Part I

(a) History about statitics The Word statistics have been derived from Latin word Status or the Italian word Statista, meaning of these words is Political State or a Government. Shakespeare used a word Statist is his drama Hamlet (1602). In the past, the statistics was used by rulers. The application of statistics was very limited but rulers and kings needed information about lands, agriculture, commerce, population of their states to assess their military potential, their wealth, taxation and other aspects of government. Gottfried Achenwall used the word statistik at a German University in 1749 which means that political science of different countries. In 1771 W. Hooper (Englishman) used the word statistics in his translation of Elements of Universal Erudition written by Baron B.F Bieford, in his book statistics has been defined as the science that teaches us what is the political arrangement of all the modern states of the known world. There is a big gap between the old statistics and the modern statistics, but old statistics also used as a part of the present statistics. During the 18th century the English writer have used the word statistics in their works, so statistics has developed gradually during last few centuries. A lot of work has been done in the end of the nineteenth century. At the beginning of the 20th century, William S Gosset was developed the methods for decision making based on small set of data. During the 20th century several statistician are active in developing new methods, theories and application of statistics. Now these days the availability of electronics computers is certainly a major factor in the modern development of statistics. (b) Application of statistics in everyday life. (a) Scope of Statistics: Statistics is not a mere device for collecting numerical data, but as a means of developing sound techniques for their handling, analysing and drawing valid inferences from them. Statistics is applied in every sphere of human activity social as well asphysical like Biology, Commerce, Education, Planning, Business Management, Information Technology, etc. It is almost impossible to find a single department of human activity where statistics cannot be applied. We now discuss briefly the applications of statistics in other disciplines. (b) Statistics and Industry: Statistics is widely used in many industries. In industries, control charts are widely used to maintain a certain quality level. In production engineering, to find whether the product is conforming to specifications or not, statistical tools, namely inspection plans, control charts, etc., are of extreme importance. In inspection plans we have to resort to some kind of sampling a very important aspect of Statistics.

(c) Statistics and Commerce: Statistics are lifeblood of successful commerce. Any businessman cannot afford to either by under stocking or having overstock of his goods. In the beginning he estimates the demand for his goods and then takes steps to adjust with his output or purchases. Thus statistics is indispensable in business and commerce. As so many multinational companies have invaded into our Indian economy, the size and volume of business is increasing. On one side the stiff competition is increasing whereas on the other side the tastes are changing and new fashions are emerging. In this connection, market survey plays an important role to exhibit the present conditions and to forecast the likely changes in future. (d) Statistics and Agriculture: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is one of the statistical tools developed by Professor R.A. Fisher, plays a prominent role in agriculture experiments. In tests of significance based on small samples, it can be shown that statistics is adequate to test the significant difference between two sample means. In analysis of variance, we are concerned with the testing of equality of several population means. For an example, five fertilizers are applied to five plots each of wheat and the yield of wheat on each of the plots are given. In such a situation, we are interested in finding out whether the effect of these fertilisers on the yield is significantly different or not. In other words, whether the samples are drawn from the same normal population or not. The answer to this problem is provided by the technique of ANOVA and it is used to test the homogeneity of several population means. (e) Statistics and Economics: Statistical methods are useful in measuring numerical changes in complex groups and interpreting collective phenomenon. Nowadays the uses of statistics are abundantly made in any economic study. Both in economic theory and practice, statistical methods play an important role. Alfred Marshall said, Statistics are the straw only which I like every other economist have to make the bricks. It may also be noted that statistical data and techniques of statistical tools are immensely useful in solving many economic problems such as wages, prices, production, distribution of income and wealth and so on. Statistical tools like Index numbers, time series Analysis, Estimation theory, Testing Statistical Hypothesis are extensively used in economics. (f) Statistics and Education: Statistics is widely used in education. Research has become a common feature in all branches of activities. Statistics is necessary for the formulation of policies to start new course, consideration of facilities available for new courses etc. There are many people engaged in research work to test the past knowledge and evolve new knowledge. These are possible only through statistics.

(g) Statistics and Planning: Statistics is indispensable in planning. In the modern world, which can be termed as the world of planning, almost all the organisations in the government are seeking the help of planning for efficient working, for the formulation of policy decisions and execution of the same. In order to achieve the above goals, the statistical data relating to production, consumption, demand, supply, prices, investments, income expenditure etc and various advanced statistical techniques for processing, analysing and interpreting such complex data are of importance. In India statistics play an important role in planning, commissioning both at the central and state government levels.

(h) Statistics and Medicine: In Medical sciences, statistical tools are widely used. In order to test the efficiency of a new drug or medicine, t - test is used or to compare the efficiency of two drugs or two medicines, ttest for the two samples is used. More and more applications of statistics are at present used in clinical investigation. (i) Statistics and Modern applications: Recent developments in the fields of computer technology and information technology have enabled statistics to integrate their models and thus make statistics a part of decision making procedures of many organisations. There are so many software packages available for solving design of experiments, forecasting simulation problems etc. SYSTAT, a software package offers mere scientific and technical graphing options than any other desktop statistics package. SYSTAT supports all types of scientific and technical research in various diversified fields as follows 1. Archeology : Evolution of skull dimensions 2. Epidemiology : Tuberculosis 3. Statistics : Theoretical distributions 4. Manufacturing: Quality improvement 5. Medical research: Clinical investigations. 6. Geology : Estimation of Uranium reserves from ground water

Part II
The Ministry of Healthy has done many studies on the effort of food sold in the school canteen on children. To support the government effort, you are required to run the project. This project required you to obtain the mass and height of 100 students in certain forms of your school. Based on the raw data collected, tabulate your data into a frequency table as below. Answer:

Histogram 1

Mass of 100 students in kg

HISTOGRAM 2

Mass of 100 students in kg

HISTOGRAM 3

Mass of 100 students in kg

i) Explain briefly, what you observe as the class size decreases and increasing the number of the classes. If you increase the number of classes in a histogram the columns become narrower, class intervals become rounder and central tendency becomes more obvious meaning the data becomes more accurate and any underlying information becomes more detailed as you are able to collect more data and the histogram becomes more informative. ii) Find mode for every histogram that you have drawn and interpret it.

The mode from the raw data is 50 (50 is got the highest frequency in the data). Histogram 3 which use the size class interval of 6, give me the accurate value of mode.

PART III a) Using the data from Table 1, complete Table 2 below.

c) From the ogive, find median, first quartile, third quartile and interquartile range.

e) Stage the range and interquartile range. What is the different between the range and interquartile range? Range = highest data smallest data = 98 36 = 62 Interquartile range = 14.62 The range is the difference between the highest and lowest value. The interquartile range is the difference between the lower quartile and upper quartile in a set of date.

f) Calculate the mean, variance and standard deviations. Explain briefly why mean, variance and standard deviations are used in statistic to interpret data.

The mean, variance and standard deviation is used to quickly analyze data. Standard deviation and variance are measures of the variation of the values in a data set around the mean of that data set. Loosely speaking, the standard deviation is a measure of the average distance of the values in the data set from their mean. The mean of a data set gives information about the "balance point" of the distribution. The standard deviation adds information about how the values in that data set are spread around the mean. So the standard deviation has a useful interpretation on its own as a measure of spread/variability around the mean in any data set.

FURTHER EXPLORATION i) Height 160 165 156 158 158 178 161 161 150 172 164 184 157 160 160 153 163 176 164 172 153 170 170 166 164 164 175 175 178 168 156 183 154 169 155 160 151 181 178 178 150 Weight 38 42 38 39 39 50 41 41 36 48 45 57 42 44 44 41 47 58 48 53 42 52 52 50 50 49 56 56 38 52 45 62 44 53 45 48 43 62 60 60 43 BMI 14.84 15.43 15.61 15.62 15.62 15.78 15.82 15.82 16.00 16.22 16.73 16.84 17.04 17.19 17.19 17.51 17.69 17.76 17.85 17.92 17.94 17.99 17.99 18.14 18.14 18.22 18.29 18.29 18.31 18.42 18.49 18.51 18.55 18.56 18.73 18.75 18.86 18.92 18.94 18.94 19.11 BMI Catagories UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT UNDERWEIGHT NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL

160 153 158 166 161 156 156 150 150 150 164 156 162 165 168 157 150 161 168 160 161 156 162 162 160 181 167 161 145 162 169 160 141 158 153 153 148 152 166 171 171 170 164 172 160 160

49 45 48 53 50 47 47 44 44 44 53 48 52 54 56 49 45 52 57 52 53 50 54 54 53 68 58 54 44 55 60 54 42 53 50 50 47 50 60 64 64 64 60 67 58 59

19.14 19.22 19.23 19.23 19.29 19.31 19.31 19.56 19.56 19.56 19.71 19.72 19.81 19.83 19.84 19.88 20.00 20.06 20.20 20.31 20.45 20.55 20.58 20.58 20.70 20.76 20.80 20.83 20.93 20.96 21.01 21.09 21.13 21.23 21.36 21.36 21.46 21.64 21.77 21.89 21.89 22.15 22.31 22.65 22.66 23.05

NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL NORMAL

180 176 178 156 164 153 166 157 152 148 178 174 168

75 73 77 62 70 65 78 70 68 65 96 98 96

23.15 23.57 24.30 25.48 26.03 27.77 28.31 28.40 29.43 29.67 30.30 32.37 34.01

NORMAL NORMAL OVERWEIGHT OVERWEIGHT OVERWEIGHT OVERWEIGHT OVERWEIGHT OVERWEIGHT OVERWEIGHT OVERWEIGHT OBESE OBESE OBESE

REFLECTION
In doing this project, there are some values that I have practiced as cooperation in group. I have worked together with my friends from my school and also several friends from other school. Other than that, I have learned about the meaning of patience during worked up for this assignment. I also have learned how to persevere in doing the job. Moreover, I was also adopted in cooperation it other partners to complete this work. Without help from them, I will not be able to complete this task. I would be a hard working and trying to finish this job properly and just in time. Next, I also learned to be a person who does not easily give up in doing any work. Student this section please do yourself ok...... Exercise regularly. While most people lead quite busy lives, the benefits of exercise usually present themselves in all areas of your life. A simple way to start is walking. Studies have shown that walking 2 every day cuts the risk of death almost in half! Thirty minutes a day also works because it reduces as much risk of a heart attack as a highly intense exercise. Educate yourself. One of the most consistent markers of longevity across the world, in all economic conditions, is higher education. If you stay in school and get a degree, it seems to increase your chances of living longer more than almost anything else, apart from taking physical care of yourself with regular exercise, eating healthy and not smoking. Write a gratitude list. When you write a gratitude list, you will feel much better about yourself and you won't think about what you don't have. When you focus on what you have now, you attract more good things into your life. You will live longer because gratitude makes you feel happy. Develop a sleep schedule. It is not as important to get a certain number of hours of sleep, so much as it is to get the same amount of sleep, at the same time, day in and day out. Sleep gives your body a chance to heal and regenerate; having a stable sleeping routine will help your body take care of itself more easily. If you do not carry out successful sleep cycles over an extended period of time (48+ hours) you can seriously affect your physical and mental health .