Adityo Nugroho W.

2205 100 064

Astable Multivibrator

Figure 1. Astable Multivibrator Circuit Diagram Using the 555 Timer

This circuit diagram shows how a 555 timer IC is configured to function as an astable multivibrator.
An astable multivibrator is a timing circuit whose 'low' and 'high' states are both unstable. As such, the
output of an astable multivibrator toggles between 'low' and 'high' continuously, in effect generating a
train of pulses. This circuit is therefore also known as a 'pulse generator' circuit.
In this circuit, capacitor C1 charges through R1 and R2, eventually building up enough voltage to trigger
an internal comparator to toggle the output flip-flop. Once toggled, the flip-flop discharges C1 through
R2 into pin 7, which is the discharge pin. When C1's voltage becomes low enough, another internal
comparator is triggered to toggle the output flip-flop. This once again allows C1 to charge up through R1
and R2 and the cycle starts all over again.
C1's charge-up time t1 is given by: t1 = 0.693(R1+R2)C1.
C1's discharge time t2 is given by: t2 = 0.693(R2)C1.
Thus, the total period of one cycle is t1+t2 = 0.693 C1(R1+2R2).
The frequency f of the output wave is the reciprocal of this period, and is therefore given by: f = 1.44/
(C1(R1+2R2)).

R1=Ra
R2=Rb
f

(Ra+2Rb)

(Ra+Rb)

Ra

Rb

15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15

0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001

960000
960000
960000
960000
960000
960000
960000
960000
960000
960000

0,05
0,15
0,25
0,35
0,45
0,55
0,65
0,75
0,85
0,95

48000
144000
240000
336000
432000
528000
624000
720000
816000
912000

10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000

38000
134000
230000
326000
422000
518000
614000
710000
806000
902000

25
25
25
25
25

0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001

576000
576000
576000
576000
576000

0,05
0,15
0,25
0,35
0,45

28800
86400
144000
201600
259200

10000
10000
10000
10000
10000

18800
76400
134000
191600
249200

Adityo Nugroho W. 2205 100 064

25
25
25
25
25

0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001

576000
576000
576000
576000
576000

0,55
0,65
0,75
0,85
0,95

316800
374400
432000
489600
547200

10000
10000
10000
10000
10000

306800
364400
422000
479600
537200

35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35

0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001

411428,6
411428,6
411428,6
411428,6
411428,6
411428,6
411428,6
411428,6
411428,6
411428,6

0,05
0,15
0,25
0,35
0,45
0,55
0,65
0,75
0,85
0,95

20571,43
61714,29
102857,1
144000
185142,9
226285,7
267428,6
308571,4
349714,3
390857,1

10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000

10571,43
51714,29
92857,14
134000
175142,9
216285,7
257428,6
298571,4
339714,3
380857,1

45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45

0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001

320000
320000
320000
320000
320000
320000
320000
320000
320000
320000

0,05
0,15
0,25
0,35
0,45
0,55
0,65
0,75
0,85
0,95

16000
48000
80000
112000
144000
176000
208000
240000
272000
304000

10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000

6000
38000
70000
102000
134000
166000
198000
230000
262000
294000

55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55

0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001

261818,2
261818,2
261818,2
261818,2
261818,2
261818,2
261818,2
261818,2
261818,2
261818,2

0,05
0,15
0,25
0,35
0,45
0,55
0,65
0,75
0,85
0,95

13090,91
39272,73
65454,55
91636,36
117818,2
144000
170181,8
196363,6
222545,5
248727,3

10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000

3090,909
29272,73
55454,55
81636,36
107818,2
134000
160181,8
186363,6
212545,5
238727,3

65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65

0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001

221538,5
221538,5
221538,5
221538,5
221538,5
221538,5
221538,5
221538,5
221538,5
221538,5

0,05
0,15
0,25
0,35
0,45
0,55
0,65
0,75
0,85
0,95

11076,92
33230,77
55384,62
77538,46
99692,31
121846,2
144000
166153,8
188307,7
210461,5

10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000

1076,923
23230,77
45384,62
67538,46
89692,31
111846,2
134000
156153,8
178307,7
200461,5

75
75
75
75
75
75
75

0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001

192000
192000
192000
192000
192000
192000
192000

0,06
0,15
0,25
0,35
0,45
0,55
0,65

11520
28800
48000
67200
86400
105600
124800

10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000

1520
18800
38000
57200
76400
95600
114800

Adityo Nugroho W. 2205 100 064

75
75
75

0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001

192000
192000
192000

0,75
0,85
0,95

144000
163200
182400

10000
10000
10000

134000
153200
172400

85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85

0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001

169411,8
169411,8
169411,8
169411,8
169411,8
169411,8
169411,8
169411,8
169411,8
169411,8

0,06
0,15
0,25
0,35
0,45
0,55
0,65
0,75
0,85
0,95

10164,71
25411,76
42352,94
59294,12
76235,29
93176,47
110117,6
127058,8
144000
160941,2

10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000

164,7059
15411,76
32352,94
49294,12
66235,29
83176,47
100117,6
117058,8
134000
150941,2

95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95

0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001
0,0000001

151578,9
151578,9
151578,9
151578,9
151578,9
151578,9
151578,9
151578,9
151578,9
151578,9

0,07
0,15
0,25
0,35
0,45
0,55
0,65
0,75
0,85
0,95

10610,53
22736,84
37894,74
53052,63
68210,53
83368,42
98526,32
113684,2
128842,1
144000

10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000

610,5263
12736,84
27894,74
43052,63
58210,53
73368,42
88526,32
103684,2
118842,1
134000

Adityo Nugroho W. 2205 100 064

Adityo Nugroho W. 2205 100 064

Adityo Nugroho W. 2205 100 064

[System]
Name='ASTABLEMV'
Type='mamdani'
Version=2.0
NumInputs=2
NumOutputs=1
NumRules=90
AndMethod='min'
OrMethod='max'
ImpMethod='min'
AggMethod='max'
DefuzzMethod='centroid'
[Input1]
Name='frekuensi'
Range=[10 100]
NumMFs=9
MF1='10-20Hz':'trapmf',[10 10 15 25]
MF2='21-30Hz':'trimf',[15 25 35]
MF3='31-40Hz':'trimf',[25 35 45]
MF4='41-50Hz':'trimf',[35 45 55]
MF5='51-60Hz':'trimf',[45 55 65]
MF6='61-70Hz':'trimf',[55 65 75]
MF7='71-80Hz':'trimf',[65 75 85]
MF8='81-90Hz':'trimf',[75 85 95]
6

Adityo Nugroho W. 2205 100 064

MF9='91-100Hz':'trapmf',[85 95 100 100]
[Input2]
Name='dutycycle'
Range=[0.1 1]
NumMFs=10
MF1='1-10'trapmf',[0.1 0.1 0.145 0.235]
MF2='11-20'trimf',[0.145 0.235 0.325]
MF3='21-30'trimf',[0.235 0.325 0.415]
MF4='31-40'trimf',[0.325 0.415 0.505]
MF5='41-50'trimf',[0.415 0.505 0.595]
MF6='51-60'trimf',[0.505 0.595 0.685]
MF7='61-70'trimf',[0.595 0.685 0.775]
MF8='71-80'trimf',[0.685 0.775 0.865]
MF9='81-90'trimf',[0.775 0.865 0.955]
MF10='91-100'trapmf',[0.865 0.955 1 1]
[Output1]
Name='Rb'
Range=[1 1000]
NumMFs=37
MF1='mf1':'trapmf',[0 0 5 15]
MF2='mf2':'trimf',[5 15 25]
MF3='mf3':'trimf',[15 25 35]
MF4='mf4':'trimf',[25 35 45]
MF5='mf5':'trimf',[35 45 55]
MF6='mf6':'trimf',[45 55 65]
MF7='mf7':'trimf',[55 65 75]
MF8='mf8':'trimf',[65 75 85]
MF9='mf9':'trimf',[75 85 95]
MF10='mf10':'trimf',[85 95 105]
MF11='mf11':'trimf',[95 105 115]
MF12='mf12':'trimf',[105 115 125]
MF13='mf13':'trimf',[115 125 135]
MF14='mf14':'trimf',[125 135 145]
MF15='mf15':'trimf',[135 145 155]
MF16='mf16':'trimf',[145 155 165]
MF17='mf17':'trimf',[155 165 175]
MF18='mf18':'trimf',[165 175 185]
MF19='mf19':'trimf',[175 185 195]
MF20='mf20':'trimf',[185 195 205]
MF21='mf21':'trimf',[195 205 215]
MF22='mf22':'trimf',[205 215 225]
MF23='mf23':'trimf',[215 225 235]
MF24='mf24':'trimf',[225 235 245]
MF25='mf25':'trimf',[235 245 255]
MF26='mf26':'trimf',[245 255 265]
MF27='mf27':'trimf',[255 265 275]
MF28='mf28':'trimf',[265 275 285]
MF29='mf29':'trimf',[275 285 295]
MF30='mf30':'trimf',[285 295 305]
MF31='mf31':'trimf',[295 350 450]
7

Adityo Nugroho W. 2205 100 064

MF32='mf32':'trimf',[350 450 550]
MF33='mf33':'trimf',[450 550 650]
MF34='mf34':'trimf',[550 650 750]
MF35='mf35':'trimf',[650 750 850]
MF36='mf36':'trimf',[750 850 950]
MF37='mf37':'trapmf',[850 950 1000 1000]
[Rules]
1 1, 4 (1) : 1
1 2, 14 (1) : 1
1 3, 23 (1) : 1
1 4, 31 (1) : 1
1 5, 32 (1) : 1
1 6, 33 (1) : 1
1 7, 34 (1) : 1
1 8, 35 (1) : 1
1 9, 36 (1) : 1
1 10, 37 (1) : 1
2 1, 2 (1) : 1
2 2, 8 (1) : 1
2 3, 14 (1) : 1
2 4, 20 (1) : 1
2 5, 25 (1) : 1
2 6, 31 (1) : 1
2 7, 31 (1) : 1
2 8, 32 (1) : 1
2 9, 32 (1) : 1
2 10, 33 (1) : 1
3 1, 1 (1) : 1
3 2, 6 (1) : 1
3 3, 10 (1) : 1
3 4, 14 (1) : 1
3 5, 18 (1) : 1
3 6, 22 (1) : 1
3 7, 26 (1) : 1
3 8, 30 (1) : 1
3 9, 31 (1) : 1
3 10, 31 (1) : 1
4 1, 1 (1) : 1
4 2, 4 (1) : 1
4 3, 7 (1) : 1
4 4, 11 (1) : 1
4 5, 14 (1) : 1
4 6, 17 (1) : 1
4 7, 20 (1) : 1
4 8, 23 (1) : 1
4 9, 27 (1) : 1
4 10, 30 (1) : 1
5 1, 1 (1) : 1
5 2, 3 (1) : 1
5 3, 6 (1) : 1
5 4, 9 (1) : 1
8

Adityo Nugroho W. 2205 100 064

5 5, 11 (1) : 1
5 6, 14 (1) : 1
5 7, 16 (1) : 1
5 8, 19 (1) : 1
5 9, 22 (1) : 1
5 10, 24 (1) : 1
6 1, 1 (1) : 1
6 2, 3 (1) : 1
6 3, 5 (1) : 1
6 4, 7 (1) : 1
6 5, 9 (1) : 1
6 6, 12 (1) : 1
6 7, 14 (1) : 1
6 8, 16 (1) : 1
6 9, 18 (1) : 1
6 10, 20 (1) : 1
7 1, 1 (1) : 1
7 2, 2 (1) : 1
7 3, 4 (1) : 1
7 4, 6 (1) : 1
7 5, 8 (1) : 1
7 6, 10 (1) : 1
7 7, 12 (1) : 1
7 8, 14 (1) : 1
7 9, 16 (1) : 1
7 10, 18 (1) : 1
8 1, 1 (1) : 1
8 2, 2 (1) : 1
8 3, 4 (1) : 1
8 4, 5 (1) : 1
8 5, 7 (1) : 1
8 6, 9 (1) : 1
8 7, 10 (1) : 1
8 8, 11 (1) : 1
8 9, 14 (1) : 1
8 10, 16 (1) : 1
9 1, 1 (1) : 1
9 2, 2 (1) : 1
9 3, 3 (1) : 1
9 4, 5 (1) : 1
9 5, 6 (1) : 1
9 6, 8 (1) : 1
9 7, 9 (1) : 1
9 8, 11 (1) : 1
9 9, 12 (1) : 1
9 10, 14 (1) : 1