.14.

Derive expressions for temperature distributions, under one dimensional steady state heat conduction for the following cases: (I) Plane wall (II) Cylinder (III) Sphere. Ans. (I) Plane wall : The general heat conduction equations in cartesian co-ordinates is given by : 1

Now refer Fig. 2.9 which represents a plane wall of thickness 6 having temperatures t1 and 2 on its two surfaces considering the following constraints:

1. Steady state heat flow such that =

1. No internal heat generations, qg = 0 So equation (1) reduces to;

2. 3. By integrating the above equation

Again integrating

Now applying the boundary conditions:

Now, applying these boundary conditions to equation (2)

Putting the values of C1, C2 in equation (2)

This equation gives the variation of temperature w.r.t. distance x along the directional of heat flow, which is a linear relationship. So the temperature profile (a line representing the variation of temperature w.r.t. distance) is represented by a straight line. Now heat transfer through the plane wall can be found by using Fouriers equations.

(II) Cylinder: The general heat conduction equation in cylindrical co-ordinates is given r:

Now refer fig. 2.10 which represents a cylindrical shell of internal radius r1 and external radius r2 with inner temperature t1 and outside temperature t2. Heat transfer through this cylindrical shell is put by following constraints:

So, the equation (3) reduces to

Now, taking integration of above equation

Again, integrating

Now apply boundary conditions:

Applying these boundary conditions to equation (4)

Putting value of C1 in equation (A);

Putting the values of C1 and C2 in equation (4)

This equation gives the variation of temperature w.r.t. radius of cylindrical shell. Equation represents that the temperature variation is logarithmic for cylindrical shell. Now heat transfer Q

where R, = Thermal resistance =

(III) Sphere: The general heat conduction equation for spherical co-ordinates is given as

Now refer fig. 2.11 which represents a spherical shell with inner radius r1 and outer radius r2. The temperature on the inside is t1 and at outside is t2. Now applying the following constraints for the heat transfer through the shell

1. Steady state heat transfer i.e.,

(ii) No internal heat generation i.e., (iii) One direction heat transfer, only in the radial direction i.e.,

From equation (5)

Integrating this equation

Again integrating

Now, applying boundary conditions:

Applying above boundary conditions to equation (6)

Puffing the value of C1 in equation (D):

Puffing the value of C1 and C2 in equation (6)

From equation (7) it is evident that the temperature distribution associated with radial conduction through a spherical shell is represented by a hyperbola. Now, Q = heat transfer rate

where R1 = thermal resistance for spherical shell

Q. 2.15. Derive expression for one dimensional, steady state heat conduction for composite plane wall. Ans. Refer Fig. 2.12 It represents a composite wall made up o three different layers of tjinss.6 and 63 with thermal conductivities respectively. This composite wall is exposed to temperature 11 on one side and t2 on other side such that the temperature at the interfaces are ia and tb. Since the heat transfer rate through each layer is same, we have,

Rearranging the above expression, we get;

Adding (i), (ii) and (iii), we have

= Temperature difference across the composite wall Total thermal resistance If the composk wall consists of i layers, then;

Ans. Refer Fig. 2.13.

Q. 2.16. What do you mean by Thermal contact resistance? Ans. Refer Fig. 2.13. In the analysis for heat flow through a composite wall it is assumed that the contact between layers is perfect. But in real system, due to surface roughness and void spaces (usually filled with air) the contact surfaces touch only at discrete locations i.e., there is no single plane of contact, which means that the area available for the flow of heat at interface will be small compared to geometric surface area. Due to this reduced area and presence of air voids, a larger resistance to heat flow at the interface occurs. This resistance is known as thermal contact resistance and it causes temperature drop at the interface as shown in the fig. The contact resistance is given by

Q. 2.17. What do you mean by Logrithmic mean area or equivalent area for the hollow cylinder? Ans. Refer Fig. 2.14, (a) and (1,)

Heat transfer for hollow cylinder

Heat transfer for plane wall having thickness d = r2 r1 is

If both the hollow cylinder and plane wall transfer same rate of heat transfer with same material and temperature difference across the wall, then

Am is so chosen that the heat flow through cylinder and plane wall will be equal for the same temperature difference across the wall.

where A1 and A0 are inside and outside surface areas of the cylinder. The expression is known as logarithmic mean area or equivalent area of plane wall or hollow cylinder.

Q. 2.18. Explain the concept of critical thickness of insulation. Ans. The addition of insulation in some cases may reduce thermal resistance due to the reduction in convective thermal resistance because of increase in surface area as in case of

cylinder and sphere. It may be shown that the thermal resistance actually decreases and then increases in some cases with the addition of insulation. The thickness upto which heat flow increases and after which heat flow decreases is termed as critical thickness. In case of cylinders and spheres it is called Critical radius. Let us consider a hollow cylinder provided with in insulation with inner radius r, and outer radius r as shown in Fig. 2.15.

Total thermal resistance offered by the insulation,

When r radius of insulation increases it will increase the second factor and decrease the third factor in the above equation. The R i.e., thermal resistance will be maximum at a radius where.

This r is written as Ti, called critical radius ct insulation of cylinder.

We can see from the graph (Fig. 2.16) between R and r that when r < rc, thermal resistance decreases with increase in r upto r i.e., heat transfer rate increases. r > r, thermal resistance increases with increase in r i.e., heat transfer decreases.

Q. 2.19. What is the significance of Critical radius? Of insulation in design of insulations for a stean pipe and an electric wire. Ans. Critical radius of insulation is that radius up to which the heat transfer rate increases and beyond that it start decreasing as shown in the fig. where r is the critical radius of insulation. These are some applications like steam pipe in which we want to prevent the heat to pass through the wall but on the other side there is an application like electric wire in which we are bound to put insulation to avoid electric shock but at the same time want to increase the heat dissipation to keep it cool. By using the concept of critical thickness of insulation we can meet the above requirement as follows

Design of insulations for steam pipe : The outer radius of insulation for steam pipe 7 is always kept greater than re because heat transfer after rate decreases beyond re. Design of insulation for electric wire : Radius of insulation for electric wire (r) to kept less than re in order to increase the ratio of heat dissipation. Formulae used for the solution of numerical problems: 1. Heat transfer by conduction

Design of insulations for steam pipe : The outer radius of insulation for steam pipe 7 is always kept greater than re because heat transfer after rate decreases beyond re. Design of insulation for electric wire : Radius of insulation for electric wire (r) to kept less than re in order to increase the ratio of heat dissipation. Formulae used for the solution of numerical problems: 1. Heat transfer by conduction

where t Temperature difference across the wall R - Thermal resistance (a) For plane wall

(b) For cylindrical wall

(c) For spherical wall

Heat transfer by conduction through a composite wall (when the walls form a series system of resistance)

Thermal resistance offered by fluid having convective heat transfer coeff or film coeff. h = 1/hA

Q. 2.20. One of the surfaces of a plane wall is at 60Cand the other is at 35C. Calculate the rate of heat transfer per m2 of surface area of the wall which is 22cm thick. The thermal conductivity of the brick is 0.51 W/mk. Ans. Given t1 = 60C, t2 35C d = 22 cm = 0.22 m k= 0.51 w/mk A=1m2 Required Q=?

(60 -35) 0.22/0.51x1

0.51 x (60-35) 0.22

Q = 57.95 w/m ans

Q. 2.21. The insulation boards for air conditioning purposes are made of three layers, middle being packed grass 10 cm thirk (k = 0..02w/mk) and the sides are made of plywood each 2 cm thickness (k = 0.12 w/mk).. Determine the heat flow per m2 area if one surface is at 30C and other surface is JC. Ans. Given: Refer

Fig.

= 2cm = 0.22 m = 10cm = 0.lOm = 2cm = 0.02m

= 0.12 w/mk
= 0.02 w/n,k = 30C, = 20C

A=1m2 Required : heat transfer Q = ? We know that;

0.02 + 0.1 + 0.12 x1 0.02 x1 = 5.334 From (1)

0.02 0.12x1

Q = 2.81 w/m2.

Q. 2.22. A mild steel tank of wall thickness 12mm contains water at 95C. Thermal conductivity of mild steel is 50 W/mk and the heat transfer coefficients for the inside and outside the tank are 2850 and 10 w/m2k respectively. if the atmospheric temperature is 15C calculate: (a) the rate of heat loss per m2 of the tank surface area (b) the temperature of the outside surface of the tank. Ans. Refer Fig

= 12 mm = 0.012 m =95C =15C K=50w/mk Heat transfer coeff. side = h., = 2850 W/m2k inside i.e., on water w/m2k Heat transfer coeff on air side ha = 10 area 1. Rate of heat loss per m2 of tank surface

___1____ + 2850 x 1

0.012 + 50 x 1 795.2 W/m2

1 10 x 1

Q = 95 15 0.1006

(b) Temperature of outside surface We know that

Q. 2.23. Calculate the rate of heat flow per m2 through a furnace wall consisting of 200 mm thick inner layer of chrome brick, a centre layer of kaolin brick 100 mm thick and an outer layer of masonary brick 100 mm thick. The unit surface conductance at the inner surface is 74 W/m2k and the outer surface temperature is 70C. The temperatures of the gases inside the furnace is 16700. What temperature prevail at the inner and outer surfaces of the centre layer?

Ans. Refer Fig.

= 200 mm = 0.22 m =100 mm = 0.1 m = 100 mm = 0.1 m

( temperature of gases inside furnace) = 1670 t2 (outer surface temperature) = 70C Rate of heat flow per m2, Q;

1 + 74 x 1

0.2 + 1.25 x 1

0.1 + 0.1 0.74 x 1 0.555 x 1

= 0.0135 + 0.16 +1.351 +0.1802

= 1.7047

Q = 1670 70 1.7047 =938.58W/rn2 Temperatures t and t1 We know that heat flow rate through each layer is same, o;