Evaluation of National Disaster Management System In The Philippines

THE WORLD BANK INSTITUTE GLOBAL FACILITY FOR DISASTER REDUCTION AND RECOVERY EARTHQUAKE AND MEGA-CITIES INITIATIVE COMPREHENSIVE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK COURSE

AN END-OF-COURSE PROJECT

AN EVALUATION OF THE NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES

ROMMEL MARTIN F. DE GUZMAN July 2011

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Evaluation of National Disaster Management System In The Philippines

AN EVALUATION OF THE NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS Climate Change A change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in and use.1 Disaster A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.2 Disaster Risk The potential disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets and services, which could occur to a particular community or a society over some specified future time period.2 Exposure People, property, systems, or other elements present in hazard zones that are thereby subject to potential losses.2 Natural Hazard Natural process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.2 Vulnerability The characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.2 2. BACKGROUND Presented below are the basic information, data and statistics about and natural hazards and the annual damages and losses in the Philippines. a. Geographic Location An archipelago of approximately 7, 106 islands, Philippines is located in Southeast Asia situated below Japan and above Sabah, Malaysia. It is bounded by the Pacific Ocean in
InterGovernmentalPanelOnClimateChange(IPCC). 2009UNISDRTerminologyonDisasterRiskReduction,http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology.

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eastern/northern Side, South China Sea in the western side and the Celebes Sea in the southern side. b. Administrative Units Philippines is divided administratively into Regions, Provinces, Cities & Municipalities and the smallest unit, Barangay. At present, there are 17 Regions, 80 Provinces, 138 Cities, 1,496 Municipalities and 42,026 Barangays. c. Climate Philippines have only two seasons namely wet from June to December and dry season from January to May. d. Economy As a newly industrialized emerging market economy, Philippines is still an economy with a large agricultural sector but services have become the main source of income. Processing and assembly operations in the manufacturing of electronics and other high-tech components comprised majority of the industrial sector, usually operated and owned by foreign multinational corporations.

Data and Statistics

Total Area: Total Population: GDP Growth (2000=100) (1st Qtr 2011) GDP per capita: GDP Agriculture: GDP Industry: GDP-Service: e. Natural Hazards in the Philippines Situated in the so-called Pacific Ring of Fire, the Philippines is the most disaster-prone country on earth according to the findings of a study made by the Center for Research and Epidemiology Disasters (CRED). Amongst the natural hazards the Philippines is exposed to are the earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, landslides, tropical cyclones/typhoons, floods, droughts, environmental pollution and deforestation. There are 37 volcanoes of which 18 are still active and at least 5 earthquakes occur per day in the Philippines. 299,764 km2 (115,831 sq mi) 97,976,603 (July 2010 est.) 4.9% $2,123 (2010 est.) 14.9% 29.9% 55.1% (2009 est.)

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Table 1 listed the average annual disaster losses by hazard type in the Philippines from 1990 to 2006.

f.

Annual Tropical Cyclones and Typhoons and Damages

Due to its geographic location, Philippines is prone to tropical cyclones/typhoons originating from the Pacific Ocean with an annual average of 23 typhoons hitting the country causing millions of dollars of damage and devastation. Table 2 listed the costliest typhoons to hit the Philippines. Table 2. Philippines Costliest Typhoons

g. Vulnerabilities and Risk Exposure of Metro Manila Due to its geographical location in a semi-alluvial floodplain encompassing a land area of 636 square kilometers, open to Manila Bay on the west and to Laguna de Bay, Metro Manila

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will always be at risk of flooding. Further exacerbated by high growth urbanization and consequential change in land use, surface runoff and flooding has increased in recent years. Metro Manila is also vulnerable to earthquake events due to its proximity Marikina Valley Earthquake Fault. Though there is a National Building Code that governs and regulates design and construction of buildings and houses, due to lenient enforcement of the laws and regulations as well as corruption, sub-standard structures that are susceptible and likely to collapse in the aftermath of a massive earthquake have been built. Due to opportunities and employment only available cities and big towns, there is a high settlement concentration of people that already migrated and living in Metro Manila particularly in risky areas such those near the rivers, floodways, under the bridge, garbage dumpsites and landfill areas to name a few. 3. 2009 METRO MANILA FLOODING DUE TO TYPHOON ONDOY (KETSANA) One of the most recent and unprecedented natural disaster event due to the scale of damage it caused was the flooding brought about by Typhoon Ondoy (Ketsana) in September 2009 that inundated a large part of Metro Manila. The most devastating typhoon to hit Manila since the Typhoon Patsy in 1970, Typhoon Ketsana (International designation: 0916, JTWC designation: 17W, PAGASA name: Ondoy) hit Philippines on September 23, 2009 caused a damage of $244 million and 747 fatalities in Metro Manila and adjoining provices. Typhoon Ondoy was catastrophic and worse than Hurricane Katrina. Ondoy dumped 455 mm of rain within 24 hours in Quezon City alone, compared to the 250 mm of rain dumped by Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans Though Typhoon Ondoy (Ketsana) has damaged and devastated a number of neighboring Asian countries such as Hongkong, Vietnam, Philippines, etc., the flooding it brought has only affected most of Metro Manila and nearby provinces amongst them were Rizal, Cavite, Laguna, Bulacan and Quezon. There were about 464 casualties according to NDCC and estimated total damages of about 240 million USD in various sectors including agriculture, infrastructure, fisheries, businesses, etc.

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Table 3. Breakdown of Losses and Damagesb

Affected Population Casualties Total Number Evacuated Inside 244 Evacuation Centers Total Number Of Damaged Houses Estimated Cost Of Damage To Infrastructure Total Number Of Damaged Schools Estimated Cost Of Damage To Agriculture Total Agricultural Area Damaged 993,227 Families/4,901,234 Persons 464 Dead, 529 Injured And 37 Missing 15,798 Families /70,124 Persons 185,004 (30,082 Totally And 154,922 Partially) Php 4.299 Billion (Incl. School Buildings & Health Facilities 1,382 School Buildings (Incl. Instructional Materials & Equipments Amounting To Php.642 Billion Php 6.669 Billion 203,477 Hectares (Incl. Facilities For Irrigation, Fishery & Livestock/Poultry Production) About 329.230 MT (Rice, Corn, High Value Commercial Crops), Fishery Products, Livestock/Poultry

Total Volume Of Loss Crops

4. DISASTER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES Presented here is an overview of the Philippines national disaster management system, legal framework, laws and presidential decrees, the latest RA101211 and the respective roles of the local councils, private and non-governmental entities. a. Previous DMS Legal Framework, Acts and Decrees Prior to the enactment of Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 (RA101211), the legal bases of the Philippine disaster management system are the Presidential Decree No. 1, s-1872, as implemented by Presidential Letter of Implementation (LOI) No. 19, s-1972, and Presidential Decree No. 1566 dated June 11, 1978 according to NDCCs website,. PD No.1 was the Integrated Reorganization Plan of 1972, which was implemented through LOI No. 19. Amongst the acts of this LOI is to define the organization, mission and functions of the Office of Civil Defense as a bureau under the Department of National Defense while PD No. 1566 established the community disaster preparedness program nationwide and thereby strengthening the Philippine disaster control capability. b. Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 (RA101211) RA 101211 was signed into law on May 27, 2010. Amongst its objectives are to strengthen the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System, to provide for the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework and to institutionalize the
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National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan and to appropriate funds for the abovementioned purpose as well as other purpose. National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework (NDRRMF) In accordance with the provisions of RA 101211,the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework" or "NDRRMF" shall provide a comprehensive, all hazards, multisectoral, inter-agency and community-based approach to disaster risk reduction and management. c. National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (NDRRM) Council Established under the abovementioned act and decree, the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) is the main national agency responsible for coordinating all disaster management with the Secretary of National Defense as its Chairman and the other heads of 18 national departments/ agencies as members including the Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of the Philippines; Secretary-General, Philippine National Red Cross; Philippine Information Agency; Executive Secretary and the Administrator, Office of Civil Defense who is the Executive Officer of the Council. Before RA 201211, since it does not have its own budget, NDCC carry out its corresponding tasks and responsibilities on disaster preparedness, prevention, mitigation and response through its member member-agencies under the NDCC system and its local networks, which are the regional, provincial and local disaster coordinating councils. In February 2010, the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) was renamed, reorganized, and subsequently expanded and its new name is National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (NDRRM) Council. Refer to Appendix A for the composition of the DM Council. d. Office of the Civil Defense (OCD) As authorized by RA 101211 (Section 8), the Office of Civil Defense (OCD) shall have the primary mission of administering a comprehensive national civil defense and disaster risk reduction and management program by providing leadership in the continuous development of strateglc and systematic approaches as well as measures to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks to hazards and manage the consequences of disasters. Furthermore, it is mandated by the said Act to serve as the lead agency to carry out the provisions of RA 101211. In addition to its activities, it is also tasked by RA 101211 to establish an operating facility to be known as the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Operations Center (NDRRMOC) that shall be operated and staffed on a twenty-four (24) hour basis. e. National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP)

As mandated by RA 101211, the Office of Civil Defense (OCD) shall formulate and implement the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) with the goals and specific objectives of reducing the disaster risks and related actions to meet the abovementioned targets.
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Amongst the provisions of the NDRRMP are the identification and management of hazards, vulnerabilities and risks at the national level, strategizing disaster risk reduction and management of the abovementioned hazards and risks, and clearly laying out the roles, responsibilities and lines of authority at all government levels and coordination of disaster risk reduction and management in the pre-disaster and post-disaster phases. f. Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (RDRRMC)

With RA 101211, the previous Regional Disaster Coordinating Councils shall be renamed as the Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils (RDRRMCs). The tasks of the RDRRMC as laid out in RA 101211 shall be to coordinate, integrate, supervise, and evaluate the activities of the LDRRMCs. In addition, it shall be responsible in ensuring disaster sensitive regional development plans, and in case of emergencies shall convene the different regional line agencies and concerned institutions and authorities. Whenever necessary, the Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Operations Center (RDRRMOC) shall be set-up by the RDRRMCs as its operating facility. g. Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (LDRRMC) As stipulated in RA 101211, the existing Provincial, City, and Municipal Disaster Coordinating Councils shall be renamed as the Provincial, City, and Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils, respectively. Furthermore, the existing Barangay Development Councils (BDCs) replaced the Barangay Disaster Coordinating Councils as the LDRRMCs in every barangays.Refer to Appendix B for the composition of the DM Council. h. Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (LDRRMO) With the new law, a Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (LDRRMO) will be set-up in every province, city and municipality which shall be responsible for setting the direction, development, implementation and coordination of disaster risk management programs within their territorial jurisdiction. Furthermore, a Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committee (BDRRMC) shall also be established. i. Private and Non-Governmental Entities

Xcfdsafgdfgfg a. Financial Schemes for Managing the Economic Impacts of Disasters a.1 Prior to RA 101211 With the aim and objective of providing adequate and sufficient funding after disaster and calamities to speed-up and accelerate the recovery and rehabilitation in the Philippines, systems have been developed by national disaster risk financing institutions to achieve the abovementioned target.

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Table 4 shows a sample financial scheme from a presentation given by the Office of Civil Defense in Shangri-la, Makati on May 2004.
Table 4. Financial Scheme for Managing the Economic Impacts of Disaster in the Philippines (May 2006) Disaster Management System

Sources Of Financial Response a. Annual Budgets Of National Government Agencies b. Local Calamity Fund c. Local Development Fund - 20% d. National Calamity Fund

Legal Basis General Appropriations Act, Sec. 36 RA 8185 General Appropriations Act Social Security System (SSS) and Government Service Insurance System (GSIS)

Mitigation And Preparedness

e. Insurance (Social & Insurance Property) f. Loans (Foreign Assisted Projects) g. Allocations Of Congressmen And Senators (Country-wide Development Fund) a. Annual Budgets Of National Government Agencies b. Local Calamity Fund c. Local Development Fund - 20% d. Insurance (Social & Insurance Property) e. Country-wide Development Fund f. Donations g. Legislation h. Presidents Authority to Realign Funds i. Creation of Special Rehabilitation Funds

RA 8185 General Appropriations Act

Response And Rehabilitation

NDCC Funds

a.2 Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fundings Under RA 101211 Under the new law, the key elements of the national disaster risk financing system will include the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (NDRRM Fund), Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF), GSIS/SSS, private donations from charities and Indemnity payments from private insurance companies. 1. As stipulated in the new law, the present Calamity Fund under the annual General Appropriations Act shall be known as the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (NDRRM Fund) for disaster risk reduction or mitigation, prevention and preparedness activities. Of that fund, 30% is called the Quick Response Fund (QRF) which can be used for relief and recovery activities, including support for those who were affected by disasters, calamities, epidemics, or complex emergencies. 2. As mandated by RA 101211, the present Local Calamity Fund shall be known as the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF) with an appropriation of not less than 5% of the estimated revenue from regular sources for disaster risk management activities. Of that fund, 30% is called the Quick Response Fund which can

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be used for relief and recovery activities, including support for those who were affected by disasters. 3. To be able to carry out its tasks and responsibilities as the lead agency to carry out the provisions of RA 101211, the Office of Civil Defense (OCD) has been allocated with a budget of One Billion Pesos (PhP 1B) as revolving fund. 4. The new law also authorized all departments, bureaus, offices and agencies of the government to use a portion of their appropriations to implement projects designed to address DRRM activities. 5. DMS STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES Prior to the enactment of Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 (RA101211), at the national Level in the Philippines, the present organization of the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) is its major strength as well as its weakness. The capability and capacity of NDCC to respond to disaster has been enhanced with the combined resources from its member-agencies. But because it doesnt have its own funds and resources aside from the Armed Forces personnel, its mere role is to coordinate and consequently have limited role in the actual implementation and activities in the field. At the local level, the decentralization policy in the Philippines is an advantage as well as disadvantage. For rich cities and towns with financial resources and able leaders, they are able to institute and to organize capable local disaster risk management teams and units and to mobilize their constituencies to respond to crisis and disasters. But for poor municipalities with inept officials, all they can do is ask and depend on the national government, private entities and other non-governmental agencies for assistance. 6. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT Though Sept 2009 flooding was mainly caused by the unprecedented rainfall brought by typhoon Ondoy, there were also underlying reasons and causes that intensify its effect. Described below are some proposed changes to the present system that could improve its efficacy, reduce vulnerability to hazards and consequential losses. The below recommendations are classified by DRM elements namely, risk identification, mitigation, risk transfer and financing, preparedness, emergency response and rehab, reconstruction; Risk Identification a. Conduct risk assessment and natural hazard and vulnerability mapping at the national and local level in coordination and consultation with all stakeholders. Results and findings should be disseminated and distributed to all stakeholders widely as possible. b. National and LGUs should prepare and develop comprehensive development plans and policies. c. National and LGUs should enact and religiously and strictly implement laws and policies that prevents construction of residential housing and buildings on areas that are floodprone and near the Marikina fault line.
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Mitigation and Preparedness a. Strengthen and enhance the capacity of the Local Government Units (LGUs) to respond and react to disaster including provision of fiscal resources, technical expertise, equipments, disaster risk reduction and response trainings, etc b. LGUs should regularly conduct disaster risk awareness and information campaign to educate and inform their constituencies including frequent disaster risk response simulation and training. c. The Department of Education and members of academe should develop academic curriculums for disaster risk management in all schools, colleges and universities. d. Promote disaster risk awareness and education by mainstreaming in the basic academic curricula of the primary, secondary, tertiary, vocational and technical institutions. e. Rather than a hindrance, promote spirit of volunteerism and traditional Filipino values and ideals such as the Bayanihan, Balikatan, etc to enhance the resiliency of the people in the face of adversities and disasters. f. Setting-up of early warning system. g. LDRRMCs should regularly conduct mitigation and preparedness exercises, drills and trainings in collaboration with all council members and communities. Emergency Response/Relief a. Provision of rescue equipments such as helicopters, heavy machineries, boats, etc. b. Provision of emergency and disaster response training at the local levels. Rehabilitation and Reconstruction a. Improve and rehabilitate existing flood control infrastructures including waterways and rivers that are already clogged and not functioning properly. b. Revisit proposed flood control and disaster mitigation projects that were shelved and cancelled due to political and partisan considerations such as the Paranaque Spillway Project of the Marcos Administration. Risk Transfer And Financing a. Laws should be enacted that part of IRAs given to LGUs as well the Congressmens Community Development Funds (CDF) should be utilized and used to for disaster risk identification and mitigation projects and to address disaster-related problems and issues as well as to build the capacity of the Disaster Councils at the local and community Levels in preventing and responding to disasters and calamities. b. Provision of Calamity assistance funds to all victims of disaster and further streamlining the policies and procedures to avoid delays and easier to secure loans and aids from the government.

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c. Enact insurance laws that would cover disaster and other force majeure events. 7. REFERENCES: a. Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 (RA101211), May 27, 2010, Congress of the Republic of the Philippines, Philippines. b. National Disaster Coordinating Council, http://ndcc.gov.ph c. NDCC Final Update on Typhoon Ketsana, National Disaster Coordinating Council, Oct 10, 2009, Quezon City, Philippines. d. Dir. Flores, Ronald, Current Financial Scheme of the Philippines for Managing the Economic Impacts of Disaster, Office of Civil Defense, May 2006, Shangri-la, Makati, Philippines. e. National Statistical and Coordination Board, http://www.nscb.gov.ph f. Dumitru, Denisa M., The Philippines Disaster Risk Financing Strategy, August 24, 2009, Philippines - Risk Financing Strategy.pdf.

g. Benson, Charlotte, Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in the Philippines, March 2009, ProVention Consortium. h. Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MajorVolcanoesOfThePhilippines-USGS.gif i. j. Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Ketsana Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Disaster_Risk_Reduction_and_Management_Coun cil

k. Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines l. The LawPhil Project, http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2010/ra2010.html

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Appendix A
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (Excerpt from RA 101211 (Sec.5) - Signed and Approved into Law on 27 May 2010) SEC. 5. National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council - The present National Disaster Coordinating Council or NDCC shall henceforth be known as the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, hereinafter referred to as the NDRRMC or the National Council. The National Council shall be headed by the Secretary of the Department of National Defense (DND) as Chairperson with the Secretary of the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) as Vice Chairperson for Disaster Preparedness, the Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) as Vice Chairperson for Disaster Response, the Secretary of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) as Vice Chairperson for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, and the Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) as Vice Chairperson for Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery. The National Council's members shall be the following: (a) Secretary of the Department of Health (DOH); (b) Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR); (c) Secretary of the Department of Agriculture (DA); (d) Secretary of the Department of Education (DepED); (e) Secretary of the Department of Energy (DOE); (I) Secretary of the Department of Finance (DOF); (g) Secretary of the Department of Trade and Industry (DT!); (h) Secretary of the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC); (i) Secretary of the Department of Budget and Management (DBM); 0) Secretary of the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH); (k) Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA); (1) Secretary of the Department of Justice (DOJ); (m) Secretary of the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE); (n) Secretary of the Department of Tourism (DOT); (0) The Executive Secretary; (p) Secretary of the Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process (OPAPP); (q) Chairman, Commission on Higher Education (CHED); (r) Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP); (s) Chief, Philippine National Police (PNP); (t) The Press Secretary; (u) Secretary General of the Philippine National Red Cross (PNRC);
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(v) Commissioner of the National Anti-Poverty Commission-Victims of Disasters and Calamities Sector (NAPCVDC); (w) Chairperson, National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women; (x) Chairperson, Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC); (y) Executive Director of the Climate Change Office of the Climate Change Commission; (z) President, Government Service Insurance System (GSIS); (aa) President, Social Security System (SSS); (bb) President, Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (philHealth); (cc) President of the Union of Local Authorities of the Philippines (ULAP); (dd) President of the League of Provinces of the Philippines (LPP); (ee) President of the League of Cities of the Philippines (LCP); (ff) President of the League of Municipalities of the Philippines (LMP); (gg) President of the Liga ng Mga Barangay (LMB); (hh) Four (4) representatives from the CSOs; (ii) One (1) representative from the private sector; and (ji) Administrator of the OCD

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Appendix B
Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (Excerpt from RA 101211(Sec. 11) - Signed and Approved into Law on 27 May 2010) SEC. 11. Organization at the Local Government Level.The existing Provincial, City, and Municipal Disaster Coordinating Councils shall henceforth be known as the Provincial, City, and Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils. The Barangay Disaster Coordinating Councils shall cease to exist and its powers and functions shall henceforth be assumed by the existing Barangay Development (a) Composition: The LDRRMC shall be composed of, but not limited to, the following: (1) The Local Chief Executives, Chairperson; (2) The Local Planning and Development Officer, member; (3) The Head of the LDRRMO, member; (4) The Head of the Local Social Welfare and Development Office, member; (5) The Head of the Local Health Office, member; (6) The Head of the Local Agriculture Office, member; (7) The Head of the Gender and Development Office, member; (8) The Head of the Local Engineering Office, member; (9) The Head of the Local Veterinary Office, member; (10) The Head of the Local Budget Office, member; (11) The Division Head/Superintendent of Schools of the DepED, member; (12) The highest-ranking officer of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) assigned in the area, member; (13) The Provincial Director/City/Municipal Chief of the Philippine National Police (PNP), member; (14) The Provincial Director/City/ Municipal Fire Marshall of the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP), member; (15) The President of the Association of Barangay Captains (ABC), member; (16) The Philippine National Red Cross (PNRC), member; (17) Four (4) accredited CSOs, members; and (18) One (1) private sector representative, member.

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