DEFLECTION OF BEAMS

Structures undergo deformation when subjected to loads. As a result of this

deformation, deflection and rotation occur in structures. This deformation will disappear when
the loads are removed provided the elastic limit of the material is not exceeded. Deformation in
a structure can also occur due to change in temperature & settlement of supports.
Deflection in any structure should be less than specified limits for satisfactory
performance. Hence computing deflections is an important aspect of analysis of structures.
There are various methods of computing deflections. Two popular methods are
i) Moment area Method, and
ii) Conjugate beam method
In both of these methods, the geometrical concept is used. These methods are ideal for
statically determinate beams. The methods give a very quick solution when the beam is
symmetrical.
Moment Area Method
This method is based on two theorems which are stated through an example. Consider
a beam AB subjected to some arbitrary load as shown in Figure 1.
Let the flexural rigidity of the beam be EI. Due to the load, there would be bending
moment and BMD would be as shown in Figure 2. The deflected shape of the beam which is
the elastic curve is shown in Figure 3. Let C and D be two points arbitrarily chosen on the
beam. On the elastic curve, tangents are drawn at deflected positions of C and D. The angles
made by these tangents with respect to the horizontal are marked as
C

and
D
. These angles
are nothing but slopes. The change is the angle between these two tangents is demoted as
CD
.
This change in the angel is equal to the area of the
EI
M
diagram between the two points C and
D. This is the area of the shaded portion in figure 2.
Hence
CD

=
C

D
= Area of
EI
M
diagram between C and D

CD

= Area BM 1 (a)
EI
It is also expressed in the integration mode as

CD

= dx
CD

EI
M
1 (b)
Equation 1 is the first moment area theorem which is stated as follows:
Statement of theorem I:
The change in slope between any two points on the elastic curve for a member
subjected to bending is equal to the area of
EI
M
diagram between those two points.
1
In figure 4, for the elastic curve a tangent is drawn at point C from which the vertical
intercept to elastic curve at D is measured. This is demoted as K
CD
. This vertical intercept is
given by
K
CD
= (Area
BM
X)
CD
2 (a)
EI
Where
X
is the distance to the centroid of the shaded portion of
EI
M
diagram measured
from D. The above equation can be expressed in integration mode as
2
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
K
CD
=

EI
Mxdx
CD
2 (b)
Equation (2) is the second moment area theorem which is stated as follows.
Statement of theorem II :
The vertical intercept to the elastic curve measured from the tangent drawn to the
elastic curve at some other point is equal to the moment of
EI
M
diagram, moment being
taken about that point where vertical intercept is drawn.
Sign Convention:
While computing Bending moment at a section, if free body diagram of Left Hand
Portion (LHP) is considered, clockwise moment is taken as positive. If free body diagram of
Right Hand Portion (RHP) is considered, anticlockwise moment is taken as positive. While
sketching the Bending Moment Diagram (BMD), Sagging moment is taken as positive and
Hogging moment is taken as negative.
Proof of Moment Area Theorems:
Figure 5 shows the elastic curve for the elemental length dx of figure 2 to an enlarged
scale. In this figure, R represents the radius of curvature. Then from equation of bending, with
usual notations,
I
M
=
R
E
(3)
From figure 5,
Rd = dx
Hence R =
d
dx
Substituting this value of R in equation (3),
I
M
=

,
_

d
dx
E

I
M
= E
,
_

dx
d
d =
EI
M
dx
d is nothing but change in angle over the elemental length dx. Hence to compute
change in angle from C to D,

CD
=

CD
d =

CD
EI
M
dx
Hence the proof.
3
D
C
1 2
Figure 6 shows the elastic curve from C to D. Change in slope from 1 to 2 is d. Distance of
elemental length from D is x.
d = xd = x
EI
M
dx
Therefore, from C to D =

CD
EI
M
xdx
4
R

d
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
K
CD
d
d
d
Problem 1 : Compute deflections and slopes at C,D and E. Also compute slopes at A and B.
5
To Compute Reactions:
+

0 0 fx
A

0 W W V V 0 fy
B
A +

+
2W V V
B A
+
+
( )
0
3
2L
W
3
WL
LV 0 M
A B

6
WL
3
2WL
3
WL
LV
A
+
V
A
= W ; V
B
=W
Bending Moment Calculations:
Section (1) (1) (LHP, 0 to L/3)
+ M
x-x
= Wx
At x = 0; BM at A = 0
x =
3
L
; BM @ C =
3
WL
Section (2) (2) (LHP,
3
L
to
3
2L
)
+ M
x-x
= Wx W(x -
3
L
)
At x =
3
L
, BM @ C =
3
L
3
L
3
L
W W W +
=
3
L
W
At x =
3
2L
, BM @ D =
,
_

,
_

3
L
3
2L
W
3
2L
W
=
,
_

+
3
WL
3
2WL
3
2WL
=
3
WL
Section (3) (3) RHP (0 to
3
L
)
+ M
x-x
= Wx
At x = 0; BM @ B = 0
At x =
3
L
, BM @ D =
3
WL
This beam is symmetrical. Hence the BMD & elastic curve is also symmetrical. In
such a case, maximum deflection occurs at mid span, marked as
E
. Thus, the tangent drawn at
E will be parallel to the beam line and
E
is zero.
Also,
c
=
D
,
A
=
B
and
C
=
D
To compute
C
From first theorem,

CE
= Area of BMD between E&C
EI

C~

E
=
( )
EI
W
6
L
3
L
=
18EI
WL
2

E
being zero,
C
= WL
2
(

)

18EI
7
To compute

From First theorem,

E
= Area of BMD between A&E
EI

A~

E
=
EI
6
L
3
WL
3
WL
3
L
2
1

,
_

,
_

=
EI
18
WL
18
WL
2 2
+

E
being zero,
A
=
9EI
WL
2
( )

B
=
9EI
WL
2
( )
To compute
E

From 2
nd
theorem
K
EA
=
( )
EI
X BM of Area
EA
K
EA
=

EI
12
L
3
L
6
L
3
WL
3
L
3
2
3
WL
3
L
2
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

=

EI
216
5WL
81
WL
3 3
+

=

'
+
648
15WL 8WL
EI
1
3 3
=
648EI
23WL
3
From figure, K
EA
is equal to
E
.
8
Therefore
E
=
648EI
23WL
3
( )
To compute
C
From 2
nd
theorem
K
EC
=
( )
EI
X BMD of Area
CE
=
( ) ( ) ( )
EI
W
12
L
6
L
3
L
=
,
_

216
1
EI
WL
3
=
216EI
WL
3

c
=
E
- K
EC
216EI
WL
648EI
23WL

3 3
C

=
648EI
3WL 23WL
3 3

=
648EI
20WL
3
=
162EI
5WL
3
( )
=
162EI
5WL

3
C D
( )

9
Problem 2. For the cantilever beam shows in figure, compute deflection and slope at the
free end.
Consider a section x-x at a distance x from the free end. The FBD of RHP is taken into
account.
(RHP +) BM @ X-X = M
X-X
= -10 (x) (x/2) = -5x
2
At x = 0; BM @ B = 0
At x = 4m; BM @ A = -5(16) = -80 kNm
The BMD is sketched as shown in figure. Note that it is Hogging Bending Moment.
The elastic curve is sketched as shown in figure.
10
To compute
B
For the cantilever beam, at the fixed support, there will be no rotation and hence in this
case
A
= 0. This implies that the tangent drawn to the elastic curve at A will be the same as
the beam line.
From I theorem,

AB
=
A
~
B
=

4
0
EI
Mdx
=
( )dx 5X
EI
1
4
0
2

= [ ]
4
0 3
x
3
EI
5
= ( )
3EI
320
64
3EI
5

A
being zero,

B
=
3EI
320
( )
To compute
B

From II theorem
K
AB
=

4
0
EI
Mxdx
=
( ) xdx 5X
EI
1
4
0
2

= [ ] ( ) 256
4EI
5
EI
5 4
0 4
x
4

=
EI
320
From the elastic curve,
K
AB
=
B
= ( )
EI
320
11
Problem 3: Find deflection and slope at the free end for the beam shown in figure by using
moment area theorems. Take EI = 40000 KNm
-2
Calculations of Bending Moment:
Region AC: Taking RHP +
Moment at section = -6x
2
/2
= -3x
2
At x = 0, BM @ A = 0
x = 4m; BM @ C = -3(16) = - 48kNm
12
Region CB: (x = 4 to x = 8)
Taking RHP +, moment @ section = -24 (x-2)
= -24x+48;
At x = 4m; BM @ C = -24(4) + 48 = -48kNm;
x = 8 m BM @ B = -144 kNm;
To compute
B
:
First moment area theorem is used. For the elastic curve shown in figure. We know
that
A
= 0.

AB
=
A
~
B
=

EI
Mdx
= ( )

+ +
8
4
4
0
2
dx 48 24x
EI
1
dx 3x
EI
1
[ ] [ ]
8
4
2
x
4
0
3
x
A
48x 24
EI
1
EI
3

2 3
+ +

= ( ) ( ) [ ] 4 8 48 16 64 12
EI
1
EI
64
+ +

= -0.0112 Radians
= 0.0112 Radians ( )
To compute
B

EI
Mxdx
K
AB
=
( )

+ +
8
4
4
0
2
xdx 48 24x
EI
1
xdx 3x
EI
1
= [ ] ( ) ( ) [ ]
8
4
2
x
8
4
3
x
4
0
4
x
2 3 4
48 24
EI
1
EI
3
+ +

=
[ ] ( ) ( )
1
]
1

16 64 24 64 512
3
24
EI
1
256
4EI
3
= [ ] 1152 3584
EI
1
EI
192
+ +

0.0656m 0.0656m
EI
2624
13
Problem 4: For the cantilever shown in figure, compute deflection and at the points where
they are loaded.
To compute
B
:

BA
=
B
~
A
= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] 15 1.5 37.5 2.5
EI
1
2
1
2
1


B
=
EI
58.125
( )

C
= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] 15 1.5 15 37.5 1.5
EI
1
2
1
2
1
+
14
=
EI
50.625
( )

B
=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 45 1.5
EI
1
EI
2.5 37.5 2.5
2
1
3
2
2
1

=
EI
100.625

= ( )
EI
100.625

C
= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 45 1.5 0.857 15 37.5 1.5
EI
1
2
1
2
1

+ +

C
= ( )
EI
44.99
STRAIN ENERGY
4.1 Introduction
Under action of gradually increasing external loads, the joints of a structure deflect and
the member deform. The applied load produce work at the joints to which they are applied and
this work is stored in the structure in the form of energy known as Strain Energy. If the
material of structure is elastic, then gradual unloading of the structure relieves all the stresses
and strain energy is recovered.
The slopes and deflections produced in a structure depend upon the strains developed as
a result of external actions. Strains may be axial, shear, flexural or torsion. Therefore, ther is a
relationship can be used to determine the slopes and deflections in a structure.
4.2 Strain energy and complementary strain energy
When external loads are applied to a skeletal structure, the members develop internal
force F in the form of axial forces (P), shear force (V) , bending moment (M) and twisting
moment (T). The internal for F produce displacements e. While under goint these
displacements, the internal force do internal work called as Strain Energy
Figure 1 shows the force displacement relationship in which F
j
is the internal force and
e
j
is the corresponding displacement for the jth element or member of the structure.
15
The element of internal work or strain energy represented by the area the strip with
horizontal shading is expressed as:
Strain energy stored in the j
th
element represted by the are under force-displacement
curve computed as :
For m members in a structure, the total strain energy is
The area above the force-displacement curve is called Complementary Energy. For j
th
element, the complementary strain energy is represented by the area of the strip with vertical
shading in Fig.1 and expressed as
Complementary strain energy of the entire structure is
Complementary strain energy of the entire structure is
16
F
j
Strain Energy(U
i
)
j
e
j
e
j
e
j
+e
j
F
j
F
j
+F
j
Complementry SE(U
i
)
j
Fig.1 FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONSHIP
.....(1) e F U
j j i

.....(2) de F ) U (
j j j i

.....(3) de F ) (U U
m
1 j
m
1 j
j j j i i

.....(4) F e U
j j
i

.....(5) dF e ) U (
j j j
i

.....(6) dF e U
m
1 j
j j
i

When the force-displacement relationship is linear, then strain energy and

complimentary energies are equal
4.3 Strain energy expressions
Expression for strain energy due to axial force, shear force and bending moment is
provided in this section
4.3.1 Strain energy due to Axial force
A straight bar of length L , having uniform cross sectional area A and E is the Youngs
modulus of elasticity is subjected to gradually applied load P as shown in Fig. 2. The bar
deforms by dL due to average force 0+(P/2) = P/2. Substituting F
j
= P/2 and de
j =
dl in equation
2, the strain energy in a member due to axial force is expressed as
From Hookes Law, strain is expressed as
Hence
Substituting equation 9 in 8, strain energy can be expressed as
17
L A,E
dL
.....(7) U U
i
i

(8) ....... dL
2
P
) (U
P i
A
P
where,
E dx
dL

...(9) ..........
AE
PLx
dL
(10) .......
2AE
dx P
) (U
L
0
2
P i

Fig.2
For uniform cross section strain energy expression in equation 10 can be modified as
If P, A or E are not constant along the length of the bar, then equation 10 is used instead of 10a.
4.3.1 Strain energy due to Shear force
A small element shown in Fig.3 of dimension dx and dy is subjected to shear force V
x
. Shear
stress condition is shown in Fig. 4. Shear strain in the element is expressed as
Where, A
r
= Reduced cross sectional area and G= shear modulus
Shear deformation of element is expressed as

Substituting F
j
= V
x
/2, de
j
= de
v
in equation (2) strain energy is expressed as
18
dy
dx
dy
dx

a) (10 .......
2AE
L P
) (U
2
P i

Fig.3
Fig.4
......(11)
G A
V

r
x

...(12) ..........
G A
dx V
de
r
x
v

(13) .......
G 2A
dx V
) (U
L
0
r
2
x
V i

4.3.2 Strain energy due to Bending Moment

An element of length dx of a beam is subjected to uniform bending moment M. Application
of this moment causes a change in slope d is expressed as
Where ,
EI
M
R
1
x
, Substituting F
j
= M
x
/2, de
j
= de
M
in equation (2), Strain energy due to
bending moment is expressed as
4.3 Theorem of minimum Potential Energy
Potential energy is the capacity to do work due to the position of body. A body of weight W
held at a height h possess an energy Wh. Theorem of minimum potential energy states that
Of all the displacements which satisfy the boundary conditions of a structural system,
those corresponding to stable equilibrium configuration make the total potential energy a
relative minimum. This theorem can be used to determine the critical forces causing
instability of the structure.
4.3 Law of Conservation of Energy
From physics this law is stated as Energy is neither created nor destroyed. For the purpose of
structural analysis, the law can be stated as If a structure and external loads acting on it
are isolated, such that it neither receive nor give out energy, then the total energy of the
system remain constant. With reference to figure 2, internal energy is expressed as in
equation (9). External work done W
e
= -0.5 P dL. From law of conservation of energy U
i
+W
e
=0. From this it is clear that internal energy is equal to external work done.
4.3 Principle of Virtual Work:
Virtual work is the imaginary work done by the true forces moving through imaginary
displacements or vice versa. Real work is due to true forces moving through true
displacements. According to principle of virtual work The total virtual work done by a
system of forces during a virtual displacement is zero.
19
......(14)
EI
dx M

R
dx
d de
x
M

(15) .......
2EI
dx M
) (U
L
0
2
x
M i

Theorem of principle of virtual work can be stated as If a body is in equilibrium under a

Virtual force system and remains in equilibrium while it is subjected to a small
deformation, the virtual work done by the external forces is equal to the virtual work
done by the internal stresses due to these forces. Use of this theorem for computation of
displacement is explained by considering a simply supported bea AB, of span L, subjected to
concentrated load P at C, as shown in Fig.6a. To compute deflection at D, a virtual load P is
applied at D after removing P at C. Work done is zero a s the load is virtual. The load P is then
applied at C, causing deflection
C
at C and
D
at D, as shown in Fig. 6b. External work done
W
e
by virtual load P is . If the virtual load P produces bending moment M, then
the internal strain energy stored by M acting on the real deformation d in element dx over the
beam equation (14)
Where, M= bending moment due to real load P. From principle of conservation of energy
W
e
=W
i

20
2
P'
W
D
e

L
0
i
U
0
L
0
i
EI 2
dx M M'
U ;
2
d M'
dU

L
0
D
EI 2
dx M M'

2
P'

If P=1 then
Similarly for deflection in axial loaded trusses it can be shown that
Where,
= Deflection in the direction of unit load
P = Force in the i
th
member of truss due to unit load
P = Force in the i
th
member of truss due to real external load
n = Number of truss members
L = length of i
th
truss members.
Use of virtual load P = 1 in virtual work theorem for computing displacement is called
Unit Load Method
4.4 Castiglianos Theorems:
Castigliano published two theorems in 1879 to determine deflections in structures and
redundant in statically indeterminate structures. These theorems are stated as:
21
A
B C D
a
x
L
P
A
B C D
a
x
L
P
P

C

D
Fig.6a
Fig.6b
(16)
EI
dx M M'

L
0
D

(17)
AE
dx P P'

n
0

1st Theorem : If a linearly elastic structure is subjected to a set of loads, the partial
derivatives of total strain energy with respect to the deflection at any point is equal to the
load applied at that point
2nd Theorem: If a linearly elastic structure is subjected to a set of loads, the
partial derivatives of total strain energy with respect to a load applied at any point is
equal to the deflection at that point
The first theorem is useful in determining the forces at certain chosen coordinates. The
conditions of equilibrium of these chosen forces may then be used for the analysis of statically
determinate or indeterminate structures. Second theorem is useful in computing the
displacements in statically determinate or indeterminate structures.
4.5 Bettis Law:
It states that If a structure is acted upon by two force systems I and II, in equilibrium
separately, the external virtual work done by a system of forces II during the
deformations caused by another system of forces I is equal to external work done by I
system during the deformations caused by the II system
A body subjected to two system of forces is shown in Fig 7. W
ij
represents work done by ith
system of force on displacements caused by j
th
system at the same point. Bettis law can be
expressed as W
ij
= W
ji
, where W
ji
represents the work done by j
th
system on displacement
caused by i
th
system at the same point.
22
(18) N ..... 1,2, j P

U
j
j

(19) N . 1,2,...... j
P
U
j
j

I II
Fig. 7
Numerical Examples
1. Derive an expression for strain energy due to bending of a cantilever beam of length L,
carrying uniformly distributed load w and EI is constant
Solution:
Bending moment at section 1-1 is
Strain energy due to bending is
23
w
x
1
1
2
wx
- M
2
x


2EI
dx M
) (U
L
0
2
x
M i

L
0
L
0
5 2 4 2
L
0
2
2
i
40EI
x w
dx
8EI
x w

2EI
dx
2
wx -
U

,
_

Answer
40EI
L w
U
5 2
i

2. Compare the strain energies due to three types of internal forces in the rectangular
bent shown in Fig. having uniform cross section shown in the same Fig. Take E=2 x 105
MPa, G= 0.8 x 105 MPa, Ar= 2736 mm
2
Solution:
Step 1: Properties
A=120 * 240 108 * 216 = 5472 mm2,
E= 2 * 105 MPa ; G= 0.8 * 105 MPa ; Ar = 2736 mm
2
Step 2: Strain Energy due to Axial Forces
Member AB is subjected to an axial comprn.=-12 kN
Strain Energy due to axial load for the whole str. is
Step 3: Strain Energy due to Shear Forces
Shear force in AB = 0; Shear force in BC = 12 kN
Strain Energy due to Shear for the whole str. Is
Step 4: Strain Energy due to Bending Moment
Bending Moment in AB = -12 * 4 = -48 kN-m
Bending Moment in BC = -12 x
Strain Energy due to BM for the whole structure is
24
120 mm
240 mm 12 mm
5
m
4m
12kN
A
B
C
4 6
3 3
mm 10 x 47.54
12
216 * 108
-
12
240 * 120
I
mm - N 328.94
10 * 2 * 5472 * 2
5000 * ) 10 * (-12

2AE
L P
) (U
5
2 3
2 n
1 i
2
P i

mm - N 78 . 1315
x10 0.8 * 2736 * 2
4000 * ) 10 * (12

G 2A
L V
) (U
5
2 3
2 n
1 i
r
2
x
V i

Step 5: Comparison
Total Strain Energy = (Ui)p + (Ui)V+ (Ui)M
Total Strain Energy =328.94 +1315.78 +767.34 x 103
= 768.98 x 103 N-mm
Strain Energy due to axial force, shear force and bending moment are 0.043%, 0.17% & 99.78
% of the total strain energy.
3. Show that the flexural strain energy of a prismatic bar of length L bent into a complete circle
by means of end couples is
Solution:
Circumference = 2 R =L or
From bending theory
25
M
M
L
R

10 * 47.54 * 2x10 * 2
5000 * ) 10 * (-48

2EI
dx M
) (U
6 5
2 6
2 n
1 i
2
x
M i

mm - N 10 * 767.34
10 * 47.54 * 10 * 2 * 2
dx x) * 10 * (-12
3
4000
0
6 5
2 3

+
2
L
EI 2
applied couple M where
L
EI 2

2
L
EI
M

( )
Answer
L
EI 2

2EI
L
L
EI 2

2EI
L M
) (U
2
2
2
M i

4. Calculate the strain energy in a truss shown in Fig. if all members are of same cross-sectional
area equal to 0.01m2 and E=200GPa
Solution: To calculate strain energy of the truss, first the member forces due to external force is
required to be computed. Method of joint has been used here to compute member forces.
Member forces in the members AB, BC, BD, BE, CE and DE are only computed as the truss is
symmetrical about centre vertical axis.
Step1: Member Forces:
i) Joint A: From triangle ACB, the angle = tan-1(3/4)=36052
The forces acting at the joint is shown in Fig. and the forces in members are computed
considering equilibrium condition at joint A
Fy=0; FABsin+30=0; FAB=-50kN (Compression)
Fx=0; FABcos + FAC=0; FAC=40kN (Tension)
26
4m
A
G C E
4m 4m 4m
30 kN
B
D
30 kN
3
m
F
H

F
AC
F
AB
R
A
= 30 kN
ii) Joint C: The forces acting at the joint is shown in Fig. and the forces in
members are computed considering equilibrium condition at joint C
Fy=0; FCB=0;
Fx=0; FCE - 40=0; FCE=40kN(Tension)
iii) Joint B: The forces acting at the joint is shown in Fig. and the forces in
members are computed considering equilibrium condition at joint B
Fy=0; -30+50 sin-FBEsin=0; FBE=0
Fx=0; 50 cos - FBD=0; FBD=-40kN (Compression)
iv) Joint D: The forces acting at the joint is shown in Fig. and the forces in
members are computed considering equilibrium condition at joint D
Fy=0; FDE=0; Fx=0; FDF + 40=0; FDF=-40kN (Comprn.)
Forces in all the members are shown in Fig.
27
F
CE
F
AC
=40kN
F
CB
F
BD
30kN
F
AB
= 50kN
F
CB
=0
F
BE

F
DF
F
BD
=40 F
DE
A
G C E
B
D F
H
-40 -40
-50
40 40 40 40
-50
0
0 0
0
0
Step 2: Strain Energy
A= 0.01m2; E=2*105 N/mm2 = 2*108 kN/m2, AE = 2*106 kN
(Ui)p=15.83*10
-3
kN-m
5. Determine the maximum slope and maximum deflection in a cantilever beam of span L
subjected to point load W at its free end by using strain energy method. EI is constant
Solution:
i) Maximum Deflection
BM at 1-1 Mx= -Wx
From 2nd theorem of Castigliaino
ii) Maximum Slope
28
L
x
1
1
W
A B
{ } 4 * (-40) * 2 5 ) 50 ( 2 4 * 40 * 4
10 * 2 * 2
1

2AE
L P
) (U
2 2 2
6
13 n
1 i
2
P i
+ +

B
L
0
x
x

EI
dx M
W
M

M
U

L
0
B
EI
dx (-Wx) (-x)
x, -
W
M
Answer
3EI
WL

3
x

EI
W
dx x
EI
W

3
L
0
L
0
3
2
B

Maximum slope occurs at B, Virtual moment M is applied at B
Bending moment at 1-1 is Mx = -Wx M
From 2nd theorem of Castiglano
Substituting M=0
6. Calculate max slope and max deflection of a simply supported beam carrying udl of intensity
w per unit length throughout its length by using Castiglianos Theorem
29
L
x
1
1
W
A
M
B
L
w

EI
dx M
M'
M

M'
U

L
0
x
x
B

L
0
B
x
EI
dx ) M' - (-Wx (-1)
1, -
M'
M
Answer
2EI
WL

2
x

EI
W
dx x
EI
W

2
L
0
L
0
2
B

i) Maximum Slope:
Maximum slope occurs at support. A virtual moment M is applied at A.
Reactions:
BM at 1-1
Put M=0
ii) Maximum Deflection:
Maximum Deflection occurs at mid span. A virtual downward load W is applied at
mid-span.
30
L
w
1
1
x
M
R
A
R
B
L
M'

2
wL
R ;
L
M'
-
2
wL
R
B A
+
L
x
- 1
M'
M
and M'
2
wx
- x
L
M'
-
2
wL
M
x
2
x

,
_

,
_

,
_

L
0
2
A
dx
L
x
- 1 M'
2
wx
- x )
L
M'
-
2
wL
(
EI
1
M'
U

,
_

+
L
0
3 2
A
dx
2L
wx

2
2wx
- x
2
wL
(
EI
1

L
0
4 3 2
A
4L
x

3
x
- x
2
Lx
(
2EI
w

,
_

+
Answer
24EI
wL

3
A

Reactions:
BM at 1-1
Put W=0
31
L
w
1
1
x
M
R
A
R
B
L/2
2
W'

2
wL
R ;
2
W'

2
wL
R
B A
+ +
AC Region for
2
x
W'
M
and
2
wx
- x
2
W'

2
wL
M
x
2
x

,
_

,
_

,
_

L/2
0
2
C
dx
2
x

2
wx
- x )
L
W'
2
wL
(
EI
2
W'
U

( )
L/2
0
4 3
L/2
0
3 2
C
4
x
-
3
Lx
2EI
w
dx x - (Lx
4EI
w 2

1
]
1

64
L
-
24
L
2EI
w

L/2
0
4 4
C 1
]
1

Answer
384EI
5wL

4
C max

CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD
This is another elegant method for computing deflections and slopes in beams. The
principle of the method lies in calculating BM and SF in an imaginary beam called as
Conjugate Beam which is loaded with M/EI diagram obtained for real beam. Conjugate Beam
is nothing but an imaginary beam which is of the same span as the real beam carrying M/EI
diagram of real beam as the load. The SF and BM at any section in the conjugate beam will
represent the rotation and deflection at that section in the real beam. Following are the
concepts to be used while preparing the Conjugate beam.
It is of the same span as the real beam.
The support conditions of Conjugate beam are decided as follows:
Some examples of real and conjugate equivalents are shown.
32
Problem 1 : For the Cantilever beam shown in figure, compute deflection and rotation at
(i) the free end (ii) under the load
Conjugate Beam:
By taking a section @ C and considering FBD of LHP,
( ) ( )

+
EI
225
3
EI
150 -
f SF
2
1
x
BM @ C= ( ) ( ) ( ) ;
EI
450
2 3
EI
150 -
2
1

Similarly by taking a section at A and considering FBD of LHP;

33
SF @ A =
EI
225
BM @ A = ( )
EI
900
2 2
EI
225
+

SF @ a section in Conjugate Beam gives rotation at the same section in Real Beam
BM @ a section in Conjugate Beam gives deflection at the same section in Real Beam
Therefore, Rotation @ C =
EI
225
( )
Deflection @ C= ( )
EI
450

Rotation @ A =
EI
225
( )
Deflection @ A = ( )
EI
900
Problem 2: For the beam shown in figure, compute deflections under the loaded points.
Also compute the maximum deflection. Compute, also the slopes at supports.
34
Note that the given beam is symmetrical. Hence, all the diagrams for this beam should be
symmetrical. Thus the reactions are equal & maximum deflection occurs at the mid span. The
bending moment for the beam is as shown above. The conjugate beam is formed and it is
shown above.
For the conjugate beam:
] Beam Conjugate on load [Total V V
2
1
'
B
'
A

= ( )( )( ) ( ) [ ]
EI
30
EI
60
2
1
2
1
4 3 2 +
=
EI
150
EI
120
EI
180
2
1

1
]
1

+
To compute
C
:
A section at C is placed on conjugate beam. Then considering FBD of LHP;
35
+ BM @ C= ( ) ( ) ( ) 1
EI
60
3 3
EI
150
2
1

,
_

=
EI
360
EI
90
EI
450

( ) ;
EI
360

D
=
C
(Symmetry)
To compute
E
:
A section @ E is placed on conjugate beam. Then considering FBD of LHP;
+ BM @ E= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2
EI
30
3
EI
60
3 5
EI
150
2
1

,
_

i.e
E
= ( )
EI
420
EI
60
EI
270
EI
750

A
=
EI
150
( )
B
=
EI
150
( )
36
Problem 3: Compute deflection and slope at the loaded point for the beam shown in figure.
Given E = 210 Gpa and I = 120 x 10
6
mm
4
. Also calculate slopes at A and B.
Note that the reactions are equal. The BMD is as shown above.
To Compute reactions in Conjugate Beam:
37
( ) ( )

,
_

,
_

,
_

+ 0 3
EI
120
2
1
3
EI
60
2
1
V V 0 fy
'
B
'
A



EI
720
EI
360
EI
360
6V
'
A
+

;
SF and BM at C is obtained by placing a section at C in the conjugate beam.
SF @ C =
+ BM @ C =
Given E = 210 x 10
9
N/m
2
= 210 x 10
6
kN/m
2
I = 120 x 10
6
mm
4
= 120 x 10
6
(10
-3
m)
4
= 120 x 10
6
(10
-12
)
= 120 x 10
-6
m
4
;
EI = 210 x 10
6
(120 x 10
-6
) = 25200 kNm
-2
Rotation @ C =
25200
30
= 1.19 x 10
-3
Radians ( )
Deflection @ C =
25200
270
= 0.0107 m
= 10.71 mm ()

A
= 4.76 X 10
-3
Radians

B
= 5.95 X 10
-3
Radians:
38
0;
EI
180
EI
90
V V
'
B
'
A
+
EI
270
V V
'
B
'
A
+
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 2 3
EI
120
2
1
4 3
EI
60
2
1
6 V 0 m
'
A B'

,
_

,
_

,
_

EI
120
V
'
A

EI
150
V
'
B

( ) 3
EI
60
2
1
EI
120

,
_

EI
30

( ) ( ) ( ) 1 3
EI
60
2
1
3
EI
120

,
_

EI
270
EI
90
EI
360

Problem 4: Compute slopes at supports and deflections under loaded points for the beam
shown in figure.

39
To compute reactions and BM in real beam:
+

0 M
B
( ) ( ) 0 3 100 6 50 9V
A

66.67kN
9
600
V
A
83.33kN V
B

BM at (1) (1) = 66.67 x
At x = 0; BM at A = 0, At x = 3m, BM at C = 200 kNm
BM at (2) (2) = 66.67 x 50 (x-3) = 16.67 x + 150
At x = 3m; BM at C = 200 kNm, At x = 6m, BM at D = 250 kNm
BM at (3) (3) is computed by taking FBD of RHP. Then
BM at (3)-(3) = 83.33 x (x is measured from B)
At x = 0, BM at B = 0, At x = 3m, BM at D = 250 kNm
To compute reactions in conjugate beam:
+

0 M
'
B

i.e
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 2
EI
83.33
3
2
1
4
EI
25
3
2
1
4.5
EI
100
3 7
EI
200
3
2
1
9V
'
A

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

EI
3850
9V
'
A



( ) ( )

40
( )

,
_

,
_

+

+
EI
100
3
EI
200
3
2
1
V V 0 fy
'
B
'
A
( ) ( )

,
_

,
_

+
EI
83.33
3
2
1
EI
25
3
2
1
EI
762.5

EI
427.77
V
'
A

EI
334.73
V
'
B

EI
427.77

A

EI
334.73

B

150 V V 0 fy
B A
+
+
To Compute
C
:
A Section at C

is chosen in the conjugate beam:
+ BM at C

= ( ) ( ) ( ) 1
EI
200
3
2
1
3
EI
427.77

,
_

,
_

=
EI
983.31

C
= ( )
EI
983.31
To compute
D
:
Section at D

is chosen and FBD of RHP is considered.

+ BM at D = ( ) ( ) ( ) 1
EI
83.33
3
2
1
3
EI
334.73

,
_

=
EI
879.19
( )
EI
879.19

D
41
Problem 5: Compute to the slope and deflection at the free end for the beam shown in
figure.
42
The Bending moment for the real beam is as shown in the figure. The conjugate beam also is
as shown.
Section at A in the conjugate beam gives
SF @ A =

4
0
2
dx
EI
5x
= ( ) ( ) 64
3EI
5
EI
5
4
0
3
x
3

=
3EI
320


A
=
3EI
320
( )
BM @ A = ( ) dx x 5x
EI
1
4
0
2

= [ ] 256
4EI
5
4
x
EI
5 -
4
0
4

1
]
1

A
=
( )
EI
320

43
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I (CV42)
CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction
A structure can be defined as a body which can resist the applied loads without appreciable
deformations. Civil engineering structures are created to serve some specific functions like
human habitation, transportation, bridges, storage etc. in a safe and economical way. A
structure is an assemblage of individual elements like pin ended elements (truss elements),
beam element, column, shear wall slab cable or arch. Structural engineering is concerned with
the planning, designing and the construction of structures. Structural analysis involves the
determination of the forces and displacements of the structures or components of a structure.
Design process involves the selection and or detailing of the components that make up the
structural system. The cyclic process of analysis and design is illustrated in the flow chart given
in Fig.1.1
1.2 Forms of Structures
Engineering structure is an assemblage of individual members. Assemblage of members
forming a frame to support the forces acting is called framed structure. Assemblage of
44
No
Preliminary
Design
Structural
Analysis
Compute
Stresses and
deformations
Is stresses and
Deformation
within limits?
Final Design
Revise
sections
Yes
Fig.1.1 Cyclic Process
continuous members like flat plates, curved members etc., are called continuous system.
Buildings, bridges, transmission towers, space crafts, aircrafts etc., are idealized as framed
structures. Shells, domes, plates, retaining walls, dams, cooling towers etc., are idealized as
continuous systems.
A frame work is the skeleton of the complete structure. This frame work supports all
intended loads safely and economically. Continuous system structures transfers loads through
the in-plane or membrane action to the boundaries. Fig.1.2 and Fig.1.3 illustrates framed
structure and continuous system.
Actual structure is generally converted to simple single line structures and this process
is called idealization of structures. The idealization consists of identifying the members of
45
Fig.1.2 Framed Structure
structure as well known individual structural elements. This process requires considerable
experience and judgment. Structural analyst may be required to idealize the structure as one or
more of following
46
47
i) Real structure ii) A physical model iii) A mathematical model
In a real structure the response of the structure is studied under the actual forces like
gravity loads and lateral loads. The load test is performed using elaborate loading equipment.
Strains and deformations of structural elements under loads are measured. This is very
expensive and time consuming procedure, hence performed in only exceptional cases. Load
testing carried out on a slab system is illustrated in Fig. 1.4
48
Fig.1.3 Continuous system
49
Physical models which are scaled down and made up of plastic, metal or other suitable
materials are used to study the response of structure under loading. These models are tested in
laboratories. This study requires special techniques and is expensive. This study is carried out
under compelling circumstances. Examples includes laboratory testing of small scale building
frames, shake table test of bridges and building, photo elastic testing of a dam model, wind
tunnel testing of small scale models of high rise buildings, towers or chimneys. Fig. 1.5 shows
testing of a slab model under uniformly distributed load.
A mathematical model is the development of mathematical equations. These equations
describe the structure loads and connections. Equations are then solved using suitable
algorithm. These solutions generally require electronic computers. The process of
mathematical modeling is shown in block diagram given in Fig.1.6
A structure is generally idealized as either two dimensional structure (Plane frame) or
as three dimensional structure (Space frame). The selection of idealization depends on the
desire and experience of structural engineer. A two dimensional structure or a plane frame
structure is that which has all members and forces are in one plane. Space frame or a three
50
Fig.1.4 Load test on slab
Fig.1.5 Testing of a Model
dimensional structure has members and forces in different planes. All structures in practice are
three dimensional structures. However, analyst finds more convenient to analyze a plane
structure rather than a space structure. Fig. 1.7 shows two dimensional and three dimensional
structures used in mathematical modeling.
Fig.1.5 b. Three Dime
A mathematical modeling should also idealize the supports of the structure. Roller
supports or simple supports, pinned supports or hinged supports and fixed supports are
51
Actual Structure
Idealize Structure
Idealize Loads
Development of
Equations
Response of str.
Interpretation of
Results
Fig.1.6 Block Diagram of
Mathematical modeling
Fig.1.7 a. Two Dimensional Structures
Fig.1.7 b. Three Dimensional Structures
generally assumed type of supports in practice. Fig. 1.8 shows different types of supports. In a
roller support the reaction is perpendicular to the surface of the roller. Two components of
reaction are developed in hinged support and three reaction component, one moment and two
forces parallel to horizontal and vertical axis are developed in fixed support.
Mathematical modeling requires to consider the loads acting on structure. Determination of
the loads acting on the structure is often difficult task. Minimum loading guidance exists in
codes and standards. Bureau of Indian standards, Indian road congress and Indian railways
have published loading standards for building, for roads and for railway bridges respectively.
Loads are generally modeled as concentrated point loads, line loads or surface loads. Loads are
divided into two groups viz., dead loads and live loads. Dead loads are the weight of structural
members, where as live loads are the forces that are not fixed. Snow loads, Wind loads,
Occupancy loads, Moving vehicular loads, Earth quake loads, Hydrostatic pressure, earth
pressure , temperature and fabrication errors are the live loads. All the live loads may not act
on the structure simultaneously. Judgment of analyst on this matter is essential to avoid high
loads.
52
Fig.1.8 Typical Support Conditions
a) Fixed support, b) Hinged support, c) simple support
1.3 Conditions of Equilibrium and Static Indeterminacy
A body is said to be under static equilibrium, when it continues to be under rest after
application of loads. During motion, the equilibrium condition is called dynamic equilibrium.
In two dimensional system, a body is in equilibrium when it satisfies following equation.
Fx=0 ; Fy=0 ; Mo=0 ---1.1
To use the equation 1.1, the force components along x and y axes are considered. In
three dimensional system equilibrium equations of equilibrium are
Fx=0 ; Fy=0 ; Fz=0;
Mx=0 ; My=0 ; Mz=0; ----1.2
To use the equations of equilibrium (1.1 or 1.2), a free body diagram of the structure as
a whole or of any part of the structure is drawn. Known forces and unknown reactions with
assumed direction is shown on the sketch while drawing free body diagram. Unknown forces
are computed using either equation 1.1 or 1.2
Before analyzing a structure, the analyst must ascertain whether the reactions can be
computed using equations of equilibrium alone. If all unknown reactions can be uniquely
determined from the simultaneous solution of the equations of static equilibrium, the reactions
of the structure are referred to as statically determinate. If they cannot be determined using
equations of equilibrium alone then such structures are called statically indeterminate
structures. If the number of unknown reactions are less than the number of equations of
equilibrium then the structure is statically unstable.
The degree of indeterminacy is always defined as the difference between the number of
unknown forces and the number of equilibrium equations available to solve for the unknowns.
These extra forces are called redundants. Indeterminacy with respect external forces and
reactions are called externally indeterminate and that with respect to internal forces are called
internally indeterminate.
A general procedure for determining the degree of indeterminacy of two-dimensional
structures are given below:
NUK= Number of unknown forces
NEQ= Number of equations available
IND= Degree of indeterminacy
IND= NUK - NEQ
53
Indeterminacy of Planar Frames
For entire structure to be in equilibrium, each member and each joint must be in
equilibrium (Fig. 1.9)
NEQ = 3NM+3NJ
NUK= 6NM+NR
IND= NUK NEQ = (6NM+NR)-(3NM+3NJ)
IND= 3NM+NR-3NJ ----- 1.3
Degree of Indeterminacy is reduced due to introduction of internal hinge
NC= Number of additional conditions
NEQ = 3NM+3NJ+NC
NUK= 6NM+NR
IND= NUK-NEQ = 3NM+NR-3NJ-NC ------------1.3a
Indeterminacy of Planar Trusses
Members carry only axial forces
NEQ = 2NJ
NUK= NM+NR
IND= NUK NEQ
IND= NM+NR-2NJ ----- 1.4
54
Three independent reaction components

Two independent reaction components
Fig. 1.9 Free body diagram of Members and Joints
Indeterminacy of 3D FRAMES
A member or a joint has to satisfy 6 equations of equilibrium
NEQ = 6NM + 6NJ-NC
NUK= 12NM+NR
IND= NUK NEQ
IND= 6NM+NR-6NJ-NC ----- 1.5
Indeterminacy of 3D Trusses
A joint has to satisfy 3 equations of equilibrium
NEQ = 3NJ
NUK= NM+NR
IND= NUK NEQ
IND= NM+NR-3NJ ----- 1.6
Stable Structure:
Another condition that leads to a singular set of equations arises when the body or structure
is improperly restrained against motion. In some instances, there may be an adequate
number of support constraints, but their arrangement may be such that they cannot resist
motion due to applied load. Such situation leads to instability of structure. A structure may
be considered as externally stable and internally stable.
Externally Stable:
Supports prevents large displacements
No. of reactions No. of equations
Internally Stable:
Geometry of the structure does not change appreciably
For a 2D truss NM 2Nj -3 (NR 3)
For a 3D truss NM 3Nj -6 (NR 3)
55
NM=8; NJ=8; NR =24; NC=0
IND=6NM+NR-6NJ-NC
IND=6 x 8 + 24 6 x 8 -0 = 24
INDETERMINATE
NM=18; NJ=15; NR =18; NC=0
IND=6NM+NR-6NJ-NC
IND=6 x 18 + 18 6 x 15 = 36
INDETERMINATE
f)
Examples:
1.1 Determine Degrees of Statical indeterminacy and classify the structures
56
NM=8; NJ=8; NR =24; NC=0
IND=6NM+NR-6NJ-NC
IND=6 x 8 + 24 6 x 8 -0 = 24
INDETERMINATE
NM=18; NJ=15; NR =18; NC=0
IND=6NM+NR-6NJ-NC
IND=6 x 18 + 18 6 x 15 = 36
INDETERMINATE
Truss
NM=11; NJ=6; NR =4;
IND=NM+NR-2NJ
IND= 11 + 4 2 x 6 = 3
INDETERMINATE
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
NM=2; NJ=3; NR =4; NC=0
IND=3NM+NR-3NJ-NC
IND=3 x 2 + 4 3 x 3 -0 = 1
INDETERMINATE
NM=3; NJ=4; NR =5; NC=2
IND=3NM+NR-3NJ-NC
IND=3 x 3 + 5 3 x 4 -2 = 0
DETERMINATE
NM=3; NJ=4; NR =5; NC=2
IND=3NM+NR-3NJ-NC
IND=3 x 3 + 5 3 x 4 -2 = 0
DETERMINATE
NM=3; NJ=4; NR =3; NC=0
IND=3NM+NR-3NJ-NC
IND=3 x 3 + 3 3 x 4 -0 = 0
DETERMINATE
NM=1; NJ=2; NR =6; NC=2
IND=3NM+NR-3NJ-NC
IND=3 x 1 + 6 3 x 2 -2 = 1
INDETERMINATE
NM=1; NJ=2; NR =5; NC=1
IND=3NM+NR-3NJ-NC
IND=3 x 1 + 5 3 x 2 -1 = 1
INDETERMINATE
57
R2
R1
R5
R4
g)
NM=8; NJ=8; NR =24; NC=0
IND=6NM+NR-6NJ-NC
IND=6 x 8 + 24 6 x 8 -0 = 24
INDETERMINATE
Each support has 6 reactions
NM=18; NJ=15; NR =18; NC=0
IND=6NM+NR-6NJ-NC
IND=6 x 18 + 18 6 x 15 = 36
INDETERMINATE
Each support has 3 reactions
Truss
NM=11; NJ=6; NR =4;
IND=NM+NR-2NJ
IND= 11 + 4 2 x 6 = 3
INDETERMINATE
Extensible
NJ=4; NR =5;
NDOF=3NJ-NR
NDOF=3 x 4 5= 7
(
1
,
21
,
23

3
,
y2
,e
1
,e
2
)
Inextensible
NJ=4; NR =5; NAC=2
NDOF=3NJ-NR-NAC
NDOF=3 x 4 5-2= 5
(
1
,
21
,
23
,
3

y2
)
NM=1; NJ=2; NR =5; NC=1
IND=3NM+NR-3NJ-NC
IND=3 x 1 + 5 3 x 2 -1 = 1
INDETERMINATE
h)
i)
Truss
NM=2; NJ=3; NR =4;
IND=NM+NR-2NJ
IND= 2 + 4 2 x 3 = 0
DETERMINATE
j)
1.4 Degree of freedom or Kinematic Indeterminacy
Members of structure deform due to external loads. The minimum number of parameters
required to uniquely describe the deformed shape of structure is called Degree of
Freedom. Displacements and rotations at various points in structure are the parameters
considered in describing the deformed shape of a structure. In framed structure the
deformation at joints is first computed and then shape of deformed structure. Deformation
at intermediate points on the structure is expressed in terms of end deformations. At
supports the deformations corresponding to a reaction is zero. For example hinged support
of a two dimensional system permits only rotation and translation along x and y directions
are zero. Degree of freedom of a structure is expressed as a number equal to number of free
displacements at all joints. For a two dimensional structure each rigid joint has three
displacements as shown in Fig. 1.10
In case of three dimensional structure each rigid joint
has six displacement.
Expression for degrees of freedom
1. 2D Frames: NDOF = 3NJ NR NR 3
2. 3D Frames: NDOF = 6NJ NR NR 6
3. 2D Trusses: NDOF= 2NJ NR NR 3
4. 3D Trusses: NDOF = 3NJ NR NR 6
Where, NDOF is the number of degrees of freedom
In 2D analysis of frames some times axial
deformation is ignored. Then NAC=No. of axial
condition is deducted from NDOF
58
Truss
NM=11; NJ=6; NR =4;
IND=NM+NR-2NJ
IND= 11 + 4 2 x 6 = 3
INDETERMINATE
Extensible
NJ=4; NR =5;
NDOF=3NJ-NR
NDOF=3 x 4 5= 7
(
1
,
21
,
23

3
,
y2
,e
1
,e
2
)
Inextensible
NJ=4; NR =5; NAC=2
NDOF=3NJ-NR-NAC
NDOF=3 x 4 5-2= 5
(
1
,
21
,
23
,
3

y2
)
Extensible
NJ=4; NR =6;
NDOF=3NJ-NR
NDOF=3 x 4 6= 6
(
2
,
3
, , e
1
,e
2
, e
3
)
Inextensible
NJ=4; NR =6; NAC=3
NDOF=3NJ-NR-NAC
NDOF=3 x 4 6-3= 3
(
2
,
3
, )
Truss
NM=14; NJ=9; NR =4;
IND=NM+NR-2NJ
IND= 14+ 4 2 x 9 = 0
DETERMINATE
k)
l)
Fig 1.10
Examples:
1.2 Determine Degrees of Kinermatic Indeterminacy of the structures given below
59
Extensible
NJ=2; NR =3;
NDOF=3NJ-NR
NDOF=3 x 2 3= 3 (
1
,
2
,
2
)
Inextensible
NJ=2; NR =3; NAC=1
NDOF=3NJ-NR-NAC
NDOF=3 x 2 3-1= 2 (
1
,
2
)
Extensible
NJ=4; NR =5;
NDOF=3NJ-NR
NDOF=3 x 4 5= 7
(
1
,
21
,
23

3
,
y2
,e
1
,e
2
)
Inextensible
NJ=4; NR =5; NAC=2
NDOF=3NJ-NR-NAC
NDOF=3 x 4 5-2= 5
(
1
,
21
,
23
,
3

y2
)
Extensible
NJ=4; NR =6;
NDOF=3NJ-NR
NDOF=3 x 4 6= 6
(
2
,
3
, , e
1
,e
2
, e
3
)
Inextensible
NJ=4; NR =6; NAC=3
NDOF=3NJ-NR-NAC
NDOF=3 x 4 6-3= 3
(
2
,
3
, )
Extensible
NJ=4; NR =5;
NDOF=3NJ-NR
NDOF=3 x 4 5+1= 8
(
21
,
23
,
3
,
2
,
3
, e
1
,e
2
, e
3
)
Inextensible
NJ=4; NR =5; NAC=3
NDOF=3NJ-NR-NAC
NDOF=3 x 4 5-3= 4
(
21
,
23
,
3
,
2
=
3
=)
Extensible
NJ=5; NR =6;
NDOF=3NJ-NR
NDOF=3 x 5 6 = 9
(
2
,
3
,
4
,
x2
,
x3
,
y3
,
x4
e
1
, e
4
)
Inextensible
NJ=5; NR =6; NAC=3
NDOF=3NJ-NR-NAC
NDOF=3 x 5 6 - 3= 6
(
2
,
3
,
4
,
x2
=
x4
=
1
,
x3
,
y3
)
a)
b)
c)
60
Extensible
NJ=4; NR =6;
NDOF=3NJ-NR
NDOF=3 x 4 6= 6
(
2
,
3
, , e
1
,e
2
, e
3
)
Inextensible
NJ=4; NR =6; NAC=3
NDOF=3NJ-NR-NAC
NDOF=3 x 4 6-3= 3
(
2
,
3
, )
Extensible
NJ=4; NR =5;
NDOF=3NJ-NR
NDOF=3 x 4 5+1= 8
(
21
,
23
,
3
,
2
,
3
, e
1
,e
2
, e
3
)
Inextensible
NJ=4; NR =5; NAC=3
NDOF=3NJ-NR-NAC
NDOF=3 x 4 5-3= 4
(
21
,
23
,
3
,
2
=
3
=)
Extensible
NJ=5; NR =6;
NDOF=3NJ-NR
NDOF=3 x 5 6 = 9
(
2
,
3
,
4
,
x2
,
x3
,
y3
,
x4
e
1
, e
4
)
Inextensible
NJ=5; NR =6; NAC=3
NDOF=3NJ-NR-NAC
NDOF=3 x 5 6 - 3= 6
(
2
,
3
,
4
,
x2
=
x4
=
1
,
x3
,
y3
)
d)
e)
f)
61
Extensible
NJ=4; NR =5;
NDOF=3NJ-NR
NDOF=3 x 4 5+1= 8
(
21
,
23
,
3
,
2
,
3
, e
1
,e
2
, e
3
)
Inextensible
NJ=4; NR =5; NAC=3
NDOF=3NJ-NR-NAC
NDOF=3 x 4 5-3= 4
(
21
,
23
,
3
,
2
=
3
=)
Extensible
NJ=5; NR =6;
NDOF=3NJ-NR
NDOF=3 x 5 6 = 9
(
2
,
3
,
4
,
x2
,
x3
,
y3
,
x4
e
1
, e
4
)
Inextensible
NJ=5; NR =6; NAC=3
NDOF=3NJ-NR-NAC
NDOF=3 x 5 6 - 3= 6
(
2
,
3
,
4
,
x2
=
x4
=
1
,
x3
,
y3
)
g)
1.5 Linear and Non Linear Structures
Structural frameworks are commonly made of wood, concrete or steel. Each of them has
different material properties that must be accounted for in the analysis and design. The
modulus of elasticity E of each material must be known for any displacement computation.
Typical stress-strain curve for these materials is shown in Fig.1.11. The structure in which
the stresses developed is within the elastic limit, and then the structure is called Linear
Structure. If the stress developed is in the plastic region, then the structure is said to Non-
62
NJ=6; NR =3;
NDOF=2NJ-NR
NDOF=2 x 6 3 = 9
A Truss
NJ=6; NR =4;
NDOF=2NJ-NR
NDOF=2 x 6 4 = 8
A Truss
Linear Structure. In addition to material nonlinearities, some structures may behave in a
nonlinear fashion due to change in the shape of the overall structure. This requires that the
structure displace an amount significant enough to affect the equilibrium relations for the
structure. When this occurs the structure is said to be Geometrically nonlinear. Cable
structures are susceptible to this type of nonlinearity. A cantilever structure shown in Fig.
1.2 has geometrical nonlinearity
63
Fig.1.11 Stress-Strain Graph
64
Fig.1.12 Geometric Nonlinearity
Span
Exercise Problems
P1.1 Determine Degrees of indeterminacy and classify the structures
P1.2 Determine Degrees of Kinematic indeterminacy
Reference Books
65
Span
Span
1. C.S.Reddy, Basic Structural Analysis,
Tata Mc Graw Hill, 2nd Edition, New Delhi, 1996.
2. Ashok.K.Jain, Elementary Structural Analysis, Newchand and brothers, Roorkee, India,
1990
3. L.S.Negi and R.S.Jangid, Structural Analysis,
Tata Mc Graw Hill, 2nd Edition, New Delhi, 1997.
4. G.S.Pandit, S.P.Gupta and R.Gupta, Theory of Structures, Vol-1, Tata Mc Graw Hill,
2nd Edition, New Delhi, 1999.
5. Jeffrey P. Laible, Structural Analysis, Holt-Saunders International Editions, 1985
THREE HINGED ARCHES
An arch is a curved beam in which horizontal movement at the support is wholly or
partially prevented. Hence there will be horizontal thrust induced at the supports. The shape of
an arch doesnt change with loading and therefore some bending may occur.
Types of Arches
On the basis of material used arches may be classified into and steel arches, reinforced
concrete arches, masonry arches etc.,
On the basis of structural behavior arches are classified as :
Three hinged arches:- Hinged at the supports and the crown.
66
Types of Arch
Material used
Structural behavior
Loaded area
Loaded area
Hinged at the
support
Hinged at the
crown
Springing
Rise
Span
Span
Two hinged arches:- Hinged only at the support.
Fixed arches:- The supports are fixed.
A 3-hinged arch is a statically determinate structure. A 2-hinged arch is an
indeterminate structure of degree of indeterminancy equal to 1. A fixed arch is a statically
indeterminate structure. The degree of indeterminancy is 3.
Depending upon the type of space between the loaded area and the rib arches can be classified
as open arch or closed arch (solid arch).
67
Hinges at the
support
Rib of the arch
Rise
Span
Filled
Spandrel
Open Arch
Braced
Spandrel
Solid Arch
B H
B
=

4.275
H
B
= 4.275 A

Comparison between an arch and a beam
( ) a x w
L
wbx
M
Arch
+
-H x y
L
) a x ( w wbx
M
Beam

Hy M M
Beam Arch

moment Beam Arch
H M M
Owing to its geometrical shape and proper supports, an arch supports loading with less
bending moment than a corresponding straight beam. However in case of arches there will be
horizontal reactions and axial thrust.
Analysis of 3-hinged arches
It is the process of determining external reactions at the support and internal quantities
such as normal thrust, shear and bending moment at any section in the arch.
Procedure to find reactions at the supports
Step 1. Sketch the arch with the loads and reactions at the support.
Apply equilibrium conditions namely 0, F
x

0 F
y


0 M and
Apply the condition that BM about the hinge at the crown is zero (Moment of all the forces
either to the left or to the right of the crown).
Solve for unknown quantities.
68
W
E
C
E
B
E
H
B
= H
A
E
H
A
= H
y
RISE = h
SPAN
b
a
V
A
=
V
B
=
V
A
=
V
B
=
H
1
H
1
W
a b
B H
B
=

4.275
H
B
= 4.275 A

x
P1: A 3-hinged arch has a span of 30m and a rise of 10m. The arch carries UDL of 0.6 kN/m
on the left half of the span. It also carries 2 concentrated loads of 1.6 kN and 1 kN at 5 m and
10 m from the rt end. Determine the reactions at the support. (sketch not given).

0 F
x
0 H H
B A

B A
H H ------ (1)
To find vertical reaction.

0 F
y
6 . 11
6 . 1 1 15 x 6 . 0 V V
B A

+ + +
------ (2)

0 M
A
kN 35 . 7 A
6 . 11 25 . 4 V
kN 25 . 4 V
0 5 . 7 ) 15 x 6 . 0 ( 20 x 1 25 x 6 . 1 30 x V
A
A
B
B

+ + +
69
B H
B
=

4.275
0.6 kN/m
C
5 m 5 m
h = 10m
L = 30m
V
A
= 7.35 V
B
= 4.25
H
B
= 4.275 A

1 kN 1.6 kN
To find horizontal reaction.
0 M
C

kN 275 . 4 H
kN 275 . 4 H
0 10 x H 15 x 25 . 4 10 x 6 . 1 5 x 1
A
B
B

+
OR
0 M
C

kN 275 . 4 H
kN 275 . 4 H
5 . 7 ) 15 x 6 . 0 ( 10 x H 15 x 375 . 7
B
A
A

To find total reaction
83 . 44
H
V
tan
kN 02 . 6 V H R
82 . 59
H
V
tan
kN 5 . 8
35 . 7 275 . 4
V H R
B
B 1
B
2
B
2
B B
0
A
A 1
A
2 2
2
A
2
A A

,
_

,
_

70
R
A

A
A
H
A
= 4.275 kN
V
A
= 7.35 kN
R
B
A
H
B
= 4.275 kN
V
B
= 4.25 kN
B H
B

2) A 3-hinged parabolic arch of span 50m and rise 15m carries a load of 10kN at quarter span
as shown in figure. Calculate total reaction at the hinges.

0 F
x
B A
H H
To find vertical reaction.

0 Fy
10 V V
B A
+ ------ (1)

0 M
A
kN 5 . 7 V kN 5 . 2 V
0 5 . 12 x 10 50 x V
A B
B

+

To find Horizontal reaction
0 M
C

0 15 H 25 V
B B

To find total reaction.
71
B H
B
10 kN
C
15 m
50 m
V
A V
B
H
A
A
12.5 m
R
A

A
A
H
A
= 4.17
V
A
= 7.5
R
B
H
B
= 4.17
V
B
= 4.25
B H
B

94 . 30
H
V
tan
kN 861 . 4 R
V H R
92 . 60
H
V
tan
kN 581 . 8 R
5 . 7 17 . 4 R
H kN 17 . 4 H
0
B
B 1
B
B
2
B
2
A B
0
A
A 1
A
A
2 2
A
A B

,
_

,
_

3) Determine the reaction components at supports A and B for 3-hinged arch shown in fig.
To find Horizontal reaction

0 F
x
0 H H
B A

B A
H H ------ (1)
To find vertical reaction.

0 F
y
72
B H
B

10 kN/m
C
2.5 m
10 m
V
A
V
B
H
A
A
2 .4 m
180 kN
8 m 6 m
a b
A


280 V V
10 x 10 180 V V
B A
B A
+
+ +
------ (2)

0 M
A
33 . 1558 V 10 H
3740 V 24 H 4 . 2
0 5 x 10 x 10 18 x 180 4 . 2 x H 24 x V
B B
B B
B B


+ + +
------ (3)
0 M
C

87 . 293 V 857 . 2 H
1440 14 V 9 . 4 x H
0 9 . 4 x H 14 x V 8 x 180
B B
B B
B B
+ +


------ (4)
Adding 2 and 3
A B
B
A
B
B B
H kN 67 . 211 H
33 . 1558 177 x 10 H
kN 103 V
kN 177 V
87 . 293 33 . 1558 V 857 . 2 V 10

+ +
73
a b
A


A


B

A

Bending moment diagram for a 3-hinged arch
We know that for an arch, bending moment at any point is equal to beam BM-Hy
(Refer comparison between arch and beam). Hy is called H-Moment. It varies with respect to
Y. Therefore the shape of BM due to Hy should be the shape of the arch. Therefore to draw the
BMD for an arch, draw the BMD for the beam over that superimpose the H-moment diagram
as shown in fig.
74
B
W
C
h
a b
A


L
L
Wab
+

+
Shape same
as arch
BEAM B.M.
L
Wab
H Moment diagram
H
h
H
h
A


B

A

V
A
V
B

H
A
A

B H
B

Normal thrust and radial shear in an arch
Total force acting along the normal is called normal thrust and total force acting along
the radial direction is called radial shear. For the case shown in fig normal thrust
= + H
A
Cos + V
A
Cos (90 - )
= H
A
Cos + V
A
Sin
(Treat the force as +ve if it is acting towards the arch and -ve if it is away from the arch).
Radial shear = + H
A
Sin -V
A
Sin (90 - )
= H
A
Sin + V
A
Cos
(Treat force up the radial direction +ve and down the radial direction as -ve).
Note: 1) To determine normal trust and tangential shear at any point cut the arch into 2 parts.
Consider any 1 part. Determine net horizontal and vertical force on to the section.
Using these forces calculate normal thrust and tangential shear.
2. Parabolic arch: If the shape of the arch is parabolic then it is called parabolic arch.
If A is the origin then the equation of the parabola is given by y = cx [L x] where C is
a constant.
75
A


Radial
Normal
VERTICAL
NORMAL
HORIZONT
AL
V
A
H
A

M
A
H
A
V
A
RADIAL
Normal
Radial
90 -
B

C
h
A

Horizontal
y

x
2

Normal
V
A
V
B

H
A
A

B H
B

=
23.96
We have at X =
2
L
y = h
h = C
2
L
.
2
L
. C
2
L
L
2
L

1
]
1

2
L
H 4
C
Equation of parabola is
( ) x L
L
hx 4
y
2

is given by the following equation.
( )
2
2
x Lx
L
h 4
y
( ) x 2 L
L
h 4
dx
dy
tan
2

( ) x 2 L
L
h 4
tan
2

1. A UDL of 4kN/m covers left half span of 3-hinged parabolic arch of span 36m and central
rise 8m. Determine the horizontal thrust also find (i) BM (ii) Shear force (iii) Normal
thrust (iv) Radial shear at the loaded quarter point. Sketch BMD.

0 F
x
B A
B A
H H
0 H H

------ (1)

0 F
y
76
4 kN/m
C
h = 8 m
36 m
V
A
V
B

H
A
A

B H
B

=
23.96
54 kN 18 kN
18 kN 18
kN
364.5
kN/m
kN/m
54 kN
72 V V
18 x 4 V V
B A
B A
+
+
------ (2)

0 M
A
kN 54 V kN 18 V
0 9 x 18 x 4 36 x V
A B
B

+
0 M
c

kN 5 . 40 H
kN 5 . 40 H
0 8 x H 18 x V
A
B
B B

+
BM at M =
- 40.5 x 6 + 54 x 9 ( ) x L
L
hx 4
y
2

- 4 x 9 x 4.5 ( ) 9 36
36
9 x 8 x 4
y
2

= 81 kN.m m 6 y
Shear force at M = + 54 4 x 9 = 18 kN (only vertical forces)
tan ( ) x 2 L
L
h 4
2

= ( ) 9 x 2 36
36
8 x 4
2


96 . 23
0

Normal thrust = N = + 40.5 Cos 23.96 + 18 Cos 66.04
77
VERTICAL
NORMAL
HORIZONTAL
66.04
40.5 kN
=
23.96
M
A
40.5 kN RADIAL
4 kN/m
54 kN
9 m
y = 6
18 kN
54 kN 18 kN
18 kN 18
kN
364.5
kN/m
kN/m
54 kN
= 44.32 kN
S = 40.5 Sin 23.96 18 Sin 66.04
S = - 0.0019 0
m 5 . 13 x
x 3 54 x
18
x 18
54
x

54 x 13.5 4 x 13.5
2
5 . 13
x
kNm 5 . 364
A symmetrical 3-hinged parabolic arch has a span of 20m. It carries UDL of intensity 10 kNm
over the entire span and 2 point loads of 40 kN each at 2m and 5m from left support. Compute
the reactions. Also find BM, radial shear and normal thrust at a section 4m from left end take
central rise as 4m.
78
13.5
A B
36 m
54 kN 18 kN
18 x
x = 13.5
18 kN 18
kN
324 kN/m
Beam BM
364.5
kN/m
kN/m
+
4 kN/m
54 kN
+

364.5 kNm
324 kNm
A C B
13.5 m
= 25.64

0 F
x
B A
B A
H H
0 H H

------ (1)

0 F
y
280 V V
0 20 x 10 40 40 V V
B A
B A
+
+
------ (2)

0 M
A
kN 166 V
kN 114 V
0 20 x V 10 ) 20 x 10 ( 5 x 40 2 x 40
A
B
B

+ + +
0 M
c

79
C
4 m
20 m
40 kN
M
2 m 3m
10 kN/m
40 kN
= 25.64
A

M

x

y

L/2 D L/2
kN 160 H
kN 160 H
0 10 x 114 4 x H 5 ) 10 x 10 (
A
B
B

+
BM at M
= - 160 x 2.56
+ 166 x 4 40 x 2
- (10 x 4)2
= + 94.4 kNm
( ) x L
L
hx 4
y
2

( ) 4 20
20
4 x 4 x 4
2

m 56 . 2 y
tan ( ) x 2 L
L
h 4
2

= ( ) 4 x 2 20
20
4 x 4
2

64 . 25
0

Normal thrust = N = + 160 Cos 25.64
+ 86 Cos 64.36
= 181.46 kN
S = 160 Sin 25.64
- 86 x Sin 64.36
S = - 8.29 kN
80
VERTICAL
NORMAL
HORIZONT
AL
64.35
160 kN
= 25.64
M
REDIAL
10 kN/m
160 kN
4 m
y = 2.56
86 kN
40 kN
2 m
166 kN
A

M

x

y

L/2 D L/2
V
B
= 70 kN
H
A
= 93.75 kN

A

Segmental arch
A segmental arch is a part of circular curve. For such arches y =
2
L
) x L ( hx 4
is not
applicable since the equation is applicable only for parabolic arches. Similarly equation for
will be different.
To develop necessary equations for 3-hinged segmental arch
Relationship between R, L and h:
From OAD
2 2 2
OD AD OA +
[ ]
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
h
4
L
Rh 2
h Rh 2 R
4
L
R
h R
2
L
R
+ +
+ +
+

,
_

2
h
h 8
L
R
2
+
R
x
Sin
OM
OE
Cos
R
y h R
Cos
+

81
B
C
h
(90- )x
A

O
R R
Origin
E
M

90
x

y

L/2 D L/2
V
B
= 70 kN
H
A
= 93.75 kN

A

= 13.43
Z

1) A 3-hinged segmental arch has a span of 50m and a rise of 8m. A 100 kN load is acting at a
point 15 m from the right support. Find horizontal thrust at the supports (ii) BM, Normal
thrust and radial shear at a section 15 m from the left support.
Reactions:

0 F
x
B S
H H
------ (1)

0 F
y
kN 100 V V
B A
+
------ (2)

0 M
A
kN 30 V
kN 70 V
0 35 x 100 50 x V
A
B
B

+
0 M
c

B A
A A
H kN 75 . 93 H
0 8 x H 25 x V


82
B H
B
93.75 kN
C
Origin
25 m
V
A
= 30 kN V
B
= 70 kN
H
A
= 93.75 kN

A

100 kN
15 m
Z
25 m
15 m
= 13.43
Z

m 06 . 43 R
2
8
8 x 8
50
2
h
h 8
L
R
2
2

+
+
43 . 13
06 . 43
10
R
x
Sin

* In case of segmental arch A is not origin
R
y h R
Cos
+

m 822 . 6 y
06 . 43
y 8 06 . 43
13.43 Cos

B.M
z
= 30 x 15 93.75 x 6.822
= - 189.562 kNm
N = 93.75 Cos 13.43 + 30 Cos 76.57
N = 98.15 kN
S = 93.75 Sin 13.43 30 Sin 76.57
= - 7.41 kN
CABLES AND SUSPENSION BRIDGES
Cables are used to support loads over long spans such as suspension bridges, roof of
large open buildings etc. The only force in the cable is direct tension. Since the cables are
flexible they carry zero B.M.
83
NORMAL
30 kN
76.97
93.75 kN
= 13.43
93.75 kN
REDIAL
30 kN
15 m
y
Z

=
26.56
Analysis of cables
Analysis of cable involves determination of reactions at the support and tension over
different parts of the cable.
To determine the reactions at the support and tension equilibrium conditions are used.
In addition to that BM about any point of the cable can be equated to zero.
P1: Determine the reactions components and tension in different parts of the cable shown in
figure. Also find the sag at D and E.

0 F
x
B A
B A
H H
0 H H

+
------ (1)

0 F
y
kN 120 V V
B A
+
------ (2)

0 M
A
kN 55 V
kN 65 V
0 80 x V 60 x 50 40 x 40 20 x 30
A
B
B

+ +
0 M
c
(About the point where sag is given)
B A
A
H kN 110 H
0 20 x 55 10 x H

+
Point A:
84
A 20 m 20 m 20 m 20 m B

1
T
1
10 m y
D
= 14.55
y
E
= 11.82
H
A
= 220 kN H
B
= 110 kN
V
A
= 55 kN
V
B
= 65 kN
T4
T2
T3
30 kN
40 kN
50 kN
C
D
E

2
=
26.56
12.81 =

0 F
x
kN 123 T
0 110 56 . 26 Cos T
1
1

tan
20
10
1

56 . 26
1

To find Y
E
:-
We have 0 M . B
E

m 82 . 11 Y
0 20 x 65 Y x 110
E
E

+
To Find Y
D
:-
0 M . B
D

m 55 . 14 Y
0 Y x H 40 x 65 20 x 50
D
D B

+
85
=
26.56
55 kN
110 kN
T
1
12.81 =

y
D

Point D:

0 F
x
984 . 0 T T
0 81 . 12 Cos T 77 . 7 Cos T
2 3
2 3

tan
20
10 55 . 14
2

81 . 12
1

tan
20
82 . 11 55 . 14
3

77 . 7
3

0 F
Y
kN 95 . 110 T
kN 75 . 112 T
0 40 81 . 12 Sin T 77 . 7 Sin 984 . 0 T
0 40
81 . 12 Sin T 77 . 7 Sin T
3
2
2 2
2 1

+

+
86
12.81 =

40 kN
110 kN

3
=
7.77
T
2
T
3
y
D

Part B:

0 F
x
kN 77 . 127 T
0 58 . 30 Cos T 110
4
4

tan
20
82 . 11
4

58 . 30
4

Note: It can be observed that more the inclination or the slope more is the tension. Near the
supports slope will be more and hence tension will also be more.
2) A Chord Supported at its ends 40 m apart carries loads of 200 kN, 100 kN and 120 kN at
distances 10 m, 20 m and 30 m from the left end. If the point on the chord where 100 kN
load is supported is 13 m below the level of the end supports. Determine
(a) Reactions at the support.
(b) Tension in different part.
(c) Length of the chord.

0 F
x
87
110 kN
65 kN
30.18
T
4
A 10 m 10 m 10 m 10 m E
T
1
y
B 13 m
y
D

H
A
= 200 H
B
= 200
V
A
= 230
V
E
= 190
T4
T2
T3
200 kN
100 kN
120 kN
B
C
D

2

3

2

E A
E A
H H
0 H H

+
------ (1)

0 F
y
kN 420 V V
E A
+ ------ (2)

0 M
A
kN 230 V
kN 190 V
0 40 x V 30 x 120 20 x 100 10 x 200
A
E
E

+ +
0 M
c
(Always take BM about the point for which sag is given)
E A
A
H kN 200 H
0 20 x 230 10 x 200 13 x H

+
88

2

Point A:
0 M . B
B

m 5 . 11 Y
0 Y x 200 10 x 230
B
B

49
10
5 . 11
tan
1
1
1

,
_

0 F
x
kN 85 . 304 T
0 200 49 Cos T
1
1

Point B:

0 F
x
89
49
230 kN
200 kN
T
1

2

200 kN
204.85 kN
T
2
49
kN 22 . 202 T
0 49 Cos
8 . 304 53 . 8 Cos T
2
2

tan
2
=
10
11.5 13

2
= 8.53
Point C:

0 M . B
D
m 5 . 9 Y
0 10 x 190 Y x 200
D
D

0 F
x
kN 90 . 211 T
0 53 . 8 Cos 22 . 202 3 . 19 Cos T
3
3

tan
10
5 . 9 13
3


3 . 19
3

90
100 kN
202.22 kN
T
3
8.53
19.3
40 kN
50 kN
30 kN
Point E:

0 F
x
kN 85 . 275 T
0 53 . 43 Cos T 200
4
4

tan
10
5 . 9
4

53 . 43
4

Length of the Chord = DE CD BC AB + + +
Cos
AB
10
1


49 Cos
10
AB
m 22 . 15 AB
Cos
BC
10
2


53 . 8 Cos
10
BC
m 12 . 10 BC
Cos
CD
10
3


3 . 19 Cos
10
CD
m 6 . 10 CD
Cos
DE
10
4

91
200 kN
190 kN

4
T
4
40 kN
50 kN
30 kN

53 . 43 Cos
10
DE
m 8 . 13 DE
Total length of Chord = 49.76m
3) Determine reactions at supports and tension indifferent parts of the cable shown in
figure.

0 F
x
B A
B A
H H
0 H H

+
------ (1)

0 F
y
kN 120 V V
B A
+ ------ (2)

0 M
A
6250 V 100 H 15
0 15 x H 100 x V 75 x 40 50 x 50 25 x 30
B B
B B
+
+ +
67 . 416 V 67 . 6 H
B B
+ ------ (3)
0 M . B
D


1000 V 50 H 5 . 2
0 25 x 40 50 x V 5 . 2 x H
B B
B B

+
400 V 20 H
B B
------ (4)
92
H
A
A 25 m 25 m 25 m 25 m

2
T4
T3
T2
T
1
V
A
V
B
40 kN
50 kN
30 kN
C
D
E
8.75
7.5 m determined
10 m
(given)
8.95
26.25
15 m
2.5
H
D

(3) (4) gives
400 67 . 416 V 67 . 26
B
+
kN 62 . 30 V
B

A B
H kN 42 . 212 H
kN 38 . 89 V
A

Point A:

0 F
x
kN 05 . 225 T
0 42 . 212 29 . 19 Cos T
1
1

,
_

25
75 . 8
tan
1
1
29 . 19
1

93

1
=
19.29
89.38 kN
212.42 kN
T
1
H
D

30 kN
225.05 kN
T
2
19.29

2
=
5.71
Point C:

,
_

25
5 . 2
tan
1
2
71 . 5
2

,
_

25
75 . 8
tan
1
3
29 . 19
3

,
_

25
25 . 11
tan
1
4
22 . 24
4

4) A cable is used to support loads 40 kN and 60 kN across a span of 45 m as shown in figure.
The length of the cable is 46.5 m. Determine tension in various segments.

0 F
x
D A
D A
H H
0 H H

+
------ (1)

0 F
y
kN 100 V V
D A
+ ------ (2)

0 M
A
kN 67 . 46 V
kN 33 . 53 V
0 45 x V 30 x 60 15 x 40
A
D
D

+
------ (3)
0 M . B
B

05 . 700 Y H
0 Y x H 15 x 67 . 46
B A
B A

94
A 15 m 15 m 15 m D
T
1
y
B
= 4.4 m
y
C
= 5.025
H
A
= 159.2 kN
H
D

V
A
= 46.67 = 0 V
D
= 53.33
T2
T3
40 kN
60 kN
B
D
0 M
C

10 . 800 Y H
0 Y x H 15 x 40 30 x 67 . 46
C A
C A

10 . 800
05 . 700
Y H
Y H
C A
B A

C B
Y 875 . 0 Y
We have DE CD BC AB + + + = 46.5m
m 5 . 46 Y 15 ) Y Y ( 15 Y 15
2
C
2 2
B C
2
2
B
2
+ + + + +
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
2
1
2
1
/
2
C C
2
/
2
C
2
Y 875 . 0 Y 15 Y 875 . 0 15 + + +
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
[ ] 5 . 46 Y 15
Y 0156 . 0 15 Y 766 . 0 15
5 . 46 Y 15
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
/
2
C
2
/
2
C
2
/
2
C
2
/
2
C
2
+ +
+ + +
+ +
5 . 46
15
Y
1
15
Y 0156 . 0 1
15
Y 766 . 0 1
15
2
1
2
1
2
1
/
2
2
C
/
2
2
C
/
2
2
C

1
1
]
1

,
_

+ +

,
_

+
+

,
_

+
5 . 46
15
Y
2
1
1
15
Y 0156 . 0
x
2
1
1
15
Y 766 . 0
x
2
1
1 15
2
2
C
2
2
C
2
2
C

1
1
]
1

+ + + + + +
[ ]
15
5 . 46
Y 00396 . 0 3
2
C
+
1 . 0 Y 00396 . 0
2
C

m 4 . 4 Y
m 025 . 5 Y
B
C

We have
D A
A
B A
H kN 2 . 159 H
4 . 4
05 . 700
H
05 . 700 Y H

,
_

15
4 . 4
tan
1
1
35 . 16
0
1

95
Point A:

0 F
x
kN 90 . 5 . 16 T
0 kN 2 . 159
35 . 16 Cos T
1
0
1

Point C:

0 F
x
2 3
2 3
T 053 . 1 T
0 385 . 2 Cos T 52 . 18 Cos T

,
_

15
4 . 4 025 . 5
tan
1
2
385 . 2
2

,
_

15
025 . 5
tan
1
3
52 . 18
3

96

1
46.67 kN
159.2 kN
T
1
+ 2

0 F
Y
kN 89 . 167 T
kN 44 . 159 T
60 T 376 . 0
0 60 385 . 2 Sin T 52 . 18 Sin T 053 . 1
0 60 385 . 2 Sin T 52 . 18 Sin T
3
2
2
2 2
2 3

+
+
General Equation of a cable or Differential Equation.
General shape of a cable depends on nature of loading, location of loads, type of
supports etc. The equilibrium of a part of a cable shall be considered to obtain equation for
cable when the cable is subjected to all over UDL.
Let us consider the equilibrium of a small length ds of the cable shown in figure. Let
the cable be subjected to UDL of intensity W over horizontal span figure shows tension and
horizontal, vertical reactions in the part of the cable we have.
97
60 kN
T
2 T
3

3
+ 2
H = T Cos
V = T Sin

Sec H
Cos
H
T

tan
Cos T
Sin T
H
V
V = H tan
Let us consider the equilibrium of the part of the cable shown in fig.
We have.

0 F
Y
(V + dv) V W x dx = 0
dv = wdx
[ ]
W
dx
tan H d

W
dx
dx
dy
Hd

1
]
1

,
_

H
W
dx
Y d
2
2

To derive equations for cable profile and tension in the cable when it is supported at the
same level and subjected to horizontal UDL.
98
C
D
W kN/m
V
D
= v + dv
T + d
H
D
= H
V = V
C
= TSin
T
C
H = H
C
= TCos
ds
+ 2
dy

dx
Let us consider a cable of span L and max sag H subjected to UDL of intensity W as
shown in fig. From general equation we have
H
W
dx
d
2
2
y

Integrating with respect to x we have

1
y
c x .
H
W
dx
d
+
We have at X = 0
0
dx
d
y

Substituting 0 = .
H
W
0 + C
1
C
1
=

0
x .
H
W
dx
d
y

Integrating with respect to x we get
2
2
C
2
X
.
H
W
Y +
We have at X=0 Y=0
2
C 0 0 +
2
C =0
2
X
.
H
W
Y
2

At X= 2 / Y = h
Substituting
( )
2
2 /
.
H
W
h
2

h 8
W
H
2

We have
2
X
.
h 8
w
W
Y
2
2

2
2
x
L
h 4
Y
If A is considered as the origin then
99
W
y
L
A B
h
x
) x L (
L
hx 4
Y
2

To fin the tension at any point on the cable:
Tension at any point
T = H Sec
= H
2
Sec
= H
+
2
tan 1
T = H
2
dx
dy
1

,
_

+
To derive an expression for cable profile when it is subjected to horizontal UDL and
supports are at different levels:
General equation for cable profile is
H
W
dx
d
2
2
y

Let us consider each part separately we have

H 2
Wx
Y
2

At x = -L
1,
Y = b
( )
H 2
WL
b OR
H 2
L W
b
2
1
2
1

------ (1)
At X = L
2,
Y= a + b
H 2
WL
b a
2
2
+
------ (2)
100
w
a
L
1
B
b
L
2
y
x
L
1
O
2
2
2
1
L
L
b a
b

+
( ) b a
b
L
L
2
1
+

Add (1) on either side
1
b a
b
1
L
L
2
1
+
+
+
( )
( )
) L L L (
b a
b a b
L
L L
2 1
2
2 1
+
+
+ +

+
b a
b a b
L
L
2
+
+ +

b a b
b a L
L
2
+ +
+

Substituting in (2)
[ ]
2
2
) b a ( b
) B a ( L
H 2
W
b) (a
+ +
+
+
( )
2
2
b a b 2
WL
H
+ +

Tension at any point is given by

T = H Sec
T = H
2
Sec
T = H
+
2
tan 1
= H

,
_

+
2
dx
dy
1
T = H
2
H
wx
1

,
_

+
Y =
H 2
wx
2

H 2
wx 2
dx
dy

101
h =
= 10 m
To derive an expression for length of the parabolic cable profile when the supports are
at the same level
We have ds =
2 2
dy dx +
Ds = dx
2
dy
dx
1

,
_

+
When the supports are at the same level we have
2
2
L
hx 4
Y
2
L
hx 8
dx
dy
(taking origin at the center)
ds = dx
4
2 2
L
x h 64 1+
Total length of the cable is given by
L
C
= dx
L
x h 64
1 ds

4
2 2 2 /
2 /

,
_

= 2 dx
L
x h 64
1

4
2 2 2 /
0

,
_

= 2 dx .. ..........
L
x h 64
2
1
1

4
2 2 2 /
0

,
_

+ +

L
C
= 2
2 /
0
3
4
2
3
x
L
h 32
x

1
]
1

+ (expanding by binomial theorem)

L
C
= 2
1
]
1

+
24
L
L
h 32
2
L
3
4
2
L
C
=
L 3
h 8
L
2
+
To derive an expression for length of the cable profile when the supports are at different
levels
102
d
x
d
y
ds
h =
= 10 m
L
C
= Length of cable
Between A & C + Length of cable between C&B
L
C
=
2
1
Length of cable of span 2L
1
+
2
1
length of cable of span 2L
2
But L
C
= L +
( )
1
]
1

+
+ +
1
]
1

+
2
2
2
1
2
1 C
2
L 2
b a
.
3
8
L 2 2 / 1
L 2
b
3
8
L 2
2
1
L e . i
L 3
h 8
2
2
2
1
2
1
L
) b a (
3
2
L
L
b
3
2
L
+
+ + +
L
C

=

( )

,
_

+
+ + +
2
2
1
2
2 1
L
) b a (
L
b
3
2
L L
1) A cable suspends across a gap of 250m and carries UDL of 5kN/m horizontally calculate the
maximum tensions if the maximum sag is
1
/
25
th
of the span. Also calculate the sag at 50m from
left end.
We have
T = H
2
dx
dy
1

,
_

+
Take origin as left end
103
a
L
1
B
b
L
2
c
A
5 kN/m
250 m
A B
h =
= 10 m
[ ] x L
L
hx 4
Y
2

[ ] x 2 L
L
h 4
dx
dy
2

Tension is maximum at the supports i.e., at X = 0 from A
[ ] 0 2 250
250
10 4
dx
dy
2

16 . 0
dx
dy

kN 25 . 3906
10 8
250 5
h 8
WL
H
2 2

kN 93 . 3955 16 . 0 1 25 . 3906 T
2
max
+
We have ) x L (
L
hx 4
Y
2
[x measured from A]
) 50 250 (
250
50 10 4
Y
2

m 4 . 6 Y
2) Determine the length of the cable and max tension developed if the cable supports a load of
2kN/m on a horizontal span of 300m. The maximum sag is 25m
h 8
WL
H
2

25 8
300 2
2

kN 900 H
2
dx
dy
1 H T

,
_

+
104
2 kN/m
300 m
A B
25
[ ] x L
L
hx 4
Y
2
[X from A]
[ ] x 2 L
L
h 4
dx
dy
Y
2

Tension is maximum at the supports i.e., at x = 0
( ) 0 2 300
300
25 4
dx
dy
2

333 . 0
dx
dy

2
max
333 . 0 1 900 T +
kN 68 . 948 T
max

Length of cable L
C
=
L 3
h 8
L
2
+
300 3
25 8
300
2

+
m 55 . 305 L
C

3) Determine the maximum span for a mild steel cable between supports at the same level if
the central dip. is
1
/
10th
of the span and permissible stress in steel is 150 N/mm
2
. Steel weighs
78.6 kN/m
3
. Assume the cable to hang in a parabola.
Here the weight of the cable itself is acting as UDL on the cable. We have SP weight =
Volume
Wieght
Weight = Specific Weight x Volume
= Specific Weight x Area x Length
Length
Weight
= Specific Weight x Area
m
kN
A 6 . 78
m A
m
kN
6 . 78 W
2
3

We have
h 8
WL
H
2

105
L
A
L
10
1
8
L A 6 . 78
2

LA 25 . 98 H
2
dx
dy
1 H T

,
_

+
) X L (
L
hx 4
Y
2

) x 2 L (
L
h 4
dx
dy
2

Tension is maximum at X = 0
L
h 4
dx
dy

2
max
L
L
10
1
4
1 AL 25 . 98 T

,
_

+
AL 81 . 105 T
max

L 81 . 105
A
T
max

L 81 . 105 F
max

2
3
2
max
m
kN
10 150
MPa 150
mm
N
150 F

m 63 . 1417 L
L 81 . 105 10 150
3

Bridges supported by cables
106
Anchoring of cables
There are 2 methods by which suspension cable can be anchored:
1) Continuous cable or pulley type anchoring.
2) Non- Continuous cable or saddle type anchoring.
Continuous cable or pulley type anchoring
In this method suspension cable itself passes over roller or guide pulley on the top of
the tower or abutment and then anchored. The tension remains same in the suspension cable
and anchor cable at the supports.
107
Suspension Bridge
Anchor
cable
Fan Type Cable stayed Bridge
Harp type Cable stayed Bridge
2
A
2
A A
V H T +

,
_

A
A 1
H
V
tan
is the inclination of the suspension cable with the horizontal. Net horizontal force on
tower H
T
= T
A
Cos ~ T
A
Cos
Where h
t
is the height of the tower.
2) Saddle type anchoring or Non-continuous cable
In this method of anchoring suspension cable are attached to saddles mounted on rollers
on the top of the tower as result in suspension cable and anchor cable will be differed.
However horizontal components of tension will be equal.
108
Pulley
Anchor cable
Suspension cable
Abutment
A
T
A
T
A
h
t
Tower
B
T
A
T
A

Anchor cable
Suspension cable
Abutment
B
T
A
T
a

= 21.8
30
0

2
A
2
A A
V H T +

,
_

A
A 1
H
V
tan
0 M
h H M
Sin T Sin T V
H Cos T Cos T
t T
a A T
T a A

+

1) A cable of span 150m and dip 15m carries a load of 6 kN/m on horizontal span. Find the
maximum tension for the cable at the supports. Find the forces transmitted to the supported
pier if
(a) Cable is passed over smooth rollers or pulleys over the pier.
(b) Cable is clamped to saddle with smooth rollers resting on the top of the pier.
For each of the above case anchor cable is 30 to horizontal. If the supporting pier is
20m tall. Determine the maximum BM on the pier.
kN 1125
15 8
150 6
h 8
W
H H
2
2
B A

kN 450
2
150 6
V V
B A

109
6 kN/m
150 m
A B
15 m
V
B
H
B
H
A
V
A
= 21.8
30
0

L
1
L
2
= 110.12 m = 89.89 m
30
0

60
0

8 . 21
1125
450
tan
H
V
tan
kN 66 . 1211 V H T T
0
1
A
A 1
2
A
2
A A max

,
_

,
_

Case 1: Cable over smooth pulley
H
T
= 1211.66 Cos 21.8
1211.66 Cos 30
0
= 75.73kN
V
T
= 1211.66 Sin 21.8 + 1211.66 Sin 30
0

V
T
= 1055.77kN
M = H
T
X h
t

= 75.73 X 20 = 1513.4kNm
Case 2 : Cable clamped to saddle
Here T
A
Cos
Cos T
a
1211.66 Cos 21.8 = T
a
Cos 30
T
a
1299.05kN
In this case H
T
= 0
M =
0
30 Sin 05 . 1299 8 . 21 Sin 66 . 1211
Sin T Sin T V
a A T
+

V
T
= 1099.5 kN
3) A Suspension cable is suspended from 2 pier A and B 200m apart, B being 5m below A
the cable carries UDL of 20kN/m and its lowest point is 10m below B. The ends of the
cable are attached to saddles on rollers at the top of the piers and backstays anchor
cables. Backstays may be assumed to be straight and inclined at 60
0
to vertical.
Determine maximum tension in the cable, tension in backstay and thrust on each pier.
110
Tower
30
0
=
T
A
= 1211.66 kN
T
A
= 21.8
30
0

T
A
= 1211.66 kN
T
a
21.8
L
1
L
2
= 110.12 m = 89.89 m
30
0

60
0

Let C be the origin
We have
H 2
Wx
Y
2

m 10 Y L x At
m 15 Y L x At
2
1


H 2
) L ( w
15
2
1

H 2
) L ( w
10
2
2

2
2
1
2
L
L
10
15

2 1
2
1
L 225 . 1 L
10
15
L
L

But 200 L2 L1 +
m 12 . 110 L
m 89 . 89 L
200 L L 225 . 1
1
2
2 2

0 F
x
111
y
5 m
C
200 m
10 m
20 kN/m
V
A
= 2202.05
A
A
= 8081.6 kN
L
1
L
2
= 110.12 m = 89.89 m
x
30
0

T
A
= 8376.26 kN
T
a
15.24
60
0

B A
B A
H H
0 H H

+
---- (1)

0 F
y
4000 V V
B A
+ ---- (2)

0 M
A
80000 V 40 H
400000 V 200 H 5
0 5 H 200 V 100 200 20
B B
B B
B B
+
+

---- (3)
0 M
C


212 . 88080 V 989 . 48
212 . 8080 V 989 . 8 H
12 . 80802 V 89 . 89 H 10
0 10 H 89 . 89 V
2
89 . 89
) 89 . 89 20 (
B
B B
B B
B B

+
+
+
----- (4)
kN 05 . 2202 V
kN 6 . 8081 H
kN 6 . 8081 H
kN 95 . 1797 V
A
A
B
B

Since V
A
> V
B
tension at A is maximum
112
kN 94 . 9331 T
30 Cos T 24 . 15 Cos 26 . 8376
Cos T Cos T
24 . 15
6 . 8081
05 . 2202
tan
H
V
tan
kN 23 . 8376 T
6 . 8081 05 . 2202
V H T T
a
0
a
a A
1
A
A 1
A
2 2
A
2
A
2
A max

,
_

,
_

+
+

kN 77 . 6867 V
30 Sin 94 . 9331 24 . 15 Sin 26 . 8376
Sin T Sin T V
T
a A T

+
+
ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS BEAMS
(using 3-moment equation)
Stability of structure
If the equilibrium and geometry of structure is maintained under the action of forces
than the structure is said to be stable.
External stability of the structure is provided by the reaction at the supports. Internal
stability is provided by proper design and geometry of the member of the structure.
Statically determinate and indeterminate structures
113

A structure whose reactions at the support can be determined using available condition
of equilibrium is called statically determinate otherwise it is called statically indeterminate.
Ex:
No. of unknowns = 6
No. of eq . Condition = 3
Therefore statically indeterminate
Degree of indeterminacy =6 3 = 3
No. of unknowns = 3
No. of equilibrium Conditions = 2
Therefore Statically indeterminate
Degree of indeterminacy = 1
Advantages of Fixed Ends or Fixed Supports
1. Slope at the ends is zero.
2. Fixed beams are stiffer, stronger and more stable than SSB.
3. In case of fixed beams, fixed end moments will reduce the BM in each section.
4. The maximum defection is reduced.
Bending Moment Diagram for Fixed Beam
Draw free BMD
114
W
A B
H
A
H
B
V
A
V
B
M
A
M
B
End moments
FIXED BEAM
W W
A
R
A
R
B
A
C
R
C

Draw fixed end moment diagram, superimpose one above the other.
Ex:
Continuous beams
Beams placed on more than 2 supports are called continuous beams. Continuous beams
are used when the span of the beam is very large, deflection under each rigid support will be
equal zero.
BMD for Continuous beams
BMD for continuous beams can be obtained by superimposing the fixed end moments
diagram over the free bending moment diagram.
115
W
4
WL
2
L
2
L
+

+
M M
Three - moment Equation for continuous beams OR CLAYPREONS
THREE MOMENT EQUATION
Ex:
116
FREE B.M.
1
x
a
1
a
2
8
2
WL
L
2
L
2
A B C
N N
4
WL
2
x

,
_

,
_

+ +

,
_

2 2
2
C
2 2
2
1 1
1
B
1 1
1
A
I E
L
M
I E
L
I E
L
M 2
I E
L
M


1
]
1

2
B C
1
B A
2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1
1 1
L L
6
L I E
x a 6
L I E
x a 6
The above equation is called generalized 3-moments Equation.
M
A
, M
B
and M
C
are support moments E
1
, E
2
Youngs modulus of Elasticity of 2 spans.
I
1
, I
2
M O I of 2 spans,
a
1
, a
2
Areas of free B.M.D.
2 1
x and x

Distance of free B.M.D. from the end supports, or outer supports.
(A and C)

A
,
B
and
C
are sinking or settlements of support from their initial position.
Normally Youngs modulus of Elasticity will be same through out than the equation
reducers to

,
_

,
_

+ +

,
_

2
2
C
2
2
1
1
B
1
1
A
I
L
M
I
L
I
L
M 2
I
L
M

1
]
1

2
B C
1
B A
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
L L
6
L I
x a 6
L I
x a 6
If the supports are rigid then
A
=
B
=
C
= 0

,
_

,
_

+ +

,
_

2
2
C
2
2
1
1
B
1
1
A
I
L
M
I
L
I
L
M 2
I
L
M

2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
L I
x a 6
L I
x a 6

If the section is uniform through out

( )
2 C 2 1 B 1 A
L M L L M 2 L M + + +
2
2 2
1
1 1
L
x a 6
L
x a 6

117
a b
a b
Note:
1.
If the end supports or simple supports then M
A
= M
C
= 0
2.
M
C
= - WL
3
If three is overhang portion then support moment near the overhang can be computed
directly.
3.
If the end supports are fixed assume an extended span of zero length and apply 3-
moment equation.
118
A B C
N N
A
B
C
N N
D
L
1
L
2
L
3
A
B
C
A
1
D
Zero
Span
Zero
Span
a b
a b
a b
Wa Wa
Note: i)
In this case centroid lies as shown in figure
ii)
119
a b
W
L
Wab
a b
3
a +
3
b +
a b
Wa Wa
1.5 m 1.5 m 3 m
120
a b
Wa Wa
2
L
x
L
1.5 m 1.5 m 3 m
Problems
1. For the continuous beam shown in fig. draw BMD and SFD. Assume
uniform cross section.
(Take care of ordinates)
121
A
B
C
20 kN
10 kN/N
R
A
= 6.25 R
C
= 11.25
R
B
= 32.5
1.5 m 1.5 m 3 m
1.5 m
1.5 m
FREE BMD
11.25 kNm
+

+
+
END MOMENT
DIAGRAM
15 kN
11.25 kNm
11.25 kNm
O
O
15 kNm
11.25 kNm
R
B
= 32.5

kN

1.5 m 1.5 m 3 m
To Calculate Bending Moment
Span AB
4
L W x
=
4
3 x 20
= 15 kNm
Span BC
8
L W x
2
=
8
3 x 10
2
= 11.25 kNm
15 x 3 x
2
1
a
1

a
1
= 22.5
5 . 1
1
x
25 . 11 x 3 x
3
2
a
2

a
2
= 22.5
5 . 1 x
2

M
A
= M
C
= 0
Applying 3 moment equation.
( )
2 2 1 1
2 L M L L M L M
C B A
+ + +
2
2 2
1
1 1
6 6
L
x a
L
x a

( )
3
5 . 1 5 . 22 6
3
5 . 1 5 . 22 6
3 3 2
x x x x
M
B

+
135 12
B
M
kNm M
B
25 . 11
5 . 1 ) 3 10 ( 3 x x R M
C B

- 11.25 = 3R
C
- 45
R
C
= 11.25 kN
5 . 1 x 20 3 x R M
A B

- 11.25 = 3R
A
- 30
R
A
= 6.25 kN
122
R
B
= 32.5

kN

1.5 m 1.5 m 3 m
8 m 10 m 6 m
F
y
= 0
6R
A
+ R
B
+ R
C
= 20 + 30
6.25 + R
B
+ 11.25 = 50
R
B
= 32.5 kN
123
A
B
C
20 kN
10 kN/N
R
A
= 6.25 kN
R
C
= 11.25 kN
R
B
= 32.5

kN

1.5 m 1.5 m 3 m
+ +

6.25 6.25
13.75 13.75 11.25 kN
18.75 kN
8 m 10 m 6 m
2. Draw BMD and SFD for the continuous beam shown in Fig.
124
A
B
D
4 kN/N
R
A
= 18.98 kN R
D
= 18.63
R
C
= 48.58
8 m 10 m 6 m
kNm 48
FREE BMD
32.19
+

END MOMENT DIAGRAM

O
O
6 kN/N
8 kN/N
C
R
B
= 49.81
kNm 50
kNm 36
40.16
+
48 kN
50 kNm
36 kNm
40.16
32.19
+
+
+
+

20.79 kNm
29.37 kNm
29.02 18.63
18.98
To Calculate Bending Moment
Span AB
8
L W x
2
=
8
8 x 6
2
= 48 kNm
Span BC
8
L W x
2
=
8
10 x 4
2
= 50 kNm
Span C D
8
L W x
2
=
8
6 x 8
2
= 36 kNm
48 x 8 x
3
2
a
1

a
1
= 256
4
1
x
50 x 10 x
3
2
a
2

333.33
5
2
x
M
A
= M
D
= 0
Applying 3 moment equation between A, B and C or for spans AB and BC.
( )
2 C 2 1 B 1 A
L M L L M 2 L M + + +
2
2 2
1
1 1
L
x a 6
L
x a 6

( )
10
5 x 33 . 333 x 6
8
4 x 256 x 6
10 M 10 8 M 2
C B

+ +
99 . 1767 10 36 +
C B
M M
11 . 49 277 . 0 +
C B
M M
----- (1)
125
2 m 5 m
Applying 3 moment equation between A, B and D.
( )
2 D 2 1 C 1 B
L M L L M 2 L M + + +

2
2 2
1
1 1
L
x a 6
L
x a 6

( )
6
3 144 6
10
5 33 . 333 6
6 10 2 10
x x x x
M x M
C B

+ +
99 . 1431 32 10 +
C B
M M
199 . 143 2 . 3 +
C B
M M
----- (2)
Solving (1) and (2)
(1) and (2)
- 2.923 M
C
= - 94.09
M
C
= - 32.18 kNm
M
B
= 40.16 kNm
M
C
= R
D
x 6 (8 x 6)3
- 32.2 = 6R
D
- 144
R
D
= 18.63 kN
M
B
R
A
x 8 (6 x 8) 4
- 40.16 = 8R
A
192
R
A
= 18.98 kN
M
C
= 18.98 x 18 (6 x 8) (14) + R
B
x 10 (4 x 10) 5
R
B
= 49.81 kN
F
y
= 0
R
A
+ R
B
+ R
C
+ R
D
= 48 + 40 + 48
R
C
= 48.58 kN
126
2 m 5 m
50 x 10 x
3
2
a
1

a
1
= 333.33
m x 5
1

36 x 6 x
3
2
a
2

a
2
= 144
m x 3
2

3. Draw SFD and BMD for the continuous beam shown in Fig.
127
A B
R
A
= 10.73 kN R
D
= 18.63
2 m 5 m
FREE BMD

C
R
B
= 23.7225 kN
kNm 16
+
16 kNm
19.62 kNm 30 kNm

+
16 kN
kNm 30
19.62 kNm
+
+

12.4525
11.27 SFD
3.548 kN
0.73
3.548
12 kN
To Calculate Bending Moment
Span AB
L
Wab
=
6
2 x 4 x 12
= 16 kNm
Span BC
L
Wab
=
8
5 x 3 x 16
= 30 kNm
16 6
2
1
1
x x a
a
1
= 48
3
1
1
a L
x
+

3
34 6
1
+
x
30 8
2
1
2
x x a
a
2
= 120
3
b L
x
2
2
+

3
5 8
2
+
x
m x 33 . 4
2

M
A
= 0 M
C
= 0
Applying 3 moment equation between A, B and C.
( )
2 C 2 1 B 1 A
L M L L M 2 L M + + +
2
2 2
1
1 1
L
x a 6
L
x a 6

( )
8
33 . 4 x 120 x 6
6
33 . 3 x 48 x 6
8 6 M 2
B

+
kNm M
B
62 . 19
M
B
= - 16 x 3 + R
C
x 8
128
2 m 2 m 2 m 4 m
- 19.62 = - 48 + 8R
C
R
C
= 3.5475 kN
M
B
= R
A
x 6 12 x 2
- 19.62 = 6R
A
24
R
A
= 0.73 kN
R
A
+ R
B
+ R
C
= 28
R
B
= 23.7225 kN
129
2 m 2 m 2 m 4 m
4. Draw BMD and SFD for the continuous beam shown in figure clearly indicate all salient
points.
Applying 3 moment equation between A', A and C.
( )
2 C 2 1 A 1 ' A
L M L L M 2 L M + + +

2
2 2
1
1 1
6 6
l
x a
l
x a

4
2 x 33 . 149 x 6
4 x M ) 4 0 ( M x 2
C A

+ +
448 4 8 +
C A
M M
----- (1)
Applying 3 moment equation between A, C and E.
130
A
C
E
16 kN 20 kN/N
R
A
= 46.235 R
E
= 6.33
R
C
= 83.435
2 m 2 m 2 m 4 m
kNm 33 . 53
6
4 x 2 x 40

1.5 m
1.5 m
56 kNm
56 kNm

+
+
34.98
kNm
O
40 kN
B D
42.04
53.33 kNm
+
+

6.235
9.765 kN
6.33
46.235
6.33
49.765 kN
33.67 33.67
A
Zero
1 m 3 m 4 m 1 m
56 x 4 x
3
2
a
2

a
2
= 149.33
m x 2
2

( )
2 E 2 1 C 1 A
L M L L M 2 L x M + + +

2
2 2
1
1 1
6 6
L
x a
L
x a

But M
E
= 0
M
A
x 4 + 2M
C
(4 + 6) + 0
6
33 . 3 x 160 x 6
4
2 x 33 . 149 x 6

4M
A
+ 20M
C
= - 980.79 ------ (2)
x by 2
8M
A
+ 40M
C
= - 1961.58 ------ (3)
(3) (1)
58 . 1513 36
C
M
kNm M
C
04 . 42
kNm M
A
99 . 34
M
C
= R
A
x 4 16 x 2 20 x 4 x 2 34.98
- 42.04 = 4R
A
32 160 34.98
R
A
= 46.235 kN
F
y
= 0
R
A
+ R
C
+ R
E
= 16 + 40 + (20 x 4)
R
C
= 83.435 kN
M
C
= - 40 x 2 + R
E
x 6
- 42.04 = - 80 + 6RE
R
E
= 6.33 kN
131
A
C
16 kN
20 kN/N
48 kN
48 kN
56 kNm
B
O
O
M
B
= 48 x 2 (20 x 2)
= 96 - 40
= 56 kNm
1 m 3 m 4 m 1 m
56 x 4 x
3
2
a
1

a
1
= 149.33
m x 2
1

33 . 56 6
2
1
2
x x a
= 1690

3
b L
x
2
2
+

3
4 6
2
+
x
5. Analyse the continuous beam shown in figure and draw BMD and SFD.
M
B
= R
A
x 4 60 x 3 -30.25
= - 18.24 x 4R
A
180 - 30.25
R
A
= 48 kN
M
B
= - 20 x 4 x 2 + R
C
x 4 - 30 x 5
R
C
= 72.94 kN
F
y
= 0
R
A
+ R
B
+ R
C
= 30 + 60 + 20 x 4
R
B
= 49.06 kN
There is overhang portion CD

M
C
= - 30 x 1
132
+
A
C
E
60 kN 20 kN//m
R
A
= 48kN R
C
= 72.94
R
B
= 49.06
1 m 3 m 4 m 1 m
kNm 45
4
3 x 1 x 60

40 kNm
40 kNm

+
18.24
B D
+
+

48 kN
12 kN
48
42.94
37.06 30 kN
30 kN
Zero
3I 4I
CD
4I

+
30.25
45

30 kNm
+
30 kN
O
A'
+
67.85
4 m 3 m
h x b x a
2
1
2

45 x 4 x
2
1

a
2
= 90
3
b L
x
2
2
+

3
3 4+

= 2.333 m
M
C
= - 30 kNm
Applying 3 moment equation between A',A and B.
2
2 B
2 1
2 1
A
1
1 A
I
L M
I I
L L
M 2
I
L M
+

,
_

+
+
+
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
6 6
I L
x a
I L
x a

I x
x x
I
M
I
M
B A
3 4
333 . 2 90 6
3
4
3
4
2

,
_

,
_

95 . 314 4 8 +
B A
M M
37 . 39 5 . 0 +
B A
M M ----- (1)
Applying 3 moment equation between A, B and C.

,
_

,
_

+
+
+
2
2
2 1
2 1
1
1
2
I
L
M
I I
L L
M
I
L M
C B
A
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
6 6
I L
x a
I L
x a

,
_

,
_

+
+
+
I
M
I I
M
I
x M
C B
A
4
4
4 3
4 4
2
3
4
I x
x x
I x
x x
4 4
2 67 . 106 6
3 4
67 . 1 90 6

1.333 M
A
+ 4.667M
B
+ M
C
= - 75.15 80.00
M
A
+ 3.509M
B
+ 94.099 ----- (2)
Saving (1) and (2)
M
B
= - 18.24 kNm
M
A
= - 30.25 kNm
6. Draw SFD and BMD for the beam shown in figure.
133
67.85
4 m 3 m
45 x 4 x
2
1
a
1

= 90
3
1
1
a L
x
+

3
1 4
x
1
+

= 1.67m
40 x 4 x
3
2
a
2

a
2
= 106.67
m x 2
2

F
y
= 0
R
B
+ R
C
= 0
M
B
= 0
120 R
C
x 7 = 0
R
C
= 17.14 kN
R
B
= 17.14 kN
BM at C = 0
BM at B = 0
BM at E Just to left - 17.14 x 4 = - 68.56
BM at E Just to right - 17.14 x 3 = + 51.46 kNm
Applying 3 moment equation between A , A and B.
( )
2 B 2 1 1 A
L M L L MA 2 L M + + +
134
A
C
6 kN/m
10 m 4 m 3 m
B
C'
120 kNm
ZERO
ZERO
A'
75
51.46 67.85
68.56 kNm
O
O
51.46
kNm 75
8
10 x 6
2

+
-
+


+
68.56
14.28
5.9 kNm
120 kN
E
B C
R
B
= 17.14 R
C
= 17.14
4 m 3 m
75 x 10 x
3
2
a
2

a
2
= 500
m x 5
2

75 x 10 x
3
2
a
1

a
1
= 500
m x 5
1

2 x a
2

,
_

56 . 68 x 4 x
2
1
+

,
_

+ 4 x
3
1
3

,
_

46 . 51 x 3 x
2
1

,
_

3 x
3
2
2
2 2
1
1 1
6 6
L
x a
L
x a

2M
A
x 10 + M
B
x 10
10
5 500 6 x x

20M
A
+ 10M
B
= - 1500
M
A
+ 0.5M
B
= - 75 ------ (1)
Applying 3 moment equation for A, B and C.
( )
2 2 1 1
2 L M L L M L M
C B A
+ + +
2
2 2
1
1 1
L
x a 6
L
x a 6

M
A
x 10 + 2M
B
(10 + 7) + M
C
x 7
10
5 x 500 x 6

7
) 8 . 439 ( 6

10M
A
+ 34M
B
+ 7M
C
= - 1123.02 ------ (2)
M
A
+ 3.4M
B
+ 0.7M
C
= - 112.303 ------ (2)
135
Applying 3 moment equation between B, C and C .
( )
2 C 2 1 C 1 B
L M L L M 2 L M + + +
2
2 2
1
1 1
L
x a 6
L
x a 6

7M
B
x 14M
C

7
29 . 20 6 x

7M
B
x 14M
C
= 17.39 ------ (3)
Using (1), (2) and (3)
M
A
+0.5M
B
= -75
(1) (2)
2.9M
B
+ 0.7M
C
= 37.303 x 20 ------ (4)
58M
B
+ 14M
C
= 746.06
7M
A
+ 14M
C
= 17.39
51M
B
= 728.67
kNm M
B
287 . 14
kNm 85 . 67 M
A

kNm 9 . 5 M
C

136
1 1
x a
=
,
_

8 . 68 x 4 x
2
1
+

,
_

4 x
3
2

,
_

46 . 51 x 3 x
2
1

,
_

+ 3 x
3
1
4
= 20.29