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Q.1. Explain the ERP selection process. List out the ERP tools and their respective vendors available in the market. Ans. ERP Selection Methods and Criteria ERP is a very expensive investment and has a long and complicated implementation process. As such, it is important to make a proper selection of the ERP. ERP selection process involves identifying criteria and their relative weights, and evaluating the alternatives. An ERP system is the information backbone of an organization and extends to all areas of the business. Thus, longterm business strategy of the organization forms the basis of the ERP selection criteria. As mentioned earlier, ERP systems are costly to implement. When choosing an ERP system, it is important to take time to select the right ERP system or set of modules for business. In order to do this in an efficient manner, it is important to have a plan of action. The selection of the appropriate solution is a problem because only a part of it can be handled by a definite or accepted procedure such as standard investment calculations. On the other hand, the decision maker needs to judge and evaluate all relevant business impact aspects. There is no agreed-upon and formal procedure for this important task. There are three criteria that are generally used when evaluating an ERP solution: Financial Considerations: When an ERP solution is considered, it must make money to be acceptable. As such, there are several measurements that the finance department may make in order to determine whether or not an ERP solution is feasible. - Net Present Value (NPV) is generally the most accepted method of valuing an ERP. It takes into account the time value of money and cash flows generated. The cash flow and discount rate selection process is the most important part of an NPV calculation. Determining an average cost of capital for your firm and the predicted cash flows help you get an accurate result from the NPV calculation. - Budgetary constraint is the most used method when considering IT projects. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and payback period methods are also very popular for many firms dealing with IT implementations. Management Considerations: On the management side, there are more variables to consider than simply money. However, the probability of achieving the benefits instead of simply succeeding in implementation takes on a different look. This sort of probability may be more directly tied with a softer science such as management. Development Considerations: Development is usually the least important decision factor in these processes. One of the most important factors is the probability that a project finishes on time. This simply does not happen very often, so it is important to determine what sort of adverse effects this could have on business operations. ERP Software Selection Criteria When reviewing potential software suppliers, you tend to focus only on the potential products functionality and cost. Although these elements are important, this methodology neglects other areas of importance. A suppliers ability to deliver product services goes well beyond price and feature options. The key selection criteria include making few questions. Such questions help you simplify making an ERP software purchase decision. Some of the questions include: For Product Functionality

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For Product Cost For Service and Support For Technology and System Architecture For Supplier Longevity

ERP Tools There are several ERP software manufacturers. Prominent manufacturers of ERP software are SAP, Oracle Corporation, PeopleSoft, JD Edwards, Lawson, etc. SAP has the major share in the ERP market and next comes the Oracle Corporation. Oracle has acquired JD Edwards, People Soft, and more recently Siebel and competes with SAP in the ERP market. Table 4.2 lists the popular ERP Tools and their respective vendors. ERP Tools and respective vendors

Q.2. On what basis manufacturing operations are classified. Explain the different categories. Ans. Manufacturing operations: The Manufacturing operations can be classified based on the amount of processing the product requires, after the company receives an order from customer. They are broadly classified as: Make-to-order and Make-to-Stock

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Assemble-to-order(ATO) Engineer-to-Order Configure-to-Order

Make-to-Order and Make-to-Stock (MTS) At one end of the processing spectrum is the make-to-order company. This company does not begin processing the material for component or product until it has received an order from the customer. In some cases, the company may not even procure the material and components until after it receives the order. This type of manufacturing operations is followed when the company competes on the basis of product customization and serves its customer base by providing unique and highly specialized items. The MTO Companys production planning is based also on firm customer orders. At the order end of the spectrum is the Make-to-Stock(MTS) company, which manufactures products and places them in inventory before it receives customers orders. Either the customer purchases the products directly from the inventory at a retail outlet, or the company ships the product off-the-shelf from the finished goods inventory at the factory or at a distribution centre. MTS companies depend heavily on market analysis and demand forecasting in planning the production of their products with respect to the product mix and volume. Assemble-to-Order(ATO) Assemble-to-Order(ATO) company is another variation of the manufacturing operations. The ATO company manufactures standardized, option modules according to the forecasts it has made and then assembles a specific combination, or package of modules, after receiving the customers order. The classic example is the automobile manufacturer. After receiving orders from a host of dealers, the manufacturer specifies the exact production schedule for automobiles. Engineer-to-order(ETO) Yet another variant in the manufacturing operations is the engineer-to-Order company. The ETO company is the ultimate in product variety, product customization and flexibility. In this mode of operation, as per customer order the company manufactures any thing, but at a higher price. The expensive clothing of the bold and beautiful is an example of this kind of production. Products are made for each customer and even the minute details. Q.3.List out the various support technology for ERP systems designed by various companies and their application in various sectors
Ans: the various support technology for ERP systems designed by various companies are:

Data Warehousing The basic principle of data warehousing system is that, the data stored for business analysis can be accessed most effectively by separating it from the data in operational systems. The potential performance degradation on the operational system can result during the analysis processes. To overcome this business analysis and the operational data are stored separately High performance and quick response time is very essential feature for

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operational systems. The reason for separating the operational data from the analysis data has no significant changes with the evolution of the data warehousing systems. Except that now they are considered more formally during the data warehouse building process. The advancement in technologies and changes in the nature of business have made many of the business analysis processes much more complex and sophisticated. The latest technologies in data warehousing systems support very sophisticated online analysis, including multi-dimensional analysis in addition to producing standard reports. Data Mining Data mining is the process of identifying valid, new, potentially useful, and ultimately clear information from databases. This information is used to make crucial business decisions. Modern data mining systems, self learn from the previous history of the investigated system, formulating and testing hypotheses about the rules, which the system obeys. When a brief and valuable knowledge about the system of interest has been discovered, it can and must be incorporated into some decision support system. This helps the manager make wise and informed business decisions. Data mining commonly involves four classes of tasks: Classification: Arranges the data into predefined groups. For example, consider an email program that attempts to classify an email as legitimate or spam. Some of the common algorithms are decision tree learning, nearest neighbor, naive Bayesian classification, and neural networks. Clustering: Is a process of classification of data but the groups are not predefined, so the algorithm will try to group similar items together. For example, when we search for data from a particular year, all the data containing the key words of the entered search statement will be listed. But it will not be grouped; instead all the relevant data will be made available. Regression: This task tries to find the function which models the data with the least error. Association rule learning: This task performs the search for relationships between variables. For example, consider a supermarket that gathers data on their customer purchasing habits. With the help of association rule learning task, the supermarket can determine which products are frequently bought together and use this information for marketing purposes. This is sometimes referred to as market basket analysis. On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) LAP can be defined in five words Fast Analysis of Shared Multidimensional Information. FAST means that the system has the ability to deliver most of its responses to users within about five seconds, with the simplest analysis taking no more than one second and very few taking more than 20 seconds. ANALYSIS means that the ability of the system to cope with any business logic and statistical analysis that is relevant for the application and the user, and keep it easy enough for the target user. SHARED means that the system is well equipped to meet all the security requirements for confidentiality (possibly down to cell level). If multiple write access is needed; it provides concurrent update locking at an appropriate level. MULTIDIMENSIONAL means, that the system must provide a multidimensional conceptual view of the data, including full support for hierarchies and multiple hierarchies. INFORMATION is refined data that is accurate, timely, and relevant to the user. Supply Chain Management

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A supply chain can be defined as a network of facilities and distribution options that performs the function of procurement of materials, transformation of these materials into intermediate and finished products, and the distribution of these finished products to customers. Both in service and manufacturing organisations supply chains system exist. However, the complexity of the chain may vary greatly from industry to industry and firm to firm.

Q.4.What is Preventive Maintenance? Explain major subsystems of a Plant Maintenance module. Ans. Preventive Maintenance Control (PMC) provides planning, scheduling, and control of facilities and equipment. Equipment lubrication, component replacement and safety inspection can be planned, scheduled, and monitored. Maintenance tasks can be tracked for each piece of equipment or machine, by two user-defined modes, as well as calendar day frequency. These models include tracking by hours of operation, units of production produced, gallons of fuel consumed, or the number of days in operation since the last service interval. Preventive Maintenance Control enables organizations to lower repair costs by avoiding downtime, machine breakage, and process variability. Companies achieve higher machine utilization and improved machine reliability and tolerance control, along with higher production yields.

Equipment Tracking Equipments are an asset that needs to be protected and monitored. In many situations, costs of equipment maintenance constitute the single largest controllable expenditure of an organization. All facets of plant location history and utilization history are described and tracked. This history includes acquisition of disposition information and associations between different pieces of equipment to pinpoint operational dependencies. Running totals for operation units to date (miles, hours, days, units of production, and so on.) are also provided. Each piece of equipment is defined by, a serial number and model. User-defined data sheets are developed, which allow for the grouping of user data into formats that can be linked to equipment records. All of this information can be used to create equipment stipulation, which provide detailed information for technical specialists working in equipment operations, maintenance, and transportation control. Component Tracking Components are subsets of larger equipment and deserve the same amount of cost controlling scrutiny. Component Tracking helps equipment managers to; identify components with chronic repair problems. They can determine if either repair or replacement must be covered by warranty. Planning component replacements, rather than waiting for component failures to occur, reduces unscheduled equipment downtime. Component tracking includes repair/exchange history and component service life. Plant Maintenance Calibration Tracking Plant Maintenance Calibration Tracking (PMCT) allows organisations to leverage their investment in the Plant Maintenance module by, providing for the tracking of equipment calibration in support of ISO 9000 requirements. Plant Maintenance Warranty Claims Tracking Plant Maintenance Warranty Claims Tracking (PMWCT) is an administrative system designed to, provide control of all items covered by manufacturer and vendor warranties. It helps plant management to recover all of the

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warranty; reimbursements to which they are entitled but have not been able to recover in the past. Features include the ability to establish the length and type of warranty. For example, elapsed day, months, operating units, or mileage stipulation. A complete history review is performed for each item covered by the warranty and complete information regarding the warranty service provider is generated.

Q.5. Write short notes on seven major ERP vendorsSAPAG, Baan, PeopleSoft, JD Edwards, Oracle, QAD and SSA. SAPAG: SAP AG is a German software corporation that makes enterprise software to manage business operations and customer relations. Headquartered in Walldorf, Baden-Wrttemberg, with regional offices around the world, SAP is the market leader in enterprise application software. The company's best known products are its enterprise resource planning application (SAP ERP), SAP Business Objects software, and most recently, Sybase mobile products and in-memory computing appliance SAP HANA. SAP is the world's largest business software company and the third-highest revenue independent software provider (as of 2007). It operates in four geographic regions: EMEA (Europe, Middle East, Africa), AMERICA (United States and Canada), LAC (Latin America and Caribbean), and APJ (Asia Pacific and Japan), which represents Japan, Korea, Australia and New Zealand, India, Greater China, and Southeast Asian countries. In addition, SAP operates a network of 115 subsidiaries, and has R&D (Research & Development) facilities around the globe in Germany, India, the US, Canada, France, Brazil, Turkey, China, Hungary, Israel, Ireland and Bulgaria. SAP focuses on six industry sectors: process industries, discrete industries, consumer industries, service industries, [19] financial services, and public services. It offers more than 25 industry solution portfolios for large enterprises and more than 550 micro-vertical solutions for midsize companies and small businesses SAP's products focus on Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). The company's main product is SAP ERP. The current version is SAP ERP 6.0 and is part of the SAP Business Suite. Its previous name was R/3. The "R" of SAP R/3 stood for real time even though it is not a real time solution. The number 3 related to the 3-tier architecture: database, application server and client (SAPgui). R/2, which ran on a Mainframearchitecture, was the predecessor of R/3. Before R/2 came System RF, later dubbed R/1. SAP ERP is one of five enterprise applications in SAP's Business Suite. The other four applications are: Customer Relationship Management (CRM) helps companies acquire and retain customers, gain marketing and customer insight Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) helps manufacturers with product-related information Supply Chain Management (SCM) helps companies with the process of resourcing its manufacturing and service processes Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) enables companies to procure from suppliers

BAAN:

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Baan was a vendor of enterprise resource planning (ERP) software that is now owned by Infor Global Solutions. Baan or Baan ERP was also the name of the ERP product created by this company. The Baan Corporation was created by Jan Baan in 1978 in Barneveld, Netherlands, to provide financial and administrative consulting services. With the development of his first software package, Jan Baan and his brother Paul Baan entered what was to become the ERP industry. The Baan company focused on the creation of enterprise resource planning (ERP) software. Jan Baan developed his first computer program on Durango F-85 computers in BASIC language. In the early '80s, Baan Company began to develop application on Unix computers with C and self-developed Baan-C language, whose syntax was very similar to BASIC language. Baan gained its popularity in the early nineties. Baan software is famous for its Dynamic Enterprise Modeler (DEM), technical architecture and its 4GL language. Baan 4GL and Tools nowadays is still considered to be one of the most efficient and productive database application development platforms. Baan became a real threat to market leader SAP after winning a large Boeing deal in 1994. It went IPO in 1995 and became a public listed company in Amsterdam and US Nasdaq. Several large consulting firms throughout the world partnered to implement Baan IV for multi-national companies. It acquired several other software companies to enrich its product porfolio, including Aurum, Berclain, Coda and Caps Logistics. Sales growth rate was once claimed to reach 91% per year. Upon acquiring the Baan software, SSA renamed Baan as SSA ERP Ln. In August 2005, SSA Global released a new version of Baan, named SSA ERP LN 6.1. In May 2006, SSA was acquired by Infor Global Solutions of Atlanta, which was a major ERP consolidator in the market. PEOPLE SOFT: PeopleSoft, Inc. was a company that provided Human Resource Management Systems (HRMS), Financial Management Solutions (FMS), Supply Chain (SCM) and customer relationship management (CRM) software, as well as software solutions for manufacturing, enterprise performance management, and student administration to large corporations, governments, and organizations. It existed as an independent corporation until its acquisition by Oracle Corporation in 2005. The PeopleSoft name and product line are now marketed by Oracle. Founded in 1985 by David Duffield and Ken Morris, PeopleSoft was originally headquartered in Walnut Creek, California before moving to Pleasanton, California. Duffield envisioned a clientserver version of Integral Systems' popular mainframe HRMS package. PeopleSoft version 1, released in the late 1980s, was the first fully integrated, robust clientserver HRMS [1] application suite. PeopleSoft expanded its product range to include a financials module in 1992, distribution in 1994, and [1] manufacturing in 1996 after the acquisition of Red Pepper. JD EDWARDS: J.D. Edwards World Solution Company or JD Edwards, abbreviated JDE, was an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software company. Products included World for IBM AS/400 minicomputers (the users using a computer terminal or terminal emulator), One World for CNC architecture (a clientserver fat client), and JD Edwards EnterpriseOne (a web-based thin client). The company was founded March 1977 in Denver, Colorado by Jack Thompson, C.T.P. "Chuck" Hintze, Dan Gregory, and Ed McVaney. It was purchased by PeopleSoft, Inc. in 2003.

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PeopleSoft, in turn, was purchased by Oracle Corporation in 2005, and Oracle continues to sell and support [1] [2] EnterpriseOne and World ERP software line. Enterprise Resource Planning concept developed As the majority of JD Edwards's customers were medium-sized companies, clients did not have large scale software implementations. There was a basic business need for all accounting to be tightly integrated. As McVaney would explain in 2002, integrated systems were created precisely because "you cant go into a moderate-sized company and just put in a payroll. You have to put in a payroll and job cost, general ledger, inventory, fixed assets and the whole thing. SAP had the same advantage that JD Edwards had because we worked on smaller companies; we [3] were forced to see the whole broad picture." This requirement was relevant to both JDE clients in the USA and Europe and their European competitor SAP, whose typical clients were much smaller than the American Fortune 500 firms. McVaney and his company developed what would be called Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software in response to that business requirement. World ERP System launched The software was called JD Edwards WorldSoftware, popularly called World. Development began with the System/34 and /36, focusing from the mid-1980s on System/38 minicomputers, then switching to the AS/400 when it became available. The company initially focused on developing the accounting software needed by their clients. World was server-centric; the users would operate an IBM computer terminal or "greenscreen". (Later, users would run terminal emulator software on their personal computers). As an ERP system, JD Edwards World comprises three basic areas of expertise: functional/business analyst, programmer/software developer, and CNC/system administration. Over time, these three roles developed the product into a full featured enterprise resource planning, or ERP system. By late 1996, JD Edwards delivered to its customers the result of a major corporate initiative: the software was now ported to platformindependent clientserver systems. OneWorld ERP System launched It was branded JD Edwards OneWorld, an entirely new product with a graphical user interface and a distributed computing model replacing the old server-centric model. The architecture JD Edwards had developed for this newer technology, called Configurable Network Computing or CNC, transparently shielded business applications from the servers that ran those same applications, the databases in which the data was stored, and the underlying operating system and hardware. By first quarter 1998, JD Edwards had 26 OneWorld customers and was moving its medium-sized customers to the new clientserver flavor of ERP. By second quarter 1998, JDE had 48 [4] customers, and by 2001, the company had more than 600 customers using OneWorld, a fourfold increase over [5] 2000. The company became publicly listed on September 24, 1997, with vice-president Doug Massingill being promoted to Chief Executive Officer, at an initial price of $23 per share, trading on NASDAQ under the symbol JDEC. By 1998, JD Edwards revenue was in excess of $934.0 million and McVaney decided to retire. ORACLE: Oracle Corporation (NASDAQ: ORCL) is an American multinational computer technology corporation that specializes in developing and marketing hardware systems and enterprise software products particularly database management systems. Headquartered in 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, Redwood

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City, California, United States and employing approximately 108,000 people worldwide as of 31 May 2011, it has enlarged its share of the software market through organic growth and through a number of high-profile [4] acquisitions. By 2007 Oracle had the third-largest software revenue, after Microsoft and IBM. The company also builds tools for database development and systems of middle-tier software, enterprise resource planning software (ERP),customer relationship management software (CRM) and supply chain management (SCM) software. Larry Ellison, a co-founder of Oracle Corporation, has served as Oracle's CEO throughout its history. He also served as the Chairman of the Board until his replacement by Jeffrey O. Henley in 2004. On August 22, 2008 [5][6] the Associated Press ranked Ellison as the top-paid chief executive in the world. In 2004 Oracle Corporation shipped release 10g (g standing for "grid") as the then latest version of Oracle Database. (Oracle Application Server 10g using Java EE integrates with the server part of that version of the database, making it possible to deploy web-technology applications. The application server comprises the [citation needed] first middle-tier software designed for grid computing. The interrelationship between Oracle 10g and Java allows developers to set up stored procedures written in the Java language, as well as those written in the traditional Oracle database programming language, PL/SQL.) - Release 11g became the current Oracle Database version in 2007. Berkeley DB offers embedded database processing. Oracle Rdb, a relational database system, runs on OpenVMS platforms. Oracle acquired Rdb in 1994 from Digital Equipment Corporation. Oracle has since made many enhancements to this product and development continues today. TimesTen features in-memory database operations. Oracle Essbase continues the Hyperion Essbase tradition of multi-dimensional database management. MySQL, a relational database management system licensed under the GNU General Public License, initially developed by MySQL AB. Oracle NoSQL Database, a scalable, distributed key-value NoSQL database
[28] [3]

QAD: QAD (NASDAQ: QADB) provides Enterprise Resource Planning software to manufacturing companies around the world. QAD sells its products and services to companies in six main industries: automotive, consumer products, high technology, food and beverage, industrial equipment and life sciences. As of November 2010, QAD software [1] was in use at 5,555 manufacturing sites in more than 90 countries. QAD's main product suite is called QAD Enterprise Applications (prior to 2007 the main suite name was MFG/PRO) and uses year designations to denote versions. For example, QAD EA 2011.0 for the first version of the 2011, and QAD EA 2011.1 for the second. For the full year ended January 31, 2011, total revenue was $220.0 million

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QAD was originally formed in 1979 by Pam Lopker, who remains QAD's President and Chairman today. QAD initially developed proprietary software applications for manufacturing companies in southern California. In 1984, QAD launched its flagship product MFG/PRO. MFG/PRO was built using the Progress Software Corporation's Fourth Generation Language (4GL) and relational database. MFG/PRO was one of the first software applications built for manufacturers following the principles of the American Production & Inventory Control Society (APICS). MFG/PRO was also one of the first applications to support closed loop Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP II), as well as operating in the newly emerging open systems arena. In 2006, QAD launched its next generation user interface called .NET UI. In 2007, QAD renamed its core product suite from MFG/PRO to QAD Enterprise Applications. With the launch of QAD Enterprise Applications 2007, QAD pioneered hybrid deployment, with the ability to deploy the application either On Premise, On Appliance or On Demand (SaaS). In 2008, QAD launched a significant enhancement to its core suite with the release of the Enterprise Edition of QAD Enterprise Applications. In 2010, QAD launched QAD Enterprise Applications 2010.1 (QAD 2010.1) which is designed to meet the unique needs of global manufactured product companies, this software release helps todays companies operate at peak efficiency for accelerated business recovery and growth. In 2010, per the initiative and request of CEO Karl Lopker and Chairman Pam Lopker (who together own over 60% of the company), QAD received a board recommendation and shareholder approval to form two share classes of QAD stock. The reverse split that accompanied the creation of the two share classes, QADA 1/20 vote per share, and QADB, 1 vote per share, reduced the outstanding sharecount of the company by 50%. Where before QADI had over 33 million shares outstanding, QADA has about 13.2 million shares outstanding and QADB has 3.3 million shares. (A SSA: In compiler design, static single assignment form (often abbreviated as SSA form or simply SSA) is a property of an intermediate representation (IR), which says that each variable is assigned exactly once. Existing variables in the original IR are split into versions, new variables typically indicated by the original name with a subscript in textbooks, so that every definition gets its own version. In SSA form, use-def chains are explicit and each contains a single element. SSA was developed by Ron Cytron, Jeanne Ferrante, Barry K. Rosen, Mark N. Wegman, and F. Kenneth Zadeck, researchers at IBM in the 1980s. In functional language compilers, such as those for Scheme, ML and Haskell, continuation-passing style (CPS) is generally used while one might expect to find SSA in a compiler forFortran or C. SSA is formally equivalent to a well-behaved subset of CPS (excluding non-local control flow, which does not occur when CPS is used as intermediate representation), so optimizations and transformations formulated in terms of one immediately apply to the other Q.6 What is BAPI? Why BIAP is considered as commanding tool in the SAP consultants toolkit? Ans. Business Application Programming Interface (BAPI) BAPI (Business Application Programming Interface) is a set of interfaces to object-oriented programming methods that enable a programmer to integrate third-party software into the proprietary R/3 product from SAP. For specific

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business tasks such as uploading transactional data, BAPIs are implemented and stored in the R/3 system as remote function call (RFC) modules.[2] BAPI is the most dominant tool in the SAP consultants toolkit. It is one of a set of tools for interfacing with an SAP R/3 system. The priority of BAPI is calling data in and out of SAP. For the SAP consultant, BAPIs are the small, powerful ships that keep these barges of data moving. SAPs R/3 system is now open by releasing the specifications for some 170 business application programming interfaces (BAPIs). This helped third-party applications interact with R/3 directly. BAPIs can be called as sets of methods that allow external applications to collaborate with specific R/3 business objects such as customers, accounts, or employees. As R/3 data is addressable through callable methods, BAPIs gives flexibility to the third party application vendors to build supporting applications for the R/3 system. In similar way, Baan offers OrgWare which is based on integrated business-modelling tool, combined with business-specific templates that automate the configuration of the software to suit specific operational needs. Baan is in the process of advancing this tool with new setup wizards to accelerate software implementation on the Windows NT platform.

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