CIRCUIT BREAKER was invented in 1836 by an American, Charles Grafton Page An early form of circuit breaker was described

d by Thomas Alva Edison in an 1879 patent application A modern miniature circuit breaker similar to the ones now in use was patented by Brown, Boveri & Cie in 1924 Joule heating It was first studied by James Prescott Joule in 1841.(q# i^2 R) The first FACTS installation was at the C. J. Slatt Substation in Northern Oregon. This is a 500 kV, 3-phase 60 Hz substation, and was developed by EPRI, the Bonneville Power Administration and General Electric Company. [2]

In 1886 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, a 1 kV alternating current (AC) distribution system was installed. That same year, AC power at 2 kV, transmitted 30 km, was installed at Cerchi, Italy.

At an AIEE meeting on May 16, 1888, Nikola Tesla delivered a lecture entitled A New System of Alternating Current Motors and Transformers, describing the equipment which allowed efficient generation and use of polyphase alternating currents The first transmission of three-phase alternating current using high voltage took place in 1891 during the international electricity exhibition in Frankfurt. A 25 kV transmission line, approximately 175 km long, connected Lauffen on the Neckar and Frankfurt. The effect was first described in a paper by Horace Lamb in 1883 for the case of spherical conductors, and was generalised to conductors of any shape by Oliver Heaviside in 1885 Permeability The term was coined in September, 1885 by Oliver Heaviside The first person to observe current eddies was Franois Arago (17861853), the 25th Prime Minister of France, who was also a mathematician, physicist and astronomer Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; The Hall effect was discovered in 1879 by Edwin Herbert Hall while he was working on his doctoral degree at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. The first derivation of the Lorentz force is commonly attributed to Oliver Heaviside in 1889,

 For air at STP, the minimum sparkover voltage is around 327 volts, as noted by Friedrich Paschen. [3] The term "electrocution," coined about the time of the first use of the electric chair in 1890, originally referred only to electrical execution The longest HVDC link in the world is currently the Xiangjiaba-Shanghai 2,071 km (1,287 mi) 6400 MW link connecting the Xiangjiaba Dam to Shanghai, in the People's Republic of China.[2] In 2012, the longest HVDC link will be the Rio Madeira link connecting the Amazonas to the So Paulo area where the length of the DC line is over 2,500 km (1,600 mi).[3]. The competition between the direct current (DC) of Thomas Edison and the AC of Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse was known as the War of Currents, with AC becoming dominant. The first long-distance transmission of electric power was demonstrated using direct current in 1882 at the Miesbach-Munich Power Transmission, but only 2.5 kW was transmitted. Low voltage aerial bundled conductor (ABC) lines were first installed on the rural Irish distribution networks in 1981 Aerial bundled cables (ABC) have been introduced into Australian power systems progressively since 1983.[2] This was partly in response to bushfires sparked by old wires touching. Energy Policy Act (EPAct) of 1992 advocated deregulation of electric utilities by creating wholesale electric markets. Recently, U.Ks National Grid, the largest private electric utility in the world, bought New Englands electric system for $3.2 billion Spain was the first country to establish a regional transmission organization Highest capacity system: 6.3 GW HVDC Itaipu (Brazil) (600 kV DC)[30] Highest transmission voltage (AC): 1.15 MV on Powerline Ekibastuz-Kokshetau (Kazakhstan) Largest double-circuit transmission, Kita-Iwaki Powerline. Highest pylons: Yangtze River Crossing (height: 345 m/1,132 ft) Longest power line: Inga-Shaba (length: 1,700 kilometres / 1,056 miles) Longest span of power line: 5,376 m (17,638 ft) at Ameralik Span

Longest underground cables: Murraylink, Riverland/Sunraysia (length of underground cable: 180 kilometres / 112 miles) electromagnetic telegraph systems from 1820German scientist Carl August Steinheil in 18361837,[ The first PLC, designated the 084 because it was Bedford Associates' eighty-fourth project, was the result.[2] Bedford Associates started a new company dedicated to developing, manufacturing, selling, and servicing this new product: Modicon, which stood for MOdular DIgital CONtroller. In 1881 two electricians built the world's first power station at Godalming in England In 1895, after a protracted decision-making process, the Adams No. 1 generating station at Niagara Falls began transmitting three-phase alternating current power to Buffalo at 11 kV. In 1936 the first commercial HVDC (high voltage direct current) line using Mercury arc valves was built between Schenectady and Mechanicville, New York n 1959 Westinghouse demonstrated the first circuit breaker that used SF6 as the interrupting medium.[17] SF6 is a far superior dielectric to air Alternating current had first developed in Europe due to the work of Guillaume Duchenne (1850s), Ganz Works (1870s), Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti (1880s), Lucien Gaulard, and Galileo Ferraris Harold P. Brown, who was being secretly paid by Edison, built the first electric chair for the state of New York to promote the idea that alternating current was deadlier than DC.[23] When the chair was first used, on August 6, 1890, the technicians on hand misjudged the voltage needed to kill the condemned prisoner, William Kemmler. In 1889, the first AC hydroelectric plant, Willamette Falls Station, began operation in Oregon City, Oregon The exhibition featured the first long distance transmission of high-power, three-phase electric current, which was generated 175 km away at Lauffen am Neckar By 1890, Thomas Alva Edison had brought together several of his business interests under one corporation to form Edison General Electric. At about the same time, Thomson-Houston Electric Company, under the leadership of Charles Coffin, The Interbellum (19181939) is understood to be the period between the end of the Great War or First World War and the beginning of the Second World War in Europe. the late 19th century, when Gottlieb Daimler patented the technique of using a gear-driven pump to force air into an internal combustion engine in 1885.[5] The first specimen of the AC kilowatt-hour meter produced on the basis of Hungarian Ott Blthy's patent and named after him was presented by the Ganz Works at the Frankfurt Fair in the autumn of 1889,