050
960
950
950
1000
Cement
576 579
5%
800
Cement
10%
Other sectors
14%
Typical composition of hydraulic cement concrete
Concrete is the second most consumed substance on earth, after water.
Average consumption of concrete is about 1 ton per year per every living human being.
Proportion of the total carbon dioxide emission embeded within finished concrete.
Carbon dioxide emission from cement production. 1 ton of cement production emits 1 ton of carbon dioxide.
Global carbon dioxide emission by sectors
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
CONCRETE AND THE ENVIRONMENT
CEMENT PRODUCTION TREND IN NEW ZEALAND
C
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T O M M Y
M O N A F A R A H CONCRETE | RECYCLING CENTRE
Tommy Jae Wuk Shin
18
Tommy Jae Wuk Shin
9.0 R E C Y C L I N G
Reason for recycling
REASON AND BENEFITS OF RECYCLING
The life cycle of a buliding used to be a one-way street. Building materials were extracted and used to manufacture building products, and once the building reached the end of its useful life and was demolished, the materials were buried in a landfill or incinerated. Societal and economic factors require that todays building life cycle be circular, with the loop completed to the largest extent possible by reusing demolition materials to manufacture new products.
Resource extration
Resource extration
Disposal
Manufacturing
Recycling
Manufacturing
Demolition
Construction
Demolition
Construction
Use/Occupancy
Use/Occupancy
Existing one way building life cycle Some key benefits of recycling concrete include:
Desired closed loop building life cycle
Substitution for virgin resources and reduction in associated environmental costs of natural resource exploitation Reduced transportation costs: concrete can often be recycled on demolition or construction sites or close to urban areas where it will be reused Reduced disposal costs as landfi ll taxes and tip fees can be avoided Good performance for some applications due to good compaction and density properties (for example, as road sub-base) In some instances, employment opportunities arise in the recycling industry that would not otherwise exist in other sectors
19
T O M M Y
Myths and reality about concrete recycling
FACTS OF CONCRETE RECYCLING
Myths Concrete cannot be recycled
Reality Although concrete is not broken down into its constituent parts, it can be recovered and crushed for reuse as aggregate (for use in ready-mix concrete or other applications) or it can be recycled through the cement manufacturing process in controlled amounts, either as an alternative raw material to produce clinker or as an additional component when grinding clinker, gypsum and other additives to cement.
Recycled concrete aggregate cannot be used for structural concrete
It is generally accepted that about 20% (or more) of aggregate content can be replaced by recycled concrete for structural applications.
Although some concrete can be recycled it is not possible to achieve high rate Concrete can be 100% made by recycling old concrete
Countries such as the Netherlands and Japan achieve near complete recovery of waste concrete.
Current technology means that recovered concrete can be used as aggregate in new concrete but (1) new cement is always needed and (2) in most applications only a portion of recycled aggregate content can be used (regulations often limit content as do physical properties, particularly for structural concrete).
Recycling concrete will reduce greenhouse gases and the carbon footprint Recycling concrete into low-grade aggregate is down-cycling and is environmentally not the best solution
Most greenhouse gas emissions from concrete production occur during the production of cement. Less-significant savings may be made if transportation needs for aggregates can be reduced by recycling.
A full lifecycle assessment should be undertaken. Sometimes low-grade use is the most sustainable solution as it diverts other resources from the project and uses minimal energy in processing. That is not to say more refined uses might not also suit a situation.
Recycled aggregate is more expensive
This depends on local conditions (including transportation costs).
20
T O M M Y
C R | RECYCLING CENTRE E T E CONCRETE

M O N A
Tommy Jae Wuk Shin
F A R A H
Truth and rationale of concrete recycling
TRUTH AND RATIONALE OF CONCRETE RECYCLING
Truth Cement cannot be recycled
Rationale Once cement clinker is made, the process is irreversible. No commercially viable processes exist to recycle cement.
Demolition concrete is inert
Compared to other wastes, concrete is relatively inert and does not usually require special treatment.
Recycled concrete can be better than virgin aggregates for some applications
The physical properties of coarse aggregates made from crushed demolition concrete make it the preferred material for applications such as road base and sub-base. This is because recycled aggregates often have better compaction properties and require less cement for sub-base uses. Furthermore, it is generally cheaper to obtain than virgin material.
Using recycled aggregate reduces land-use impact
By using recycled aggregates in place of virgin materials (1) less landfill is generated and (2) fewer natural resources are extracted.
Recycling all construction and demolition waste (C&DW) will not meet market needs for aggregate
Even near complete recovery of concrete from C&DW will only supply about 20% of total aggregate needs in the developed world.
Figures are not complete for recovery rates
Data are often not available. When data are available different methods of counting make cross-country comparisons difficult.
21
T O M M Y
Concrete recycling process
CONCRETE RECYCLING PROCESS
Mobile sorters and crushers are often installed on construction sites to allow on-site processing. In other situations, specific processing sites are established, which are usually able to produce higher quality aggregate. Sometimes machines incorporate air knives to remove lighter materials such as wood, joint sealants and plastics. Magnet and mechanical processes are used to extract steel, which is then recycled.
Recyling process types For direct reuse without treatment
Mobile treatment on-site and use material on-site
Stationary treatment at centralized treatment plant and sale of different products to different construction companies
22
T O M M Y
Mobile recycling facility
Demolition Feeder Presieve, 15mm Jaw breaker Crushed aggregate Simple base material e.g. simple roads, parking lot
TYPES OF RECYCLING FACILITY
Soil and fine grains
Simple filling e.g. landscaping
Flowchart of simple mobile recycling facility
(Source: Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit)
Stationary recycling facility
Demolition Entrance control Stockpile Sieve, 15 mm Jaw breaker Manual crushing

of oversized parts
discharge < 60 mm
Magnetic sep. Picking belt Sieve, 22 mm Product 1

0/15 mm
Iron scrap
Non-ferrous metal Waste
Product 2
22/60 mm
Product 3
0/22mm
Engineering fill
Civil engineering e.g. sub-base
Civil engineering e.g. sub-base
Landfill
Recycling industry
(Source: Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit)
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T O M M Y
Guiding principles of construction & demolition waste management
GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF CONSTURCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE MANAGEMENT
Avoidance
Reuse
Door frames, pipes, windows, beams and etc
Increasing sustainability Recycling Aggregate, steel, wood and etc
Landfill
Sustainability ranking of recycling method
Transportation to plant
Energy (fossil fuel and electricity)
Delivery to destination
Reuse original form on site Reuse original form on the other site Mobile recycling and use it on site Mobile recycling and use it on the other site
Treatment plant recycling
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T O M M Y
Recycled concrete applications
(after mobile or plant treatment)
1.Concrete road 2.Bituminous road 3.Hydraulically bound road 4.Ground improvement 5.Earthworks - Embankments 6.Earthworks - Cuttings 7.Shallow foundation
8.Deep foundation 9.Utilities 10.Utilities - reinstatement in roads 11.Concrete sub-structure 12.Concrete structure 13.Building - industrial 14.Building - residential
(Source: WRAP)
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T O M M Y
Recycled concrete applications
(after mobile or plant treatment)
Building - industrial
5. Blinding concrete
Product Notes Unreinforced concrete RCA may be used to replace up to 100% of the coarse aggregate.
6. Slab
Product Notes Reinforced concrete RCA may be used to replace 20% of the coarse aggregate.
7. Fill to foundations
Product Notes Granular material A wide range of recycled and secondary materials may be appropriate, such as RCA and RA, to replace 100% of the material.
8. Precast concrete drainage pipes and manhole units 1. Precast concrete staircase
Product Notes Reinforced concrete RCA may be used where properties and performance have been established by the manufacturer. Recyclied material allowed in the coarse aggregate is 20%. Product Notes Concrete pipes and manhole units RCA may be used where properties and performance have been established by the manufacturer.
9. General industrial floor

2. Heavy duty industrial floor

10. Concrete column

3. Wall
11. Precast concrete structural beam

Product Notes Concrete beam RCA may be used where properties and performance have been established by the manufacturer.
4. Foundations
Product Notes Reinforced concrete RCA may be used to replace 20% of the coarse aggregate. Product Notes
12. Concrete floor for light foot and trolley traffic

Reinforced concrete RCA may be used to replace 20% of the coarse aggregate.
(Source: WRAP)
26
T O M M Y
Concrete reuse applications
CONCRETE REUSE APPLICATIONS
Sculpture
Sculpture
Landscape
Landscape
Plantation
Sculpture
Furniture
Furniture
Furniture
Furniture
Furniture
Construction (filling)
Construction (embeding)
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape
27
T O M M Y
(Gabion wall)
CONCRETE REUSE APPLICATIONS (GABION WALLS)
28
T O M M Y
(Architecture with gabion system)
PRECEDENCE OF GABION WALL SYSTEM
Domus winery
Villanueva public library
Furniture
ETC
29
T O M M Y
CONCRETE REUSE APPLICATIONS (HESCO SYSTEM)
30
T O M M Y
Concrete reuse application case studies
Resin + RCA
CONCRETE REUSE APPLICATION CASE STUDY
Note
Resin can bind raw RCA (recycled concrete aggregate) and create space between aggregates at the same time. By creating space, light can penetrate through. This has a potential to be used as partition wall.
Mixed in gap
Note
By filling gap with RCA, it creates visual contrast between finished concrete and RCA.
31
T O M M Y
Gabion
Note
Gabions are cages,cylinders, or boxes filled with soil, sand or aggregates. Gabions have been used in various applications. This has a potential to be used as wall (e.g Dominus estate winery by Herzog & De Meuron). Benefits of gabion system are
Monolithic : distributes forces across the wall Flexible : can deform and still maintain its function Permeable : high voids prevent hydrostatic pressure development Durable : advanced coating technology to achieve design life Versatile : easy to shape to match the local site conditions Environmentally friendly : built using stone and aggregate that can form part of the ecosystem.
32
T O M M Y
Use demolished concrete pieces as part of concrete
Note
Demolished concrete pieces can be used for another concrete structure such as wall. By placing raw demolished concrete within new concrete construction, it creates contrast between old and new. Also it displays how the recycled concrete can be reused in new structure.
33
T O M M Y
Considered design for future reuse
Considering recycling at the time a building is designed improves the chances of closed loop constructoin as introduced earlier.
CONSIDERED DESIGN FOR FUTURE REUSE
Resource extration
Disposal
Recycling
Manufacturing
The benefits are two-fold: eventual C&DW is minimized and the demand for new materials for a future project is reduced. Designs should consider ways to maximize possibilities for reuse, or at least possibilities for recycling of the structure and its components. As a first step, designs that allow for eventual adaptation or renovation of a structure can allow partial replacements that lengthen the ultimate life of the building. Keeping components separate or separable is key for component reuse or recycling. Evaluation of any possible contamination issues is also relevant. One of the most important characteristics of concrete is its durability. The best design for deconstruction for concrete is to allow for on-site reuse: concrete can be an ideal building material as buildings made with concrete can be adapted and renovated for future use for many decades.
Demolition
Construction
Use/Occupancy
In situ and pre-cast concrete materials both play a role in design for future reuse plans. In situ concrete is sometimes mistakenly believed to have few reuse or recovery possibilities. However, buildings with post-tensioned slabs can be reused and altered as required. If the building is demolished, having a record or tag on the concrete detailing its components may aid in possible future recycling. Sometimes designs note that this is downcycling as the recycled concrete aggregate is used for projects such as road sub-base. However, as noted elsewhere, the best overall environmental solution does not necessarily require refined reprocessing and a closed loop material use can still be achieved.
Pre-cast designs should consider the use of precast slabs that can be dismantled and reused. It may be that fillers such as polystyrene should not be used to avoid hampering later recycling efforts.
34
T O M M Y
Building structure involving recycled concrete
Paving system
BUILDING STRUCTURE INVOLVING RECYCLED CONCRETE
Recycled concrete (within soil)
Recycled concrete (within cement)
Foundation system
In-situ concrete foundation
Gabion foundation
Wall system
In-situ concrete wall
Precast concrete wall
Gabion wall
Roof system
In-situ concrete roof
Precast concrete roof
Concrete debris within concrete
35
T O M M Y
Conclusion
CONCLUSION
Throughout this research, it was found that recycling concrete has two main advantages. Firstly, it reduces the use of new virgin aggregate and the associated environmental costs of exploitation and transportation. Secondly, it reduces unnecessary landfill of valuable materials that can be recovered and redeployed. There is, however, no appreciable impact on reducing the carbon footprint apart from emissions reductions from transportation. The main source of carbon emissions in concrete is in cement production. The cement content in concrete cannot be viably separated and reused or recycled into new cement and thus carbon reduction cannot be achieved by recycling concrete. Therefore it is required for us to avoid cement use when possible.
Proposal to achieve carbon reduction within the context of this research (when design) Making considered design for future recycle and reuse of its parts Try to avoid using cement whenever possible Try to recycled concrete whenever possible Try to avoid in-situ concrete to keep components separate so each components can be reused or recycled (e.g modular system) Proposal to achieve carbon reduction within the context of this research (when recycling) Try to recycle and reuse material on site Try to avoid using cement whenever possible When using recycled concrete the best option is to use it without any treatment and the least desired option is to use recycling plant treated concrete aggregates. However it is still better for environment than using virgin aggregates.
36
T O M M Y
0.0 S I T E
C O N T E X T
SUMMARY OF MATERIAL INVESTIGATION PHASE
Resource extration
Resource extration
Disposal
Manufacturing
Recycle / Reuse
Manufacturing
Reuse/recycle material during construction
Close the loop of material life cycle
Demolition
Construction
Demolition
Construction
Minimizing pollution
Prevent filling landfill
Use/Occupancy
Use/Occupancy
Increase future raw material availability
Prevent Carbon dioxide emission
Existing one way building life cycle LIFE CYCLE OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
Desired closed loop building life cycle BENEFITS OF REUSE/RECYCLING MATERIAL
This project relies on recycled construction materials, and aim s to close the loop of construction waste by reusing and recycling otherwise wasted material.
Less environmental impact
Avoidance
Sustainability ranking of recycling method
Transportation to plant
Energy (fossil fuel and electricity)
Delivery to destination
Reuse
Door frames, pipes, windows, beams and etc
Recycling More environmental impact
Aggregate, steel, wood and etc
Guiding principles of construction & demolition waste management
1. Reuse original form on site 2. Reuse original form on the other site 3. Mobile plant recycling and use it on site 4. Mobile plant recycling and use it on the other site
Landfill
5. Treatment plant recycling
This diagram explains how to treat construction and demolition waste so as to have less impact on environment. The idea is that there is embodied energy within all materials which is measure by the use of fossil fuel during its operation process. By recycling construction waste the embodied energy of a material can be use
CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE TREATMENT
37
T O M M Y
10.0 E N D
DERIVED PROPOSAL
N O T E
O F
Research phase
T O M M Y
S H I N
Investigation phase Considered design for environment is one of the key topics in this era. Christchurch earthquake triggered heavy volume of destruction and construction. Traditionally life cycle of construction is not looped as heavy volume of demolished and finished materials end up filling land fill. Proposal and arguement It is essential to promote environmentally friendly design within the context of Christchurch as there are never seen before volume of construction and demolition is happening at the moment. Create architecture using construction and demolition waste whenever possible. Promote the potential of recycling and reusing by creating educational centre and recycling plant. By reusing construction and demolision waste, this will create good contribution for environment. It also close the loop of construction materials life cycle.
Summary of the research and arguement
1 ton of concrete is consumed by every human being on earth every year. 2nd most consumed substance in the world is concrete. Water is the only substance that has been consumed more than concrete. 5% of the total global carbon emission comes from cement manufacturing. Cement is crucial element of finished concrete.
38
T O M M Y
DESIGN PROPOSAL
DESIGN PROPOSAL
39
Tommy Jae Wuk Shin
SITE RELATIONSHIP AND CONTEXT
Site Relationships
The challenge was to find a site, which could accomodate all of the group members (Farah, Mona and Tommy) proposed programs. Residential, public and industrial programs were chosen to be placed within close range to create synergy between each programs users.
Map Of Choosen Sites: Zoomed up map Of Choosen Sites: Key:
Monas Site- Residential/Accomodation/Retail Farahs Site- Temporary Contemporary Art gallery Tommys Site- Recycle/Reuse Concrete Plant/ Education Main Streets Public Space Retail Train Stations/ Access Railway Track Hagley Park Industrial Area Residential Four Major Avenues of Christchurch CBD
Bubble Diagram Showing relationships between chosen sites and site features:
Shopping Centre
Residential
Christchurch Train Station
Hagley Park
Train Stop
Bicycle Parking/ Promotes cycling
Gathering of People
Pedestrian Way
Public Seating
Cars
8 Lanes Cafes/Restauraunts Moorhouse Avenue (1/4 Major avenues)- Accesible
Performances
Industrial Zone
8 Lanes Blenheim Road- Accesible Railway
DESIGN PROPOSAL
40
Tommy Jae Wuk Shin
SITE DECISION
Claimed area: Benefit:
8275 m2 (approximately) Site is located close by major road and rail way. The generated possible heavy volume of traffic including loading trucks for plant and visitors can use primary, secondary roads and rail way. By using main roads and railway, heavy volume of traffic and related matters can be avoided within residential area.
0 10
100m
DESIGN PROPOSAL
41
T O M M Y
0.0 S I T E
SITE STUDY (TRAFFIC)
C O N T E X T
(Traffic)
Site study
Proposed site
Major road
Train station & rail
Surrounded transportation system
DESIGN PROPOSAL
42
T O M M Y
0.0 S I T E
SITE STUDY (ZONE)
C O N T E X T
(Zone)
Site study
Proposed site
Green zone
Residential zone
Commercial zone
Industrial zone
Proposed site & surrounded zoning
DESIGN PROPOSAL
43
T O M M Y
0.0 S I T E
C O N T E X T
PROGRAM BAR
1. Exhibition - 800m2
PROGRAM RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM
12
2. Seminar space - 100 m2 3. Seminar space - 300 m2 4. Experience space - 400 m2

7
5. Cafeteria - 150 m2 6. Lobby - 200 m2 7. Library - 150 m2 8. Office - 350 m2 9. Storage - 2000 m2
5 6 4 3 2 1
10
11
13
PROGRAM AND ITS PROPOTION ON SITE
14
10. Plant space - 500 m2
11. Loading space - 500 m2
12. Parking (Educational) - 500 m2
13. Parking (Plant) - 325 m2 14. Parking (Visitor) - 2000 m2
Total claimed area - 8275 m2
DESIGN PROPOSAL
44
T O M M Y
CONCRETE | RECYCLING CENTRE C R Tommy Jae T Shin E Wuk E M O N A F A R A H
0.0 S I T E
C O N T E X T
OVERLAP SPACE DEVELOPMENT DIAGRAM
OVERLAP SPACE DEVELOPMENT DIAGRAM
Type A
Type B
Type C
DESIGN PROPOSAL
45
T O M M Y
CONCRETE | RECYCLING C R Tommy JaeTCENTRE E Wuk Shin E M O N A F A R A H
0.0 S I T E
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
C O N T E X T
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
E+A E E+P E+A+P
A E A+P P E+P
E+A E+A+P
A A+P P
Each strip represents a recycling method, they are joined together to create overlap and integrated relationship. Yellow = Concrete Debris Embeded Lime Mortar Wall Red = Recycled Timber Blue = Recycled Concrete Gabion Wall
THREE MBIUS STRIPS
There are three distinct programs and an overlap space. Yellow = Educatoinal space Red = Administration space Blue = Plant space Green = Overlap and hybrid space
THREE DIFFERENT PROGRAMS
Each strip is assigned a program and a material. The overlap area creates a hybrid space which can be used for a range of different programs including exhibitions, events and storage. The architectural response and experience is explored through the use of different materials and programs. E = Educational space A = Administration space P = Plant space
PROGRAM AND MATERIAL
E = Seminar space, Library, Cafeteria, Lobby A = Office (Entrance and Lobby) P = Plant, Loading Zone, Storage E+P = Hybrid Space E+A+P = Hybrid Space E+A = Lounge For Office Staff A+P = Office
PROGRAM ARRANGEMENT
MATERIAL CONCEPT DIAGRAM

Yellow = Concrete Debris Embeded Lime Mortar Wall Red = Recycled Timber Blue = Recycled Concrete Gabion Wall
DESIGN PROPOSAL
46
T O M M Y
0.0 S I T E
OVERLAP SPACE EXPLORATION
C O N T E X T
mobius straps for each programs
Administraion strap
Plant strap
Education strap
Interaction between programs
Interaction between education and aministration
Interaction between administration and plant
Interaction between education and plant
Lobby Cafeteria Library
Office +admin Office +admin Hybrid Storage Education Plant Office +admin Hybrid space
Plant Loading zone Seminar space
Program organization
DESIGN PROPOSAL
47
T O M M Y
Tommy Jae WukR A H F A Shin
EMBEDED DEBRIS EXPLORATIONAL STUDY
Large size aggregate embeded
Large + small size aggregate embeded
Medium size aggregate embeded
Small size aggregate embeded
DESIGN PROPOSAL
48
T O M M Y
49
Tommy Jae Wuk Shin
PERSPECTIVE VIEW EXTERIOR
50
Tommy Jae Wuk Shin
PLAN
5 3 4
UP
Section
10
PLAN LEVEL 1
0 1 10m
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Seminar space Library Secondary reading space Cafe Cafe (outdoor) Entrance for staffs Plant Loading lane Storage Hybrid space
Gabion wall Concrete debris embeded lime mortar wall Cross laminated recycle timber wall
51
T O M M Y
PLAN
11
12
13 14
Section
16 15
PLAN LEVEL 2
0 1 10m
11 12 13 14 15 16
Lounge (kitchen for staffs) Lounge (TV for staffs) Waiting space Office Manager space Meeting space Gabion wall Concrete debris embeded lime mortar wall Cross laminated recycle timber wall
52
T O M M Y
SECTION
Detail 01
Detail 02
Detail 03
SECTION
0 1 10m
53
T O M M Y
SECTION RENDER VIEW (EVENT SETTING FOR HYBRID SPACE)
54
Tommy Jae Wuk Shin
HYBRID SPACE PLAN VARIATION
HYBRID SPACE PLAN VARIATIONS
Event hall
Exhibition
Function room
Gabion wall Concrete debris embeded lime mortar wall Cross laminated recycle timber wall
55
T O M M Y
DETAIL
CLT lintel 200mm thick
200mm thick CLT lintel
Retained used window
Reinforcement rod
1000mm Wall containing retained concrete debris and lime mortar
Reinforcement mesh
Detail 01 Concrete debris embeded lime mortar wall

1 : 20
56
T O M M Y
DETAIL
300 mm CLT wall panel
Concrete foundation floor containing recycled aggregate
Slab rebar
Base point sole bracket
Link
Pile
Detail 02 CLT wall panel joint

1 : 20
57
T O M M Y
DETAIL
Anchor connector
Metal plate connector
Waterproof membrane
CLT roof panel 300 mm 500 x 500 mm LVL column
Gabion wall containing reused concrete debris 1000mm thick
Detail 03 Gabion wall CLT roof panel

1 : 20
58
T O M M Y
MATERIAL PALETTE
Material
Description
Used timbers - Recycle into CLT panels - Recycle into LVL columns - Minimal transportation (locally available) -Prevent further raw material excavation
Applications
Gabion system
Precedence
Applied location on plan
Actual application
Surrounding wall of plant space

Concrete debris - Reuse into gabion system - Reuse into wall (with lime mortar) - Minimal transportation (locally available) -Prevent further raw material excavation
CLT and LVL structural system and recycled timber cladding
Surrounding wall of office space Concrete debris embeded lime mortar wall system
Used windows and doors - Reuse into another windows - Reuse into another doors - Minimal transportation (locally available)
Surrounding wall of educational space

Empty glass bottles - Reuse into bottle wall - Minimal transportation (locally available)
Concrete floor using recycling aggregate
Foundation floor area

Crushed concrete aggregate - Recycle into concrete - Minimal transportation (locally available) -Prevent further raw material excavation
Openings using used windows and doors
Every opening in the building

Lime mortar - Replacing cement - Carbon neutral - Absorb carbon dioxide
Bottle wall
Cafe area and office entrance area
59
T O M M Y
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT
NATURAL LIGHT AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT WITHIN DESIGN
4
9am
4
12pm
4
3pm
Proposed building has its emphasis on sustainability and environment as explained earlier in this report especially the aspect of material use. (please refer to material palette on page 59). Following is succinct explaination of included design aspect on thermal mass and natural light. As shown in sun shade diagram, spaces for public use (educational and hybrid space) have access to natural light during day time. (north facing) To obtain thermal mass, the thickness of gabion wall and concrete debris lime mortal wall were decided to be 1000 mm. (Please refer this to plan drawings and detail drawings in Architectural response chapter) Proposed building was designed for one service wall as all the programs that require service wall on level 1 and 2 were intentionally located surrounding this service wall. It can be seen on plan drawing where toilets and kitchens are located around this service wall on level 1 and 2.
60
Tommy Jae Wuk Shin
PERSPECTIVE VIEW WITH CONTEXT
61
Tommy Jae Wuk Shin
CAFE AREA
62
Tommy Jae Wuk Shin
SECONDARY READING SPACE
63
Tommy Jae Wuk Shin
HYBRID SPACE (EXHIBITION)
64
Tommy Jae Wuk Shin
STORAGE
65
Tommy Jae Wuk Shin
LOADING LANE
66
Tommy Jae Wuk Shin
ENTRANCE FOR STAFF
67
Tommy Jae Wuk Shin
CAFE AND SECONDARY READING SPACE
68
Tommy Jae Wuk Shin
69
Tommy Jae Wuk Shin
0.0 E N D
N O T E
Glossary
Fly Ash
O F
T O M M Y
S H I N
One of the residues generated in combustion, and comprises the fine particles that rise with the flue gases. Ash which does not rise is termed bottom ash. In an indusgtrial context, fly ash usually refers to ash produced during combustion of coal.
GGBFS
Ground granulated blast-furnace slag is obtained by quenching molten iron slag (a by-product of iron and steel-making) from blast furnace in water or stream, to produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and ground into a fine powder.
Ready mixed concrete Merchant bags
Type of concrete that is manufactured in a factory or batching plant and delivered to work site by truck mounted transit mixers.
Manufactured cement product, which is in powder form. Merchant bag is to carry and sell manufactured cement powder.
Clinker
In the manufacture of Portland cement, clinker is lumps or nodules, usually 3-25 mm in diameter, produced by sintering limestone and alumino-silicate (clay) during the cement kiln stage.
C&DW
Construction and demolition waste
RCA
Recycled concrete aggregate
70
T O M M Y
CONCRETE | RECYCLING CENTRE M O N A F A R Wuk Tommy Jae A H Shin
10.0 E N D
N O T E
References
O F
T O M M Y
S H I N
CCANZ. Annual report. 2011. CEMBUREAU. Building a future, with cement and concrete. 2007. CEMBUREAU. Sustainable cement production. 2007. Cement & concrete association of New Zealand. Concrete3 economic, social, environmental. 2007. Holcim. Annual review. 2010. International Energy Agency. Biofuels roadmap. 2011. International energy agency. Cement technology roadmap 2009. 2009. International energy agency. Energy technology transitions for industry. 2009. International energy agency. Tracking industrial energy efficiency and co2 emissions. 2007. International Energy Agency and World business council for sustainable development. Cement Technology Roadmap 2009. Isaacs, Nigel. "Cementing history." Build. no. June/July (2008): 88-89. Jaques, Roman. Environmental impact associated with New Zealand cement manufacture. BRANZ, 1998. NRMCA (National Ready Mixed Concrete Association). Concrete CO2 fact sheet. 2008. USGS. 2010 Mineral yearbook. 2010. World Business Council for Sustainable Development. The cement sustainability initiative. 2009. Worrell, Ernst, Lynn Price, Nathan Martin, Chris Hendriks, and Ozawa Meida. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Global Cement Industry. WRAP, Accessed March 23, 2012. http://aggregain.wrap.org.uk.
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NCONCRETE | RECYCLING CENTRE C R E T

M O NTommy A
Jae Wuk Shin R A F A

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RECYCLING CENTRE

AD1 DESIGN REPORT

TOMMY JAE WUK SHIN 1027539

MATERIAL INVESTIGATION: RECYCLING

GLOSSARY AND REFERENCE

CONCRETE | RECYCLING CENTRE

Tommy Jae Wuk Shin

CONCRETE | RECYCLING CENTRE

Tommy Jae Wuk Shin

CONCRETE AND ITS COMPONENT

Quantity depends on type of Admixture

Chemical Reaction Hydration Process of hardening and gaining stength

Variables affecting Concrete Strength:

Ratio of Water:Cement (W:C)

N C | RECYCLING CENTRE R E T CONCRETE

F Jae Wuk Shin A R

Major Compounds of Cement Clinker:

Percentage of Cement Composition:

Percentage by Weight in Cement:

Unhydrated cement particles Cement Gel C 3S C2S C 3A

Time of Hydration/ Strength Development

CONCRETE | RECYCLING CENTRE

Tommy Jae Wuk Shin

CONCRETE AND ENVIRONMENT

Ingredients of finished concrete

Typical composition of hydraulic cement concrete

Sustainability & New Zealand

CONCRETE | RECYCLING CENTRE M O N A

Tommy Jae Wuk Shin A H F A R

CO2 EMISSIONS DURING CONCRETE PRODUCTION

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Admixtures Production Diesel Fuel Fine Aggregates Production

Cement Production Unexploited Resources Fly Ash Processing

Transport of Raw Materials to Concrete Batching Plants

Transport of Concrete to Construction Site

Placement (Pumpin g) of Concrete on Site

One Cubic Meter of Concrete in Structure

Coarse Aggregates Production

Carbon dioxide within concrete production diagram

CONCRETE | RECYCLING CENTRE M O N A

Tommy Jae Wuk ShinA H F A R

CO2 EMISSIONS AND CONCRETE

from manufacturing aggregates

from manufacturing cement

Global carbon dioxide emission by sectors

Difference between concrete & cement

CONCRETE | RECYCLING CENTRE M O N A

Tommy Jae Wuk A R A H F Shin

2015 high low

2030 high low

Production (Mt cement)

5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0

6.0 C O N C R E T enim ad minim veniam, quis O N M E N T Ut E & E N V I R

Production (Mt cement)

Production (Mt cement) Production (Mt cement)

Production (Mt cement)

Production (Mt cement)

Production (Mt cement) Production (Mt cement)

Production (Mt cement)

300 200 100 0 2006 2015 2030 2050

300 200 100

300 200 100 2030 2050

2006 300 300