En Wind Turbine Generators 2009

Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs) Physical Principles and Generator Concepts
Markus Pller and Oscar Amaya/DIgSILENT GmbH
GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Wind Energy Conversion
Wind Energy Conversion - Basics
Generator
Turbine Kinetic Energy Rotational Energy
Generator Electrical Energy
Wind Energy Converstion - Basics
Power extracted by wind turbine:
Pw =
1 3 c p Avw 2
Wind Energy Conversion - Basics
Ideal value c p max = 0.593

Three blades
American Darrieus
Two blades
One blade
Dutch-Type
Summary
Power in the wind increases with vw3 Power is proportional to swept area A, hence increases quadratically with increasing rotor diameter Power coefficient depends on
Wind speed Rotor speed Number of blades Blade design Blade angle
Turbine Control Concepts
Aerodynamics
F Fl
vt=R Fd
vw
vr
Stall
vt=R >krit vr vw
Pitching
Fl vt=R vr vw
Turbine Control Concepts Stall Control:

Passive Stall: Power of the wind turbine is limited by the aerodynamic characteristics of the turbine. Active stall: Power of the wind turbine is limited additionally by decreasing the pitch angle (increasing the inflow angle).
Pitch Control:
Power of the wind turbine is limited by increasing the pitch angle (decreasing the inflow angle)
Turbine Control Concepts
Stall Control:
Cost effective Fast limitation of active power Fixed speed operation possible
Pitch Control:
Accurate power control possible Variable speed operation required
Wind Turbine Operation
Fix speed Variable speed
P=Prated
Start
= r R
vT
Operation of Fix Speed Wind Turbine (passive stall)
Start up (with open breaker) if wind speed > cut-in wind speed Close breaker Operation at constant blade angle over the whole wind speed range In case of large wind speeds: Power limited by aerodynamic profile.
Operation of Variable Speed Wind-Turbines
Start up (with open breaker) if wind speed > cut-in wind speed Close breaker Below rated wind-speed
Maximum power coefficient (Max. Power Tracking) Evt: Speed Limitation
Above rated wind-speed:

P=Prated (Limited by power electronics converter) Pitching
Advantages of variable speed operation:

Lower cut-in wind speeds Higher efficiency, especially at low wind speeds Lower power variations (compared to fixed speed turbines)
Disadvantage: More expensive!
Wind Turbine Operation Typical Power Curves
kW
passive stall
Variable speed/pitch
Generator Concepts
Fixed Speed Induction Generator
Induction Generator
DIgSILENT
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
-1.00 1.00 x-Axis:
1.04 GWT: Speed in p.u. GWT: Electrical Torque in p.u.
1.08
1.12
1.16
1.20
0.00
-2.00
-4.00
-6.00
-8.00 1.00 x-Axis:
1.04 GWT: Speed in p.u. GWT: Reactive Power in Mvar
1.08
1.12
1.16
1.20
Induction Generator
3.00
DIgSILENT
2.00
1.00
1.008 p.u.
Constant Y = 1.000 p.u.
0.00
-1.00 1.00 x-Axis:
1.01 GW T: Speed in p.u. GW T: Electrical Torque in p.u. Constant X = 1.008 p.u.
1.02
1.03
1.04
0.00
-1.00
-1.044 Mvar
-2.00
-3.00
-4.00
-5.00
-6.00 1.00 x-Axis:
1.01 GW T: Speed in p.u. GW T: Reactive Power in Mvar
1.02
1.03
1.04
10
Induction Generator LVRT-Bahaviour

1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 0.00 G\HV: Voltage, Magnitude in p.u. MV: Voltage, Magnitude in p.u. 0.20 0.40 [s] 0.60
DIgSILENT
80.00
40.00
0.00
-40.00
-80.00
-120.00 0.00 Cub_0.1\PQ PCC: Active Power in p.u. Cub_0.1\PQ PCC: Reactive Power in p.u. 0.20 0.40 [s] 0.60
1.06
1.04
1.02
1.00
0.98 0.00 GWT: Speed 0.20 0.40 [s] 0.60
Induction generator response to a weak voltage dip

Induction Generator LVRT Bahaviour

1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 0.00 G\HV: Voltage, Magnitude in p.u. MV: Voltage, Magnitude in p.u. 0.50 1.00 1.50 [s] 2.00
DIgSILENT
80.00
40.00
0.00
-40.00
-80.00
-120.00 0.00 Cub_0.1\PQ PCC: Active Power in p.u. Cub_0.1\PQ PCC: Reactive Power in p.u. 0.50 1.00 1.50 [s] 2.00
1.06
1.04
1.02
1.00
0.98 0.00 GWT: Speed 0.50 1.00 1.50 [s] 2.00
Induction generator response to a strong voltage dip

11
Induction Generator - Summary
Only fix speed operation possible (stall control required) Reactive power compensation required No reactive power control capability. Additional devices required:
TSCs (Thyristor switched capacitors) STATCOMs
Risk of dynamic voltage collapse

> Typically, wind generators based on induction generators are asked to disconnect in case of voltage dips
Induction Generator with Variable Rotor Resistance
IG Gear Box
Grid
12
Induction Generator with Variable Rotor Resistance

3.00
DIgSILENT
Rotor Resistance
2.00
1.00
0.00
-1.00 1.000 x-Axis:
1.040 GWT: Speed in p.u. GWT: Electrical Torque in p.u. GWT: Electrical Torque in p.u. GWT: Electrical Torque in p.u.
1.080
1.120
1.160
1.200
Induction Generator with Variable Rotor Resistance - Summary
Simple concept for variable speed operation. Reactive power compensation required. No reactive power control capability. Additional devices required:
TSCs (Thyristor switched capacitors) STATCOMs
Limited LVRT capability. Dynamic voltage collapse problems have to be mitigated by:
Fast increase of rotor resistance during faults Additional reactive power compensation devices (typically TSCs)
Constant Y = 1.000 p.u.
13
Doubly-Fed Induction Generator
Doubly-Fed Induction Generator
is
rs
xs
1:e j
xm
r t
xr
rr
ir
us
ur
14
DFIG-Control and Protection

Pref Ptot Qtot Qref Vref Qref
P-I
P-I
idref id iq
iqref
idref
iqref id
P-I
P-I
iq
md
mq
md
mq
Crow-bar
rotor-side converter
Chopper Blocking
grid-side converter
Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Reactive Capability
Limited by stator current/ step-up transformer rating
1,2
P/Sn
Pn
0,8
Limited by rotor-side converter

0,6
0,4
0,2
with contribution from Grid-Side Converter
0 -1,2 -0,8 -0,4 0 0,4 0,8 Q/Sn 1,2
Theoretical characteristic Const. cos(phi)-characteristic Const. Q-characteristic

15
Doubly-Fed Induction Generator LVRT-Behaviour

1.20
DIgSILENT
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20 0.00 HV: Voltage, Magnitude in p.u. MV: Voltage, Magnitude in p.u. 0.20 0.40 [s] 0.60
75.00 50.00 25.00 0.00 -25.00 -50.00 -75.00 0.00 Cub_1\PCC PQ: Active Power in p.u. Cub_1\PCC PQ: Reactive Power in p.u. 0.20 0.40 [s] 0.60
1.275
1.250
1.225
1.200
1.175
1.150 0.00 G1d: Speed 0.20 0.40 [s] 0.60
DFIG response to a weak voltage dip

Doubly-Fed Induction Generator LVRT-Behaviour

1.20
DIgSILENT
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20 0.00 HV: Voltage, Magnitude in p.u. MV: Voltage, Magnitude in p.u. 0.50 1.00 1.50 [s] 2.00
75.00 50.00 25.00 0.00 -25.00 -50.00 -75.00 0.00 Cub_1\PCC PQ: Active Power in p.u. Cub_1\PCC PQ: Reactive Power in p.u. 0.50 1.00 1.50 [s] 2.00
1.275
1.250
1.225
1.200
1.175
1.150 0.00 G1d: Speed 0.50 1.00 1.50 [s] 2.00
DFIG response to a strong voltage dip (crow-bar operation)

16
Generator with Fully Rated Converter
SG/IG
Generator with Fully Rated Converter/Direct Drive
SG/IG
17
Generator with Fully Rated Converter Reactive Capability

P/Sn
1,2
Converter current limit
Pn
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0 -1,2 -0,8 -0,4 0 0,4 0,8 Q/Sn 1,2
Theoretical characteristic Const. cos(phi)-characteristic Const. Q-characteristic

Converter Driven Synchronous Gen

1.20
DIgSILENT
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20 0.00 HV: Voltage, Magnitude in p.u. MV BusBar: Voltage, Magnitude in p.u. 0.20 0.40 [s] 0.60
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
-20.00 0.00 Cub_1\PCC PQ: Active Power in p.u. Cub_1\PCC PQ: Reactive Power in p.u. 0.20 0.40 [s] 0.60
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.90 0.00 Generator: speed 0.20 0.40 [s] 0.60
FCD response to a weak voltage dip (ideal DC-chopper)

18
Converter Driven Synchronous Gen

1.20
DIgSILENT
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20 0.00 HV: Voltage, Magnitude in p.u. MV BusBar: Voltage, Magnitude in p.u. 0.20 0.40 [s] 0.60
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
-20.00 0.00 Cub_1\PCC PQ: Active Power in p.u. Cub_1\PCC PQ: Reactive Power in p.u. 0.20 0.40 [s] 0.60
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.90 0.00 Generator: speed 0.20 0.40 [s] 0.60
FCD response to a strong voltage dip (ideal DC-chopper)

Directly Coupled Synchronous Generator with Variable Gear Box
Variable speed Gearbox
19
Synchronous Generator Reactive Capability

P/Sn
1,2
Stator current
Pn
0,8
0,6
Excitation current
0,4
0,2
0 -1,2 -0,8 -0,4 0 0,4 0,8 Q/Sn 1,2
Reactive Capability
Voltage Dip Different Generator Concepts

1.10 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 [s] 1.25 HV: u [p.u.], SynG (conventional power plant) MV: u [p.u.], SynG (conventional power plant)
DIgSILENT
1.10 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.00 G\HV: u [p.u.], IG MV: u [p.u.], IG 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 [s] 1.25
1.10 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.00 HV: u [p.u.], DFIG MV: u [p.u.], DFIG 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 [s] 1.25
1.10 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.00 HV: u [p.u.], CDS MV BusBar: u [p.u.], CDS 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 [s] 1.25
20
Voltage Dip Different Generator Concepts

80.00 60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00 -20.00 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 [s] 1.25 Cub_1\PCC PQ: P [MW], SynG (conventional power plant) Cub_1\PCC PQ: Q [Mvar], SynG (conventional power plant)
DIgSILENT
60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00 -20.00 -40.00 0.00 Cub_0.1\PQ PCC: P [MW], IG Cub_0.1\PQ PCC: Q [Mvar], IG 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 [s] 1.25
60.000 40.000 20.000 0.000 -20.000 -40.000 0.00 Cub_1\PCC PQ: P [MW], DFIG Cub_1\PCC PQ: Q [Mvar], DFIG 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 [s] 1.25
60.000 40.000 20.000 0.000 -20.000 -40.000 0.00 Cub_1\PCC PQ: P [MW], CDS Cub_1\PCC PQ: Q [Mvar], CDS 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 [s] 1.25
Wind-Generator Concepts
Fixed Speed
Variable Speed
Stall
Active Stall
No Q-control
Q-control
Induction Generator
Induction Generator
Induction Generator with Variable Rotor Resistance (Opti-slip)
DFIG
Fully rated converter
SG
No Q-control
Q-control
21
Thank You
Markus Pller mpoeller@digsilent.de
Oscar Amay o.amaya@digsilent.de
DIgSILENT GmbH Heinrich-Hertz-Str. 9 72810 Gomaringen www.digsilent.de
22

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Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs) Physical Principles and Generator Concepts

Markus Pller and Oscar Amaya/DIgSILENT GmbH

Wind Energy Conversion

Wind Energy Conversion - Basics

Turbine Kinetic Energy Rotational Energy

Generator Electrical Energy

Wind Energy Converstion - Basics

Power extracted by wind turbine:

Wind Energy Conversion - Basics

Ideal value c p max = 0.593

Turbine Control Concepts

Turbine Control Concepts Stall Control:

Turbine Control Concepts

Wind Turbine Operation

Fix speed Variable speed

Operation of Fix Speed Wind Turbine (passive stall)

Operation of Variable Speed Wind-Turbines

Above rated wind-speed:

Advantages of variable speed operation:

Disadvantage: More expensive!

Wind Turbine Operation Typical Power Curves

Fixed Speed Induction Generator

-1.00 1.00 x-Axis:

1.04 GWT: Speed in p.u. GWT: Electrical Torque in p.u.

-8.00 1.00 x-Axis:

1.04 GWT: Speed in p.u. GWT: Reactive Power in Mvar

Constant Y = 1.000 p.u.

-1.00 1.00 x-Axis:

1.01 GW T: Speed in p.u. GW T: Electrical Torque in p.u. Constant X = 1.008 p.u.

-6.00 1.00 x-Axis:

1.01 GW T: Speed in p.u. GW T: Reactive Power in Mvar

Induction Generator LVRT-Bahaviour

0.98 0.00 GWT: Speed 0.20 0.40 [s] 0.60

Induction generator response to a weak voltage dip

Induction Generator LVRT Bahaviour

0.98 0.00 GWT: Speed 0.50 1.00 1.50 [s] 2.00

Induction generator response to a strong voltage dip

Induction Generator - Summary

Risk of dynamic voltage collapse

Induction Generator with Variable Rotor Resistance

Induction Generator with Variable Rotor Resistance

-1.00 1.000 x-Axis:

Induction Generator with Variable Rotor Resistance - Summary

Constant Y = 1.000 p.u.

Doubly-Fed Induction Generator

Doubly-Fed Induction Generator

DFIG-Control and Protection

Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Reactive Capability

Limited by stator current/ step-up transformer rating

Limited by rotor-side converter

with contribution from Grid-Side Converter

0 -1,2 -0,8 -0,4 0 0,4 0,8 Q/Sn 1,2

Theoretical characteristic Const. cos(phi)-characteristic Const. Q-characteristic

Doubly-Fed Induction Generator LVRT-Behaviour

1.150 0.00 G1d: Speed 0.20 0.40 [s] 0.60

DFIG response to a weak voltage dip

Doubly-Fed Induction Generator LVRT-Behaviour

1.150 0.00 G1d: Speed 0.50 1.00 1.50 [s] 2.00

DFIG response to a strong voltage dip (crow-bar operation)

Generator with Fully Rated Converter

Generator with Fully Rated Converter/Direct Drive

Generator with Fully Rated Converter Reactive Capability

Converter current limit