FMP - Manual - Participatory Strategic Forest Management Planning Manual - Draft - EN - Jürgen Fichtenau

EUROPEAN UNION Delegation of the European Commission to China and Mongolia
Participatory Strategic Forest Management Planning
Manual
DRAFT
20 m
Intended Measures
15,000.00 10,000.00 5,000.00 0.00 Collective conifer broadleafe mixed State

10 m
FCT
FCT FCT FCT
Prepared by: Jrgen Fichtenau International Forest Management Planning Expert September 2007
Participatory Forest Management Planning Manual Prepared by: Jrgen Fichtenau; September 2007
Introduction to this Manual 1 1.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 2 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.5 2.6 2.6.1 2.6.1.1 2.6.2 2.6.3 2.6.4. 2.6.5 2.6.6 2.7 2.7.1 2.7.2 2.7.3 2.7.4 2.8 2.8.1 2.8.2 Pre-Planning Stage SFMP Planning Team Assessment of available planning data Forest Inventory Results Land use planning results Ecological information/silvicultural demonstration plot info Socio-economic data (incl. local demand and consumption) Maps Procurement of missing planning data/maps Additional studies Other sources Stakeholder analysis Sensitization of stakeholders Contents and chapters of the SFMP Planning Stage - Technical Aspects Assessment of different land use classes and forest types Land use types Forest types Determination of yields per forest type and owner Increment calculation per ha Increment calculation by ownership Development of harvestable volumes and AAC by forest type and owner Determination of local demands Assessment of local demands for timber and fuelwood Assessment of local demands for NTFP (incl. Bamboo) The Demand Supply Scenario Zoning of Forest Functions Production Forests Production Forests in restricted areas (example Ceyuan) Protection Forests Tourism NTFP Grazing Other forest functions Development of forest management scenarios Timber and fuelwood scenario Grazing scenario Tourism NTFP Silvicultural Treatment Forests Bamboo Forests
Page 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 10 10 10 11 12 13 14 14 14 17 19 19 23 23 27 27 30 32 33 34 39 40 41 43 44 45 47 47 50 51 53 54 56 58 2
2.9 2.10 2.10.1 2.10.2 2.10.3 3 3.1 3.1.1 3.2 3.2.1 4 4.1 4.1.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2
Map production Supporting measures Monitoring Forestry Extension Others Planning Stage Procedures / Meetings/Workshops Workshop 1: Presentation of facts to stakeholders at provincial level, initial proposals Composition and roles of participants, expected outputs Worskhop 2: Presentation of first SFMP draft to stakeholders at local level, development of objective matrix Composition and roles of participants, expected outputs Approval Stage Workshop 3: Presentation of SFMP working draft to high level stakeholders at provincial level Composition and roles of participants, expected outputs Workshop 4: Public Presentation of the SFMP in the county Final Government approval mechanism How to use the SFMP Target group, purpose, duration Update
60 63 63 64 65 67 68 69 70 71 73 73 74 76 76 76 76 77
5 1 2 3 4 5
Annexes Increment tables SFMP table of contents Ceyuan and Xiao Xing Survey on the utilization of Non-timber Forest Products in Ceyuan Bamboo Forest Management in Ceyuan Information on silvicultural demonstration plots and selection of Future Crop Trees (Excerpts from Draft Technical Report on Design and Establishment of Demonstrations for Closeto-Nature Silvicultural Model Development Geo-spatial Information Processing and Cartography For Strategic Forest Management Planning by Ms. Leng Yunfa
List of Tables, Maps and Charts
Page
Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Chart Chart Chart Chart Chart
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5
Identification of stakeholders for natural resources management in Xiaoxing Land use classes of total project area Areas and stocking volumes of major forest types in Xiao Xing Increment calculations for Xiao Xing- Broadleaf, medium, collective Species composition table FRIDAP, collective forest, broadleafmedium, Xiao Xing Total Harvestable Volumes in Xiao Xing Aixi village harvestable volumes Determination of Annual Allowable Cut (AAC) per Hectare Annual Allowable Cut (AAC) Xiao Xing Overview Air Dry Density of dominant tree species (g/cbm) in Songpan Air Dry Density of dominant tree species (g/cbm) in Yanling Demand-Supply Scenario by village Criteria for the zoning of different forest types Zoning of Conifer Production Forests by ownership Demand-Supply Scenario by village Grazing strategy in Xiao Xing Monitoring Tasks Production Forests of Xiao Xing Location of Production Conifer Forest Type Potential Production Forest in Ceyuan Potential Tourism map NTFP Map of Xiao Xing Productive Pasture Land Potential areas for forest fires Production Forest Guna village Decision Tree Songpan Imbalance between wood/timber demand and supply of 6 villages Production Forests of Xiao Xing by ownership in hectares Silvicultural treatment model for mixed forest type in Xiao Xing Frequence of Meetings and Workshops during SFMP Preparation
12 15 18 21 22 24 24 26 27 30 31 32 37 38 48 50 63 35 38 40 42 43 44 46 62 16 33 36 57 67
Table Table Table Table Table
1 2 3 4 5
Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10
Identification of stakeholders for natural resources management in Xiaoxing Land use classes of total project area Areas and stocking volumes of major forest types in Xiao Xing Increment calculations for Xiao Xing- Broadleaf, medium, collective Species composition table FRIDAP, collective forest, broadleafmedium, Xiao Xing Total Harvestable Volumes in Xiao Xing Aixi village harvestable volumes Determination of Annual Allowable Cut (AAC) per Hectare Annual Allowable Cut (AAC) Xiao Xing Overview Air Dry Density of dominant tree species (g/cbm) in Songpan
Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Chart Chart Chart Chart Chart
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5
Air Dry Density of dominant tree species (g/cbm) in Yanling Demand-Supply Scenario by village Criteria for the zoning of different forest types Zoning of Conifer Production Forests by ownership Demand-Supply Scenario by village Grazing strategy in Xiao Xing Monitoring Tasks Production Forests of Xiao Xing Location of Production Conifer Forest Type Potential Production Forest in Ceyuan Potential Tourism map NTFP Map of Xiao Xing Productive Pasture Land Potential areas for forest fires Production Forest Guna village Decision Tree Songpan Imbalance between wood/timber demand and supply of 6 villages Production Forests of Xiao Xing by ownership in hectares Silvicultural treatment model for mixed forest type in Xiao Xing Frequence of Meetings and Workshops during SFMP Preparation
Introduction to this Manual This Manual is a users guide how to develop participatory Strategic Forest Management Plans and is based on experiences made during the preparation of two Strategic Forest Management Plans for each one township in Hunan and in Sichuan provinces between February and June 2007. Even though the contents of this Manual is based on these 2 regional experiences, it is meant for distribution and guidance also in other provinces of China. The Manual describes 3 different planning stages of strategic forest management planning as they are now recommended. The planning stages are: Pre-Planning Stage (assessment of data; sensitisation of stakeholders) Planning Stage (Technical Planning; Conduct of participatory workshops) Approval Stage (Presentation of Plan and approval mechanism)
The chapters used in this guide do follow the time frequence and different steps, which are recommended to use when preparing a Strategic Forest Management Plan. For better understanding, practical examples from the 2 townships are used, for which Management Plans already have been prepared. These townships are Ceyuan of Yanling county in Hunan province and Xiao Xing township of Songpan county in Sichuan. Most practical examples used in this Manual are taken from the Xiao Xing Plan because this plan was based on the experiences in Ceyuan and is therefore regarded to be the more experienced one. The Approval Stage of Strategic Forest Management Planning still is in its infant stage, because at the time of preparing the Manual approval procedures have not been fully developed yet, because strategic forest management planning is in its infant stage and in the process of learning and experimenting. Main target group of this Manual are forest technicians from the county and township forestry bureaus, since they are the ones, who mainly will be in charge to develop Forest Management Plans. Another target group are forest policy officers of all levels, who are interested in advancing the new approaches of Strategic Forest Management Planning.
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1.1
Pre-Planning Stage
SFMP Planning Team
During the piloting phase of Strategic Forest Management Plan preparation (preparation of 2 draft SFMPs in Hunan and Sichuan), the procedures were driven by 2 consultants (one international and one national Forest Management Planning experts). In a transition phase the national expert will guide the SFMP preparation in one or two additional townships with the help of the County Forestry Bureaus. In future however, the SFMP planning task will solely be achieved by the County Forestry Bureau ! The Strategic Forest Management Planning Team (SFMP Team) should be a small task force comprising of 5 following officers: 1 GIS expert 2 Forest Management Planning experts 2 Forestry Resources experts 1 Forest Policy Expert This SFMP team will seek advice on a case to case basis from technical experts in other related stakeholder offices (like environment, water resources, animal husbandry etc.). It is strongly recommended that the 5 SFMP team members are released from other duties during their Management Plan preparation in order to guarantee a smooth implementation of this very disciplined team work.
1.2
Assessment of available planning data
Information on geo-and topographic features in a township, administrative boundaries, ownership, forest resources statistics, land use and socio-economic conditions is a pre-condition for the preparation of a Strategic Forest Management Plan. Without these data inputs (including maps) strategic forest management planning is not possible. As a first step the Forest Management Planner has to take stock of the existing data and maps and their accuracy in order to decide which topics need more data input or which data input accuracy is questionable and needs clarification or if additional information is needed on this topic. This chapter describes the required data input in detail.
1.2.1 Forest Inventory Results Required information from the Multi Resources Forest Inventory includes: Forest Types Species composition per forest type Number of stems, basal area and volumes per species per diameter class Total Stocking volumes per forest type per ha Information on seedling regeneration Information on erosion and grazing occurrence Observations on biodiversity and bio-physical conditions Occurrence of NTFP in frequency and species composition
The results from the forest inventory provide the basis for stocks and growth rates (in order to determine increments and thus sustainable yearly harvestable volumes). In addition valuable information on non-timber-products in the township will enable map production on these products (also see chapter 2.7.4, zoning of NTFP). Furthermore the inventory results provide the base information for forest mapping, see chapter 1.2.5 1.2.2 Land Use Planning Results Results from Land use planning exercises are needed in order to determine areas, which are: suitable for timber harvesting operations thus productive forest management restricted from forest management due to ecological-, soil conservation-or water catchment protection reasons The Land use planning results in principle delineated areas for development, rehabilitation and protection. This was done in 2 different steps (see chart below) 1 and followed participatory principles. The different described steps were mutually agreed upon by all stakeholders (also see chapters 1.2.5, maps and 2.1.1, land use types for details):
Step 1: assessment quantity
fair good
quality
poor
function
important important
sensitivity
high
Step 2: general management strategy
development
rehabilitation
protection
From Land Use Strategy Manual; By C. Dreiser and Leng Yunfa; July 2006
1.2.3 Ecological information/silivicultural demonstration plot info Ecological information Ecological information has been developed under the Eco System Model and provides information on: Vegetation Types Use restriction Sensitive Areas Description on reasons for degradation Target Forest Types in Natural Forests Management proposals for each vegetation type
The information has in parts already been integrated into the land use strategy ! Eco modelling however has only been done in EU China NFMP project counties so far and needs to be implemented also in other counties/townships, because information on vegetation types and target forest types is a very important background information for the development of silvicultural treatment models. Silivicultural demonstration plot info Silvicultural demonstration plots have been established in various townships of Hunan and Sichuan provinces and provide: Treatment guidelines for forest types valuable information on suitable estimations on required input and expected extraction of harvestable timber information on effects of treatment For detailed information on eco-modelling and silvicultural treatment, please refer to chapter 2.8.1, silvicultural treatment of forests.
1.2.4 Socio-economic data (including local demand and consumption) Socio-economic data provides the Forest Management Planner with valuable background information on: Population (number of households per village) Gender issues Ethnicity Income situation Ownership of agricultural land and (collective) forests Livestock NTFP consumption Fuelwood-and timber consumption
The information on fuelwood/timber/NTFP consumption (as well as other forest products, like grazing, bamboo etc.) is crucial, since these figures provide the basis for the demand-supply scenario, thus the decision on a suitable forest management scenario for the township.
1.2.5 Maps Maps provide the background for spatial information in the GIS system. Information from following maps are needed: 1. 2. 3. 4. Forest Type Map Land Use Strategy Map Administrative Boundary Map Topographic Map
Forest Type Map The Forest Type Map should be based on SPOT 5 satellite image interpretation. In cases where the Forest Type Map has to be prepared without SPOT 5 satellite image interpretation ( and based on sub-compartment level 2 inventory data), a match with the sampling plot data from the Forest Inventory is extremely difficult, as could be observed in the Ceyuan case. Therefore only satellite image based forest maps shall be used. The necessary GIS procedures how to match inventory results with the spatial data from satellite imagery is explained in detail in Annex 6. Land Use Strategy Map This map reflects the results of the participatory procedures on land management and land use planning defining areas for protection, development and rehabilitation and therefore presents the background information for all future management activities. Geographic elements including rivers, lakes, roads, residential areas or topography should be based on 1:10.000 topographic maps for township level, because the error on the ground is only about 3m at this scale. Administrative Boundary Map In order to avoid administrative boundary problems in mapping and area calculations, it is recommended to use the administrative boundaries from the 1:10.000 County Forestry Bureau sub-compartment map, which shows the village boundaries with a much higher degree of accuracy. The 1:80.000 administrative map of the Civil Administration Bureau of the county lacks this accuracy, and when trying to match both different maps in the GIS system, border irregularities cannot be avoided.
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Topographic Map Topographic maps at township level should be based on a scale of 1:10.000 (error around 3 m). If for some reason special objects have to be displayed at county level, a scale of 1:50.000 is advisable (error on the ground around 10 m). Each special topic map describes a certain special characteristic object, such as: forest type, current situation of land use, soil type etc. Because coordinates of all special topic map layers are generated on the basis of topographic map data, the coordinate error of special topic map layer is bigger than that of a topographic map with the same scale.
1.3
Procurement of missing planning data/maps
1.3.1 Additional studies Depending on the kind of information, which is missing but crucial for the preparation of the SFMP, additional studies may be necessary to be conducted. In most cases the missing information is related to PRA data, in particular a lack of precise data on fuelwood-, timber-and NTFP consumption (as was the case during the preparation of the Ceyuan and Xiao Xing SFMPs). Another example for urgently needed additional information is the topic of bamboo management. Also in this case an additional study was initiated in order to gain more technical subject matter information on this topic. Procedures are described in detail in chapter 2.4, determination of local demands. 1.3.2 Other sources In most cases the County Forestry Bureau and the Forest Inventory Institutes are the best sources of information regarding missing or questionable data. There are serious limitations however regarding data on village sizes and their administrative boundaries. There are huge discrepancies about information on village sizes in the project GIS system and village area information received from the County Forestry Bureaus. Village areas in the project GIS are based on the second level inventory map (scale 1/10.000). This map contains sub-compartment information with ownership attributes (state land, collective land). Other maps however exist, where official village boundaries are displayed, but of different scale, different accuracy and different layout of boundaries. This leads to frequent disputes between villagers and the state about the village boundaries. This fact explains the discrepancy between different data information on village boundaries, namely between information obtained from the Songpan Forestry Bureau and data available in the project GIS system. This problem cannot be solved for the time being unless proper (possibly GPS based) surveys have been done on a village basis and maps are harmonized.
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1.4
Stakeholder Analysis
Since the preparation of a Strategic Forest Management Plan is based on participatory principles, it is very important to include all relevant stakeholders in the SFMP planning process. One of the first tasks for the SFMP team therefore is to decide, who at township level has a stake in the natural resources. Since the SFMP addresses the multiple functions of the forest resources, not only the villagers or the local forestry authorities are concerned with the management of the natural resources, but a number of other stakeholders as well. The identification of stakeholders has to take place PRIOR to the sensitisation meetings/workshops (described in the next chapter), because all relevant stakeholders have to be involved from the very beginning in order to achieve a maximum level of participation. Identification of stakeholders Typically, and according to experience in 2 townships in Hunan and Sichuan provinces, the stakeholders will comprise of those authorities mentioned in table 1, but this may vary according to the region. For example in the case of Hunan province, the Ecological Leading Group for Broadleaf species and The Nature Reserve Zone Management Bureau have to be included in the group of stakeholders. Other provinces may require additional stakeholders, which are not mentioned in the table below. According to experience, it is not possible to deal with functions and roles of stakeholders during the planning workshops due to time constraints. But it is important to gain knowledge on the different functions/responsibilities of the different stakeholders and how their roles may change in future when implementing the SFMP. This is partly due to the fact, that It is unclear at this moment if job descriptions for the different functions do exist, who has issued them and who would be the possible partner to discuss them !. So, as a major first step, job descriptions have to be discussed, amended or even produced yet. Next major step would be to define how the traditional role under the existing system will change with the implementation of the SFMP. Therefore it is recommended that besides naming the different stakeholders, a detailed list of main responsibilities and future tasks should be provided in connection with the implementation of this SFMP. The description of each stakeholder should contain information on: General task and responsibility of the agency Main interests Main domain (function/authority) of the stakeholder Specific tasks and responsibilities in connection with the implementation of the SFMP and how these will influence the future function/role of the stakeholder Naming specific activities under this SFMP to be undertaken by this agency/stakeholder
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Following table 1 should be used during the initial meetings/workshops in the preplanning stage of the SFMP preparation, in order to receive a better understanding. Table 1: Identification of stakeholders for natural resources management in Xiaoxing
No. Stakeholder 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 County Forestry Bureau Forest Farm State Forest Enterprise (SFE) Forest Station Township Government Agricultural Bureau Tourist Development Bureau Water Resources Bureau Environmental Protection Bureau Animal Husbandry Bureau Village committee Xy stakeholder Xy stakeholder Main Responsibilities Main interests Main function/ authority Intended future function/role
Note: Above list of stakeholders only is the Xiao Xing example and may vary from township to township !!
Working through this list will also enable the stakeholders to take part in a learning process and reflect upon their own present and future contributions to the SFMP !
1.5 Sensitisation of Stakeholders From experiences made in Ceyuan and Xiao Xing townships it is VERY advisable and strongly recommended to inform stakeholders at the local levels about the intended activities in connection with the preparation of a Strategic Forest Management Plan in their township. This task is easier in counties and townships where the EU NFMP Project is testing Co-Management strategies and where it has supported the establishment of CoManagement Committees, in which elected village representatives and respective stakeholders from government institutions try to negotiate solutions for issues and problems arising from natural resources management topics. In provinces/regions where such committees do not exist ( for example in Ceyuan township in Hunan province where most of the forest resources are collectively owned), it is recommended to establish a system with the help of the village link workers, in which elected village/community representatives are able to express their views on behalf of their communities. In virtual all villages of China the SFMP approaches are new to all stakeholders, and it is necessary to sensitize them for the procedures and their expected roles and contributions in connection with SFMP preparation. 13
Most important contribution of villagers and local government representatives during the sensitisation stage is to define issues/problems in their area in connection with natural resources management and to provide possible solutions !! During the meetings to be held in each village or commune, it is recommended to document the discussions on this topic by using the following format:
Date April 2007 Event CMC Training Community Aixi Subject related to SFMP Grazing Problem/ Issue We need to prevent outsiders from taking over our pasturelands The demand for firewood and construction timber for houses make it very hard to manage forests Possible Action/Solution Agreements with Animal Husbandry Bureau to protect pasture land on the mountain To reach an agreement with FMB and SFE on the issue of cutting wood
April 2007
CMC Training
Pingan
Fuelwood supply
April 2007
CMC Training
Xing Feng
Forestry
Examples from Village meetings, in which topics of concern were discussed. 2
We need to To reach an agreement replace the with the forestry bureau on community forests replacing community forests and develop a joint plan with neighboring villages who hold land in between preventing access
1.6
Contents and chapters of the SFMP
The table of contents of a Strategic Forest Management Plan provides the frame for all the tasks, which have to be performed by the SFMP Team. In order to share the various tasks among the SFMP Team members, it is strongly advisable to prepare the table of contents at the earliest stage and seek approval for the SFMP contents during the first planning workshop (see chapter 3.2 for details). In principle the SFMP contains 6 parts: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Introduction to the Plan Description of the local situation Management Objectives and Srategies Forest Management Planning Needed supporting measures Annexes
For detailed information on these chapters please refer to the examples of Ceyuan and Xiao Xing table of contents in Annex 2.
Paul Wislon: Village Notes, April 2007
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2
2.1
Planning Stage - Technical Aspects

Assessment of different land use classes and forest types
The first steps in technical planning procedures are the: 1. Determination of net operable areas for timber harvesting (production forests) and 2. To determine the planning units for timber harvesting calculations The determination of areas for timber harvesting depends on the land use types in a township thus areas, which are restricted for management for protection reasons (soil-and water conservation). The planning units for timber harvesting are the forest types in a township and NOT compartments as presently practiced in China. Compartments and sub-compartments are not chosen to be suitable management units, because even though in theory they represent uniform forest types delineated by their boundaries, in reality these sub-compartments do not present the needed micro level distinctions of uniform areas of one forest type. Furthermore, the compartment boundaries are NOT delineated using satellite imagery like the forest map in the Strategic Forest Management Plan, which is based on satellite interpretation, thus provides a much better bird perspective of uniform forest areas and their boundaries. Last not least, compartments do not respect the distinction of protected forest areas at a micro level for soil-or water conservation reasons. Compartments cut through protected areas, whereas the forest type management unit in the SFMP clearly respects these small scale and micro level geographic conditions.
2.1.1 Land Use Types Information on land use strategy and the resulting land use strategy map is one of the pre-conditions for any forest management planning. It is therefore the main goal of the land use strategy, to concentrate the protection activities on the ecologically most important and sensitive areas while suggesting areas where economic resource utilization should be diverted to instead. Land use strategy considers the planning region in the context of an eco-system, rather than in the context of ownership boundaries. It aims at the identification of viable alternatives to the destruction of the resources. As already mentioned under chapter 1.2.2 there exist 3 different major land use types: 3 1. Areas designated for protection 2. Areas designated for rehabilitation 3. Areas designated for development
3
Land Use Strategy Manual; By C. Dreiser and Leng Yunfa; July 2006
15
Protection in the sense of the land use strategy does not mean no-go area. Depending on the sensitivity and the importance of the function and the resources quality, utilization activities must be more or less restricted. Rehabilitation aims to let the resource regenerate, hence some type of utilization may be restricted. Development areas are areas where utilization should be less restricted than before, while the regeneration should aim towards a more ecologically stable resource. Example is the step-by-step conversion of a plantation forest into a natural forest. Additionally, the land use strategy includes the category unchanged. This refers to areas which are not especially sensitive or overused and have no important ecological function. Here, utilization should take place within the limitations of a longterm sustainable development. A so-called decision tree is the core of the land use strategy. Every aspect of the LUS must be included in the decision tree. It must be comprehensible, clear and transparent for the participants (see chart 1 next page). A decision tree is a graphical expression of a hierarchical decision procedure. It facilitates a transparent procedure for all parties involved. Example Xiao Xing Ecological forests play a dominant role in Xiao Xing in terms of water source protection and soil conservation (land use classes P1 and P2). A large proportion of the township (46%) is located in such protected areas and should therefore be protected from all management activities. Table 2: Land use classes of total project area Land use Definition Class P1 P2 R1 R2 U1 U4 D2 Total Land for water source protection Land for soil conservation (slope >35) Land for rehabilitation of degraded natural forest Land for rehabilitation of degraded shrub and grass Undegraded natural forest Unchanged crop land Conversion Land
ha 3120.57 11100.85 5027.98 4199.34 6584.41 846.96 15.69 30895.8
Total area in % 10.1 35.9 16.3 13.6 21.3 2.7 0.1 100.00%
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Chart 1: Decision Tree Songpan
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2.1.2 Forest Types As mentioned earlier, the forest types are the planning units for forest management activities. Following 4 major forest types have been identified during the forest inventories in Hunan and Sichuan: 1. Conifer Forest Type Mix ratio of different conifer species (e.g. mix percentages of spruce and fir) Distinction of 3 different crown cover density classes (open, medium and dense crown cover) Separation of stem diameters into 4 different diameter classes (defining the maturity of forest type) 2. Broadleaf Forest Type Mix ratio of different broadleaf species (e.g. mix percentages of birch and poplar) Distinction of 3 different crown cover density classes (open, medium and dense crown cover) Separation of stem diameters into 4 different diameter classes (defining the maturity of forest type) 3. Mixed Forest Type Mix ratio of broadleaf and conifer species (e.g. mix percentages of poplar/oak and spruce/fir) Distinction of 3 different crown cover density classes (open, medium and dense crown cover) Separation of stem diameters into 4 different diameter classes (defining the maturity of forest type) 4. Bamboo Forest Type Mix ratio of broadleaf and conifer species (e.g. mix percentages of chestnut and Chinese fir) Distinction of 3 different crown cover density classes (open, medium and dense crown cover) Separation of stem diameters into 4 different diameter classes (defining the maturity of forest type) The division into different forest types and density sub-types is important for the calculation of yields/increments and for the silvicultural prescriptions during the forest management planning process, because useful management scenarios can only be developed for forests of similar conditions (growth parameters, geographical distribution, similar objectives). Other important entry data from the forest inventories are: Species composition per diameter class and forest type Basal area per diameter class and and forest type Stocking volumes per ha and forest type 19
Each of these parameters are separately assessed for the two different ownership possibilities, namely for state and collective forest areas. All inventory results are available in the FRIDAP (Forest Resources Inventory Data Analysis Program) for computation and user friendly display of inventory results. Also see chapter 2.2.1 Most important result of this first assessment step on analysing the forest types is to determine: the area sizes per forest type and density sub-type (this step goes hand in hand with forest zoning: production forest zoning as explained in detail in chapter 2.6.1) Stocking volumes per forest type and density sub-type per hectare
Example Xiao Xing The forest management planner has to produce the following table as entry information for all following technical steps, especially increment calculations (as will be explained in the next chapter). Area calculations are GIS based results of forest zoning (see chapter 2.6.1 for details), whereas the stocking volumes per ownership are to be found in the FRIDAP species composition tables. Table 3 : Areas and stocking volumes of major forest types in Xiao Xing Forest Type Area in Stocking Volume Hectares per ha
Collect. State Collect. State
Conifer dense Conifer medium Conifer open Broadleaf dense Broadleaf medium Broadleaf open Mixed dense Mixed medium Mixed open Sub Total Total
624.1 6289.6 1171.1 4837.8 325.1 969.1 55.7 885.2 156.9 679.6 60.6 337.7 71.5 812.3 216.3 1720.2 31.8 347.7 2713.1 16879.2 19592.3
302.82 144.8 75.1 61.6 53.5 49.7 36.4 41.9 24.5
296.5 207.3 87.1 66.2 129.6 15.2 257.4 152.5 95
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2.2
Determination of yields per forest type and owner
In order to determine sustainable timber yields ( harvesting volumes ), accurate resource data (from forest inventories) and reliable information on growth and yield of the forests are needed. Even though some growth and yield models have been developed for use in various regions in China and the project provinces, estimates from these models have not been linked to natural forest attributes or to the existing inventory database. 4 In the absence of a country wide growth and yield model, the growth percentage has been widely used instead to calculate stand increment for different species in China, because the method is simple and can be easily calculated for updating forest resources data at stand level. 2.2.1 Increment calculation per ha Even though the growth percentage model is simple, it in fact provides the forest management planner with a serious problem how to determine exact yields and yearly increments of each tree species. Growth and yield models are based on scientific analysis of long term permanent inventory plots, which monitor the diameter and height developments of one species in different altitudes and under different geographic conditions over a period of many years. Note:
In this regard, the EU China NFMP established permanently marked inventory plots in pilot counties (20% of all inventory sample plots), which should be used for growth/yield monitoring analysis ! Furthermore and in addition, the establishment and permanent analysis of silvicultural demonstration plots (also see chapter 2.8.1) can be used for this purpose.
Due to the absence of more sophisticated growth models for the time being, the simple but imprecise Growth percentage calculation tables for different species in different provinces had to be used for this exercise (see annex 1). In the case of Xiao Xing the growth percentage table for Songpan, provided by the Forestry Bureau, has been solely used. In the case of Ceyuan however, 3 different growth percentage tables were used: Emphasis was laid on the Yanling county growth percentage table, but for some species additional 2 tables from 2 different authors (see annex 1) were used and the lowest percentage, provided by each author, applied.
Example Xiao Xing For example, in order to determine the increment volume of the forest type: Broadleaf, medium density class for collective forest areas in Xiao Xing, the planner needs to know the: Species composition for that density class and forest type Volume per species per ha for each diameter class and forest type Total volume of all species and all diameter classes per ha and forest type
4
Lei Yuancai, Yield Estimate Report, January 2006
21
The information can be found in the FRIDAP, and the respective table has to be chosen as shown in Table 5 second next page. In this example the dominant species are Betula and Poplar, and their respective volumes per diameter class are recorded in an Excel spread sheet, because the volume results of the most frequent species of that forest type and density class have to be weighted against each other (see table 4 next page). The (weighted) average increment percentage is 5.1%. The increment volume per ha is 2.73 cbm (5.1% of the average stocking volume per ha, which totals 53.5 cbm/ha as recorded on the species composition table under grand total volume result). Then the average stocking volume per ha of this forest type ( 53.5 cbm ) will be multiplied with the total area of this forest type, 62.83 ha (result of GIS forest zoning exercise). The total stocking volume for the medium dense broadleaf forest type therefore is 3,361.4 cbm. As a result: The sustainable harvestable amount per year for this forest type totals 171.53 cbm (2.73 cbm/ha x 62.83 ha total area) !
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Table 4: Increment calculations for Xiao Xing- Broadleaf, medium, collective

Increment Calculations for Xiao Xing Township Broadleafed Forest Medium Dense (collective) Betula Poplar Weighted Weighted Value Incremen Value Increment % in Increment t volume % in Incremen volume % Stock % of % of Stock t % of of stocks V/ha s stocks stocks V/ha s stocks DBH Young 5-20 5.39 4.87 44 237.16 5.93 19.7 76.5 453.645 Middle 20-40 3.62 6.21 56 202.72 3.78 6.04 23.5 88.83 Mature 40-65 2.58 0 0 0 3.78 0 0 0 Overmature >65 2.02 0 0 0 3.78 0 0 0 total 11.08 100 25.7 100 Broadleaf, medium Dense, Average Increment in % of stocking Average 4.4 5.4 volume 30.1 132.44 69.9 377.46 Broad leafed species Average 5.1 Total aea Broadleafed 62.83 trees Average Stocking V / ha 53.50 Total stocking vol Increment percent (average) Increment volume per ha ha cbm
3,361.4 cbm 5.10 2.73 % cbm
Increment volume total
171.53 cbm
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Table 5: Species composition table FRIDAP, collective forest, broadleaf-medium, Xiao Xing
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2.2.2 Increment calculation by ownership The described procedures from the previous chapter are repeated for all forest types and their density sub-types by ownership. The separation of increment calculations by ownership is important, because as the Xiao Xing example clearly shows, increments per ha vary significantly in some cases depending on ownership and location of forest resources. In a next step increment calculation results and necessary computations per forest type and owner are summarized in a overview table (see example below), which provides the entry information for the development of the Annual Allowable Cut (AAC) as described in the following chapter Conifer dense (collective forest) Xiaoxing
Total area conifers Average Stocking V / ha Total stocking vol Increment percent (average) Increment volume per ha Increment volume total 354.78 302.82 2.10 6.36 2,256.4 ha cbm % cbm cbm
107,434.5 cbm
2.3
Development of harvestable volumes and AAC by forest type and owner
The Strategic Forest Management Plans so far prepared in Hunan and Sichuan were developed for areas, which consist of forests in the predominantly young till medium mature aged classes. The expression of harvesting therefore does not only refer to the removal of mature trees (with a breast diameter > 50 cm), but also to thinning operations in younger aged stands. Harvestable volumes therefore include all trees with a breast diameter >10 cm. The development of yields/increments per forest type per ha were described in the previous chapter. A side product of the increment calculations was already the determination of maximum harvestable volumes, which is the sustainable yearly harvesting amount. Table 4 in chapter 2.2.1 contains this maximum yearly harvestable volume in the last row titled Increment Volume total. This value is the multiplication of increment volume per ha x total area of a specific forest type. The Forest Management Planner will now display ALL forest types and sub-types in an overview table detailing: 1. Forest Type 2. Area in hectares 3. Stocking Volume per ha 4. Increment Volume per ha 5. Harvestable Volume per ha All information has to be displayed separated by ownership ! 25
Example Xiao Xing

Table 6: Total Harvestable Volumes in Xiao Xing
Forest Type Area in Hectares Stocking Volume per ha Collect. 302.82 144.8 75.1 61.6 53.5 49.7 36.4 41.9 24.5 Increment volume per Harvestable volume ha in cbm In cbm Conifer dense Conifer medium Conifer open Broadleaf dense Broadleaf medium Broadleaf open Mixed dense Mixed medium Mixed open Total Collect. 354.78 676.53 151.95 24.5 62.83 24.44 52.42 98.27 14.81 1460.53 State 3898.08 2972.41 651.28 431.1 269.65 131.57 308.48 938.61 190.67 9791.85 State Collect. 296.5 6.36 207.3 87.1 66.2 129.6 15.2 257.4 152.5 95 3.04 1.58 3.26 2.73 2.18 1.64 1.8 0.61 State 5.34 3.73 1.57 3.05 5.57 0.68 5.66 2.9 1.62 Collect. 2256.4 2056.7 240.1 79.9 171.5 53.3 86 176.9 9 5129.8 State 20815.7 11087.1 1022.5 1314.9 1502 89.5 1746 2722 308.9 40608.6
The Xiao Xing total harvestable volume thus totals 40.607 cbm. The same exercise will now be repeated for each village. The harvestable volumes at village level will later serve as guiding figures for the development of the Village Forest Management Plans Table 7 : Aixi village harvestable volumes
Village FOREST TYPE ha Volume per ha 302.82 144.78 75.1 61.6 53.5 49.65 41.93 Total Increment Max Volume per ha harvestable volume 25179.5 10017.3 2358.9 37555.7 214.4 114.5 169.8 498.7 576.5 576.5 38630.9 6.36 3.04 1.58 3.26 2.73 2.18 1.8 528.8 210.3 49.6 788.7 11.3 5.8 7.5 24.6 24.8 24.8 838.1
Aixi
Conifer dense Conifer medium Conifer open Subtotal Conifer Broadleaf dense Broadleaf medium Broadleaf open Subtotal Broadleaf Mixed medium Subtotal Mixed Total
83.15 69.19 31.41 183.75 3.48 2.14 3.42 9.04 13.75 13.75 206.54
The final step, namely to determine the Annual Allowable Cut (AAC) per forest type. As explained earlier, increment determination had to be done based on the simple and imprecise growth percentage model. Usually the Annual Allowable Cut is based on rather sophisticated formula calculations regarded as indicators for sustainability. 26
But these are only applicable if detailed growth and yield models exist (see the use of Paulsen-Hundeshagen and Heyer formulas used in a GTZ Forestry Project in Malaysia in the box below). 5
GTZ : Sustainable Forest Management and Conservation Project (SFMCP), Technical Document No. B54 : Forest Management Planning Rules and Guidelines (Guideline 3c: Yield Regulation) by G. Haase and W.Schindele: Final Draft; August 2005
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For strategic forest management planning in China, the determination of the Annual Allowable Cut (AAC) therefore had to be simplified, because it is not possible to correct a data base, which is based on growth percentages, by using sophisticated sustainability indicator formualas. The determination of the Annual Allowable Cut for the purpose of Strategic Forest Management Planning considers a safety factor (deduction in % from the harvestable volume) for uncertainties associated with the forest inventory, forecasting of growth increment percentages, measuring errors and harvesting losses. The deduction percentage should be in the range of 10-20%. In Xiaoxing for example a more conservative deduction of 20% on the harvestable volume was applied whereas in Ceyuan the deduction was 15%, which can be regarded as an average value.
Table 8: Determination of Annual Allowable Cut (AAC) per Hectare Forest Type Increment volume per Annual Allowable Cut ha (AAC = 80% of in cbm increment) in cbm/ha/year State Collect. State Collect. Conifer dense 6.36 5.34 5.09 4.27 Conifer medium 3.04 3.73 2.43 2.98 Conifer open 1.58 1.57 1.26 1.26 Broadleaf dense 3.26 3.05 2.61 2.44 Broadleaf medium 2.73 5.57 2.18 4.46 Broadleaf open 2.18 0.68 1.74 0.54 Mixed dense 1.64 5.66 1.31 4.53 Mixed medium 1.8 2.9 1.44 2.32 Mixed open 0.61 1.62 0.49 1.3
As a final result, the Forest Management Planner will now display ALL forest types and sub-types in an overview table detailing: 6. Forest Type 7. Area in hectares 8. Stocking Volume per ha 9. Increment Volume per ha 10. Harvestable Volume (AAC) per ha All information has to be displayed separated by ownership !
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Table 9 :Annual Allowable Cut (AAC) Xiao Xing Overview

Forest Type Stocking Volume Annual Allowable Cut Total Harvestable per ha (AAC) per ha/year volume (AAC) in cbm/year In cbm Collect. State Collect. State Collect. State Collect. State 354.78 3898.08 302.82 296.5 5.09 4.27 1805.8 16644.8 144.8 75.1 61.6 53.5 49.7 36.4 41.9 24.5 207.3 87.1 66.2 129.6 15.2 257.4 152.5 95 2.43 1.26 2.61 2.18 1.74 1.31 1.44 0.49 2.98 1.26 2.44 4.46 0.54 4.53 2.32 1.3 1644 191.5 63.9 137 42.5 68.7 141.5 7.3 8857.8 820.6 1051.9 1202.6 71 1397.4 2177.6 247.9 Area in Hectares
Conifer dense Conifer 676.53 2972.41 medium Conifer 151.95 651.28 open Broadleaf 24.5 431.1 dense Broadleaf 62.83 269.65 medium Broadleaf 24.44 131.57 open Mixed 52.42 308.48 dense Mixed 98.27 938.61 medium Mixed 14.81 190.67 open 1460.53 9791.85 Total Total harvestable volume
4102.2 32471.6 36573.8
2.4
Determination of local demands
The previous chapter explained how to determine the yearly sustainable supply of the natural resources. In order to develop a suitable Forest Management Scenario at township level, the supply has to be compared with the demand for forest products by the local population. Strategic Forest Management Planning therefore is based on balancing demand and supply (also see chapter 2.5 for more details). 2.4.1 Assessment of local demands for timber and fuelwood Assessment of local demands for timber and fuelwood should be done during the PRA exercises as very crucial entry data for forest management planning. However, as it turned out during the preparation of SFMPs in Hunan and Sichuan, reliable and scientifically sound data on the demand figures was not available. Local demands for fuelwood and timber in particular depend very much on: 29
Geographical location of the village (therefore heating requirements during the winter) Local material for housing (bricks or wooden) Number of livestock (heating of fodder for animals) Electricity supply (as alternative source for heating)
The collection of information on consumption patterns for fuelwood and timber is also hampered for political reasons, because collection of these products is strictly regulated or forbidden due to logging bans or the declaration of certain areas as Nature Reserve or otherwise restricted area (e.g. for tourism). Therefore local villagers are very reluctant to provide open answers on demands, fearing repercussions from the authorities. Therefore only structured and guided interviews at village level paired with measurements of wood piles and weighing of forest products with a hand held scale will provide sufficient scientific background information and acceptable figures. Important factors for this exercise is the determination of a statistically sound sample size and the distribution of households to be interviewed during the survey. Annex 3 provides detailed information on a survey carried out in Ceyuan for this purpose, which can be recommended for the future. 6 It has to be stressed however that the survey examples used in this chapter are mainly useful for strategic considerations at the TOWNSHIP level. More detailed information has to be generated at the OPERATIONAL level in connection with the development of Village Forest Development Plans !!
Example Ceyuan Determination of Sample size This survey applied random sample method in all project villages, the total sample size was decided by the following formula: n=t2c2/E2 N:Total households of project villages (856 households) n: Sampled households from N t: Reliability (t=1.96 while reliability is 95%) c: Variant Coefficient E : Relative Error We assumed t=1.96, E10% and C=28% depending on the data calculated from the forest income (RMB/year/person) of previous survey report. Then n=1.962282/102=31
Dr. Luo Mingcan: A Survey on the Utilization of Non-timber Forest Products in Project Villages of Ceyuan Township,Yanling County, Hunan Province; April 2007
30
We add 20% of the above result to n in order to insure the precision, therefore, the final sample size is n=40 households. Distribution of Sample According to the distance from road of natural villages, and the number of natural villages in each administrative village, the final distribution of sample, i.e., the distribution of interviewed household is 1 household in each natural village approximately. Distribution of Interviewed Households
Type Village Liangqiao Pinhu Rongtang Shangdong Number 3 4 4 6
Near Road Covered Natural Villages Tongluozhou, Tangtou, Huangjiazhou Chabei, Liaojia, Pinghu, Qiujia Laomaochong, Fanjiapai, Daniaoao Pingao, Tangbei, Shangwan, Gaoliangchong, Shanxia,Paili Qinguangping, Xiaping, Shiliukeng
Far away from Road Covered Natural Number Villages Makou, Huanghualong, 3 Zoumazhou Sushan, Longxing, 5 Dageng, Xinhu, Liangshan Maziqiu, Niutang, 3 Shanghengduan Shiheping, Daowo, Kucaichong, Ganxia 4 Pinggeng, Yangtianlong, Fengshulong, Dongmaolong
Xiaping Total
3 20
5 20
Important Note: A more informal door-to-door interview approach was exercised in Xiao Xing township. Woodpiles in front of houses were measured, in order to determine consumption of fuelwood. The villagers would tell the interviewer, for how many days-,weeks-or month a specific woodpile would last for heating. The woodpile measurements are converted into true cubic meters with a conversion factor of 0.65 in order to compensate for the open spaces between logs in a pile. For example if the wood pile measurement is: 10m Length x 2m width x 2m height = 40 cbm, this figure has to be multiplied by the factor 0.65, so that the correct amount of cubic meter is 26 cbm. Recommendation According to experiences and in order to acquire meaningful and reliable figures, the interviewer has to be very sensitive in asking the right questions and to verify answers by supporting questions. Figures provided by the villagers have to be double-checked for consistence, and it has to be verified, which consumption figures are given for which time period (daily, weekly, monthly or yearly consumption, by person or the household). Consumption for heating, cooking, animal fodder 31
preparation.in which quantities (head load, tractor load, bundle etc. etc.). This is important to mention, because imprecise questions lead to questionable answers. Figures have to be urgently verified by scales and measuring tapes, in order to determine Kg or meter etc. Consumption figures are required in Kg, so measuring of bundles or small wood piles should be exercised. It is definitely NOT advisable to send out questionnaires to village households and ask them consumption figures through this method. The interviews have to take place in person !!
2.4.2 Assessment of local demands for NTFP (including Bamboo) The assessment of NTFP consumption and marketing can be done during the same survey as for the fuelwood/timber assessment. This was practiced during the mentioned survey in Ceyuan and can be recommended for the future. Following results were achieved during this survey (also see Annex 3 for details): Conversion of fuelwood into cubic meters Once information on fuelwood is acquired, the figures have to be converted into cubic meters for further calculations. It is necessary to know the specific air dry density of each important fuelwood species for this reason, which differs depending on the geographic distribution and altitude of every species. Following tables on Air Dry Density of dominant tree species were obtained from the County Forestry Bureaus in Songpan and Yanling:
Table 10: Air Dry Density of dominant tree species (g/cbm) in Songpan No. Species Air dry density (ADD) 1 Betula utilis 0.597 2 Quercus aquifolioides 0.96 3 Acer mono 0.709 4 Abies faxoniana 0.447 5 Picea 0.466 6 Larix 0.458
Source: Dr. Luo Mingcan, 2007
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Table 11: Air Dry Density of dominant tree species (g/cbm) in Yanling No. Species Air dry density (ADD) 1 Cunninghamia lanceolata) Chinese fir 0.371 2 Pinus massoniana 0.519 3 Betula austrosinensis 0.692 4 Schima superba 0.611 5 Bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) 0.639
Source: Dr. Luo Mingcan, 2007
The average air dry weight of all species in kg per m3 for a township is calculated by using following formula: Vol* Species 1 x ADD + Vol Species 2 x ADD + Vol Species 3 x ADD Total volume of species 1-3 *
Vol. = Volume in m3 ADD = Air dry density * = Volumes are obtained from the FRIDAP Species Composition Table (volume) per township from the forest inventory results ! See table 12 next page.
Example Ceyuan 7 NTFPs Resources and Relevant Self-consumption Volume The main NTFPs used by locals include bamboo, bamboo shoot, firewood, tea leaf, oil tea, wild mushrooms, potherbs, pepper and forage grasses. NTFPs used by locals, except bamboo and bamboo shoot, are mostly for self-consumption, only one mentioned he sold tea leaf, five said they sold wild mushrooms and two said they sold oil tea last year among the 40 interviewed households. And, the sales are very low, namely, 2 kg of tea leaf earned 40 RMB, 33 kg of dry wild mushrooms earned 1335 RMB and 70 kg of oil (oil extracted from oil tea) earned 1320 RMB, respectively. Average Self-consumption Volume of NTFPs
Average Self-consumption Volume of NTFPs (kg/household/year) Tea Leaf 3.5 Oil Tea 27.5 Pepper 1.5 Wild Mushrooms 4.6 Forage Grasses 1760 Potherbs 3.6
Note: The figure presented under the oil tea means the oil extracted from oil tea.
Dr. Luo Mingcan: A Survey on the Utilization of Non-timber Forest Products in Project Villages of Ceyuan Township,Yanling County, Hunan Province; April 2007
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Average Household and Per Capita Annual Incomes from Bamboo and Bamboo shoots
Bamboo SCV 14 SV 457 I PH 3672 PC 918 SCV 15 Bamboo Shoot SV 1715 I PH 2955 PC 740 Total Average Income from Bamboo and Bamboo Shoot PH 6627 PC 1658
Note: SCV=self-consumption volume SA=sale volume I=income PH=per household PC=per capita The unit of bamboo is pole; the unit of bamboo shoot is kg; the unit of income is RMB The average population in each household is 4
2.5
The Demand Supply Scenario
Demand for forest products by the local population and sustainable yield of the forest resources are the key entry calculations for the determination of the forest management strategy and scenarios (to be discussed under chapter 2.7.1). All information needed for this exercise has already been described in the previous chapters, namely the assessment of local demands for timber and fuelwood (chapter 2.4.1) and the determination of harvestable volumes (chapter 2.3). The demand-supply calculations should then be done for each village separately and then displayed in a summary table (as in the example of Xiao Xing below). Fuelwood and timber demands from each village are compared with the maximum sustainable harvestable volume per village in order to receive a positive or negative balance. Example Xiao Xing As can be easily seen in this example, all villages in the Xiao Xing township show a negative balance between demand and supply. Table 12: Demand-Supply Scenario by village Balance Max Total Village No of HH Fuelwood Timber demand harvestable Demand demand volume in cbm/y in in (cbm) cbm/year cbm/year * + Aixi 47 1692 80 838.1 1772 -933.9 1200.4 Beizisi 105 3780 120 3900 -2699.6 1104.1 Daerbian 83 2988 120 3108 -2003.9 863.9 Guna 66 2376 80 2456 -1592.1 1113.1 Pingan 57 2052 80 2132 -1018.9 Xinfeng 27 972 40 10 1012 -1002 -9250.4 Total 385 13860 520 5129.6 14380 * = 36 cbm per HH/y += 1 new house per year a 40 cbm 34
This information is very crucial in order to determine a suitable strategy to overcome this problem as will be discussed later. The information can also be displayed in charts for a better graphic impression, it is then recommended to display the results at township level. The chart shows that in the example case of Xiao Xing, the natural resources in the whole township could very well satisfy the existing demands for fuelwood and timber of the local population. However, since 86% of forest resources are located on state land where local villagers are not allowed to collect fuelwood or harvest timber, balancing demands and supply requires a negotiation process and a political discussion, based on the technical facts provided by the forest management planning process ! Chart 2: Imbalance between wood/timber demand and supply of 6 villages
50,000.00 40,000.00 30,000.00 20,000.00 10,000.00 0.00 Demand Demand Harv.volume coll. Harv.volume state Harv.volume state
Harv.volume coll.
2.6
Zoning of Forest Functions
Identification of forest functions and zones constitute integral parts of forest management planning. Multifunctional zoning is an important step in defining and locating the net production area for timber production. At the same time however multifunctional zoning is an essential planning tool for multiple-use forest management. It is thus recognized that forests are not only considered to be sources for production of timber and fuelwood, but also fulfil a wide range of other important forest functions. The forest management planner has to balance economic considerations with the requirements of safeguarding ecological/environmental and socio-economic functions. Therefore, besides timber production, forest resources also provide multiple uses like protection (soil-,water-nature protection), tourism, recreation, NTFP collection and others. A very important step during the Strategic Forest Management planning procedure thus is the task of forest function planning (zoning) and mapping to identify and localise the various forest functions. 35
Even though in some cases ground truthing and field checks are necessary, multifunctional zoning tasks are mainly performed with the help of GIS. Objectives of multifunctional zoning are as follows: 1. To identify and delineate the various functions (ecological, environmental, social) of the township. 2. To balance the maintenance and enhancement of these functions with the objective of sustainable timber production by defining management prescriptions for the identified zones. 3. To establish a reliable estimate of the net timber production area.
Compatibility of Forest Functions Forest functions may overlap or exclude each other. In general, all forest functions of strictly protective nature are not compatible with timber production. Functions of restrictive nature are partly compatible with timber production (for example the Experimental Zone of the Nature Reserve in Ceyuan township). If functions overlap, the more restrictive forest management scenarios must be applied. This manual focuses on zoning of production forests, because zoning of protection forests has already been achieved during the land use planning exercises prior to the preparation of Strategic Forest Management Plans. Chapter 2.6.2 will however give a brief introduction to the zoning of protection forests.
2.6.1
Production Forests
Target of this forest zoning is the determination of the net production area for timber harvesting and other forest uses. With the help of GIS the forest management planner will use 3 different steps in order to determine the sustainable net production area for timber harvesting: (1) Zoning of production forests (overview) (2) Location of the different forest types [ broadleaf-,conifer-, mixed forest- and bamboo forest (if applicable) types ] or other uses, like tourism, grazing etc.
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(1) Zoning of production forests (overview) Example Xiao Xing The first step in the zoning procedure is the determination of the production forests. Production forests are forests, which are determined for timber harvesting operations. These forests are located in areas, which do not fall into any protection category. Following criteria have to be fulfilled in order to classify as production forests: Include all forest types (coniferous-, broadleaf-and mixed forest types) Stem breast diameter > 10 cm Location in slopes < 35 degree and 100m from mountain ridges ( outside soil protection ) Outside of water conservation areas in upper catchments (outside water source protection )
With the help of GIS, the forest management planner/ GIS specialist will now produce the production forest overview map based on above criteria, differentiating the production forests by ownership (see map 1). Map 1 : Production Forests of Xiao Xing
As already explained in the previous chapter, and in order to receive detailed information about the area sizes of the different forest types and their respective stocking volumes, all production forest types (divided into the open-,medium-and dense categories) areas are displayed in a table showing: 37
Size in ha for each forest type category Volume in cbm per ha for each forest type category Total volume for each forest type category
In the Xiao Xing township example, when applying above criteria, a total of 11.252 ha can be managed as production forests. The majority of these production forests are located on state forest land (9.792 ha) and a total of 1.460 ha are collective forests within the boundaries of the administrative villages. The vast majority of these production forests in the Xiao Xing example consists of the coniferous forest type (77%), followed by the Mixed forest type (14%). Broadleaf forests constitute to the smallest kind of production forest types and cover 9% of Xiao Xings production forest area. The total stocking volume of all forest types together is 2.4 Million ha. Note: When displaying information in a Strategic Forest Management Plan, the use of tables is common practice. However, in order to keep the readers attention, use of tables alone is not recommendable. Therefore it is advisable to also use graphic aids to convey information (block charts, pie charts etc.) The example below from the Xiao Xing SFMP gives an example. Chart 3: Production Forests of Xiao Xing by ownership in hectares
8,000.00 7,000.00 6,000.00 5,000.00 4,000.00 3,000.00 2,000.00 1,000.00 0.00 Collective conifer broadleafe mixed state
(2) Location of the different forest types [ broadleaf-,conifer-, mixed forestand bamboo forest (if applicable) types ] or other uses, like tourism, grazing etc. The next step in the zoning procedures is the identification of locations of each individual forest type for timber harvesting purposes. The results of these zoning steps will provide Location Maps for each forest type Area statistics and harvestable volumes for each forest type 38
With the help of the GIS system, 5 different criteria have to be applied when zoning individual forest types: 1. Select all trees of this type (either conifer OR broadleaf OR mixed OR bamboo) 2. Select areas with crown density more than 20% 3. Select trees, not shrubs (stem breast diameter more than 10 cm) 4. Only choose forest areas OUTSIDE areas classified for soil protection 5. Only choose forest areas OUTSIDE areas classified for water source protection Table 16 below summarizes the criteria to be applied for each forest type for individual zoning. Table 13: Criteria for the zoning of different forest types Soil protection Forest Type Crown DBH (Diameter of stem at Coverage (density) breast height) in cm in % Conifer > 20% >10 < 35 degree slope 100m distance from mountain ridges Broadleaf > 20% >10 < 35 degree slope 100m distance from mountain ridges < 35 degree slope 100m distance from mountain ridges < 35 degree slope 100m distance from mountain ridges Water source protection Outside of water conservation areas in upper catchments Outside of water conservation areas in upper catchments Outside of water conservation areas in upper catchments Outside of water conservation areas in upper catchments
Mixed
> 20%
>10
Bamboo
> 20%
>10
One example may demonstrate the display of an individual forest type as outlined above (in this case the Conifer Forest Type in Xiao Xing township.
Example Xiao Xing SFMP: Conifer Forest Type When applying all zoning criteria from table 13 for the Conifer forest type, following map for the location of this forest type can be generated:
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Map 2: Location of Production Conifer Forest Type
In order to complete this overview and to also get an idea about the area sizes of each density class by forest owner and their respective stocking volumes, the area calculations for the zoning of this forest type are displayed in a table showing: Size in ha for each forest type category Volume in cbm per ha for each forest type category Total volume for each forest type category Table 14: Zoning of Conifer Production Forests by ownership Ownership Density ha Volume Total Yearly Max. class per ha Volume Increment harvestable (cbm) volume in volume cbm / ha 302.82 107434.5 6.36 2256.4 Dense 354.78 144.78 3.04 2056.7 medium 676.53 97948 Collective 75.1 1.58 240.1 open 151.95 11411.4 4553.2 subtotal 1183.26 216793.9 296.47 1155664 5.34 20815.7 dense 3898.08 207.26 616061.7 3.73 11087.1 medium 2972.41 State 87.13 1.57 1022.5 open 651.28 56746 32925.3 subtotal 7521.77 1828472 37478.5 total 8705.03 2045265
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2.6.1.1
Production Forests in restricted areas (example Ceyuan)
Production forests may be located within the boundaries of restricted areas, for example a Nature Reserve as in the case of Ceyuan (also see chapter 2.7.1). A Nature Reserve is divided into 3 parts: 1. Experimental Zone 2. Buffer Zone 3. Core Zone Since 60% of the potential forest management areas in that township are inside the Nature Reserve with severe management restraints, limited management has to be considered in the Experimental Zone of the Nature Reserve due to the fuelwood-and timber consumption demands of the local population. The Experimental Zone is defined as: The area surrounding the buffer zone can be designated as the experimental zone, where people may enter for various activities such as scientific experiment, educational practice, visit and investigation, tourism, and the domestication and breeding of rare and endangered wild species. 8 Since the development of the Strategic Forest Management Plan is regarded as a scientific experiment, this part of the Nature Reserve shall be included in the zoning procedure for management. In summary, management in the Experimental Zone of the Nature Reserve is proposed, whereas the Core and Buffer Zones remain restricted from use as stipulated in the law. Example Ceyuan Potential Production Forest The zoning is titled as potential production forest, because the government first has to amend the Nature Reserve restrictions to the local conditions, namely to allow management activities in the Experimental Zone. These potential production forests exclude forests in areas protected for soil-and water conservation, forests on very steep slopes (> 35), and they also exclude the core -and buffer zones of the Nature Reserve! The experimental zone of the Nature Reserve however has been included due to the potential use of forests within that area. Using these above mentioned zoning parameters, around 3.800 ha of forests can be regarded as potential production forest. The majority of the management forests consist of the coniferous forest type (41%), followed by the bamboo forest type (34%). Broadleaf forests are represented by 21%, and the mixed forest type plays a minor role (4%). The total stocking volume is close to 150.000 ha.
REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON NATURE RESERVES
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Map 3: Potential Production Forest in Ceyuan
2.6.2 Protection Forests Zoning of protection forests, as already explained in chapter 1, has to be done during the development of the land use strategy development prior to forest management planning. Protection Forests fall into one or more of the following categories: 1. 2. 3. 4. Forest is located in water source conservation area Forest is located in soil conservation zones Forest is located in wetlands and natural conservation zones Forest is located in areas of natural importance and scenic areas
The Strategic Forest Management Plans so far did not include management proposals for such protected areas, because under present Chinese laws and regulations, management activities are not allowed. However, strict protection alone, without human intervention, is not feasible, because it is not possible to preserve a landscape in a given condition, landscapes do consist of living creatures and develop their own dynamics. A recommendation for the preparation of future Strategic Forest Management Plans therefore is to include a chapter on management of protected areas (not only forests), where a minimum amount of human intervention guarantees a higher degree of protection, than to leave these protected areas to themselves!
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2.6.3 Tourism Zoning of planned tourism activities should result in a bigger scaled map (1:5.000) displaying: 1. Exact locations of planned tourism-and/or recreation areas at village scale level 2. Display of important geographic features for the planned activities (for example rivers concerning water sport activities, mountains concerning hiking activities, roads for bike riding etc.) 3. The map should include symbols marking exact locations where and which tourism/recreation activity is planned. In addition, pictures of the areas could be added to the SFMP to give the reader a better impression of the concerned areas.
The stakeholders shall decide on the expected products in connection with tourism development. Products are mainly the activities, which are planned for tourists, but also establishments and services benefiting the local community. A potential list of possible tourism activities includes: Hiking Water sports like kayaking/rafting Bird watching Pony trekking Mountain bike riding Camping Outdoor barbecue Village stay
As a result, a tourism map could look like the example given below, which uses the village map of Guna village in Xiao Xing, the displayed tourism activities however are pure theoretical and just serve as an orientation example !
The map legend has to be adapted for this purpose. The map title would be: EcoTourism activities in xy village. Each tourism activity would be displayed with a different symbol and colour. For example: A star (red) = Hiking A point (brown) = Horse trekking A square (blue) = Bird watching And so on..
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Map 4: Potential Tourism map
A table could be added on the map, displaying intended area sizes and/or distances for planned activities: Tourism activity Bird watching Water Rafting Horse Riding Area in Intended Length of road/river needed for the square km activity 4 5 km of xy river 15 km of trails through conifer forest in xy village and 10 km in xy native village
Recommendation Criteria should be developed by a Tourism expert for zoning/landscaping areas according to their feasibility for eco-tourism use !!
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2.6.4 NTFP Non Timber Forest Products provide a major source of income for families in rural areas, and NTFP management issues therefore play an important role in the Strategic Forest Management Plan. Information from socio-economic surveys and from sample plot results of the Multi Resources Forest Inventory indicate the importance and frequency of various NTFP in the respective township. With the help of GIS a map can be generated displaying the location of important NTFP for planning purposes (also refer to report of the GIS specialist on GIS procedures how to prepare the map based on the inventory data). 9 Especially at the operational planning level ( Village Forest Management Plans) the location of important NTFP for each specific village should be mapped in detail in order to develop NTFP marketing strategies for each village. Example Xiao Xing In the Xiao Xing SFMP a NTFP map was generated, which included the zoning of 4 important NTFP in order to show locations of these important NTFP for future consideration in marketing strategies. The map legend also shows the frequency for each product (number of inventory plots where the specific NTFP has been found. Map 5: NTFP Map of Xiao Xing
Leng Yunfa: Spatial information Processing and Mapping on Strategy Forest Management Planning: September 2007
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2.6.5 Grazing areas In townships, where free grazing of animals has been identified as an issue/problem in connection with the sustainable management of natural resources, the zoning of potential pasture areas will help the forest management planner and the concerned stakeholders to develop a grazing strategy as integral part of the SFMP. Example Xiao Xing In order to determine locations and areas, where grazing of animals could take place with a minimum amount of damage to the environment (regarding geographical features, not animal carrying capacity), zoning of production pasture should be carried out as background information for the development of a future grazing scenario (see chapter 2.7.2 for more details). Following criteria have been adopted for the zoning of productive Pasture (or grazing land): Includes grass land, shrub and herbal vegetation Location in slopes < 35 degree and 100m from mountain ridges (outside soil protection ) Outside of water conservation areas in upper catchments (outside water source protection )
Map 9 provides the overview of locations of productive pasture land with a total area of 4.727 ha (3.865 ha on state land and 862 ha on collective land). Map 6: Productive Pasture Land
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2.6.6 Other forest functions Depending on the requirements and special situation in a township, a number of other forest functions may be determined (other than already mentioned under this chapter 2.6). A variety of other forest functions for zoning could include: Areas for special conservation of bio diversity or a special vegetation type Areas designated to Wildlife Management Special habitats for endangered species Special function in fire protection or high risk of forest fire and so on The topic of fire prevention has been named as one important objective for the Xiao Xing SFMP. Therefore this example shall be used in order to demonstrate the zoning of areas, which are in danger of forest fires. General Considerations Wild fires pose a potentially dangerous threat to the forests in many townships and may occur frequently (either already at present or in future). Especially vulnerable and at a high risk for forest fires are townships: With a high percentage of conifer forest types With a high percentage of conifer forests in the young age class Young conifer forests which have not been thinned regularly With extensive grassland areas
Young conifer stands, with high numbers of trees and a high amount of dead and dying wooden material are most prone to forest fires. For the purpose of zoning these potential areas prone to forest fires it can be assumed, that the open conifer forest type classifies most for this purpose. Open conifer forest types in many cases are relicts of clear cut logging operations in the past, which have been either fully or partly re-planted or are partly results of natural regeneration with high seedling numbers. Management considerations Preference for thinning operations in these young conifer stands and cutting of fire lines shall be given to those areas within the production forest area, however, in exceptional cases and on case to case decisions, it may be recommendable to also carry out thinning for fire prevention reasons in open conifer forest areas, which are located in protected areas. These thinning operations for fire prevention reasons are urgent and necessary once young conifer plantations reach the age where the canopy starts closing.
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Example Xiao Xing Xiao Xing is one example for a township, with favourable conditions for potential fire danger. There is a high percentage of conifers in the younger age classes, a high amount of the open conifer forest type (with regeneration potential or being targeted for reforestation), and there exist extensive grassland areas. In future there will be thousands of hectares of young conifer plantations, which are in need of thinning. If thinning is not carried out on a regular basis, the potential danger of fire will increase. Table 7: Potential areas for forest fires
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2.7
Development of forest management scenarios
For the development of a suitable forest management scenario, 3 factors are of highest importance and heavily influence all decisions: 1. Ownership of the forest resources in a township (mainly collective or mainly state forests) 2. Long term objectives of the SFMP 3. Forest productivity (thus positive or negative balance when comparing demand and supply) Overriding factor however is the ownership, because even if the productivity of the forests are high, the areas under management regime of the villages are often still too small in order to fulfil their rising demands for forest products. The geographic location of a township also heavily influences this situation, as areas in mountainous regions often paired with limited electricity supply are more dependent on the natural resources than better developed areas in the lowlands. Forest management scenarios take into account the multiple services of the forests (as will be explained throughout this chapter), but the highest priority still remains with the attempt to balance the sustainable timber-and fuelwood supply with the demands for these products by the local population and the government. 2.7.1 Timber and fuelwood scenario Chapter 2.5 already outlined the importance of the calculations for the demand for forest products and the sustainable supply of these forests. These calculations do present the core aspect or management tool regarding the decisions for forest management in a township. Development of timber and fuelwood scenarios cannot be generalized, they heavily depend on the local situation in a township as mentioned before. Whatever the local situation, the forest management scenario will always include 3 strategies: 1. Improved silvicultural techniques in order to overcome problems related to the forest productivity (see chapter 2.8 for details) 2. Increased Co-operation between local population and government in order to negotiate more favourable solutions. 3. Amend restrictions (laws and regulations) to regulations and rules that are adapted to the local situation and does not unnecessarily prohibit any access to the area. Increased Co-operation between local population and government in order to negotiate more favourable solutions. Example Xiao Xing Table 15 analyses the demand and supply situation per village. For all 6 villages the negative balance between demand and supply totals 9.250 cbm per year ! The villages of Beizisi and Daerbian, with the biggest populations, suffer the biggest imbalances in supply for fuel wood and timber. 49
Table 15: Demand-Supply Scenario by village Village No of HH Fuelwood Timber Max Total Balance demand demand harvestable Demand in in volume in cbm/y cbm/year cbm/year (cbm) * + Aixi 47 1692 80 838.1 1772 -933.9 1200.4 3900 -2699.6 Beizisi 105 3780 120 1104.1 3108 -2003.9 Daerbian 83 2988 120 863.9 2456 -1592.1 Guna 66 2376 80 1113.1 2132 -1018.9 Pingan 57 2052 80 Xinfeng 27 972 40 10 1012 -1002 -9250.4 Total 385 13860 520 5129.6 14380 * = 36 cbm per HH/y += 1 new house per year a 40 cbm Present policy in China does not foresee expansion of collective forest areas in order to compensate for insufficient supply of fuelwood or timber for self consumption from collective forests. Xiao Xing was however chosen by the EU-China NFMP to demonstrate CoManagement of Natural Resources (shared governance). Co-Management Committees have been formed to improve community access to forest resources for forest products. In the long term the aim is to get an agreed land use strategy for each township from multi-stakeholders, to agree on a township strategic forest management plan and for each village to adopt operational forest utilization, management and benefit sharing plans. The suggested strategy in this case therefore is: In the spirit of true co-management a viable solution in this regard to balance the needs of the rural population for wooden products with a sustainable supply could be to carry out urgently needed thinning operations in state forests by the local population by allowing the villagers to keep the thinning material for fuel wood purposes free of charge. This approach would serve both, the needs of government AND the local population, because the forestry authorities get forest stands in need of tendering thinned free of any labour costs whereas the local population can legally satisfy their needs for fuel wood and timber free of charge. This is also highly recommended before the background of fire prevention ! Note: This strategy does only try to accommodate governance issues. Technical solutions to the problems (e.g. improved silvicultural techniques, improved grazing strategies etc.) are additional supporting measures mentioned elsewhere in the SFMP.
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Amend restrictions (laws and regulations) to regulations and rules that are adapted to the local situation and does not unnecessarily prohibit any access to the area. Most serious restrictions regarding forest management issues are: 1. The national logging ban 2. Provincial logging bans (as the provincial logging ban on broadleaf species in Hunan) 3. Restrictions in protected areas (like Nature Reserves)
Example Ceyuan Chapter 2.6.1.1 already described in detail the implications for the SFMP in Ceyuan and how zoning of production forests was done before the background of such restrictions. These two serious local restrictions, namely a provincial logging ban on broadleaf species paired with heavy restrictions imposed by the boundaries of a Nature Reserve, presented the Forest Management Planner with different Forest Management Options for consideration: Before the background of low forest productivity in the Ceyuan township and a rising demand for forest products, combined with decreased household income (due to restrictions in using broadleaf forest areas and entering the Nature Reserve) and thus increased promotion of bamboo (slowly decreasing the area of Natural Forest species), the forest management planner can only suggest to amend local restrictions to the local situation. In the case of Ceyuan this amendment will mean to lift the logging ban on broadleaf species and replace this ban with clear directions how to sustainably manage these areas. The SFMP provides a framework for this already, since it includes clear silvicultural prescriptions for the broadleaf forest type. Another requirement is to open the Experimental Zone of the Nature Reserve for management for scientific reasons (the only possibility under the law to exercise any management activities in that zone). The Core and Buffer Zones of the Nature Zone however will remain restricted from management as the law requires. If the above mentioned restrictions are adapted to this local situation, then the household income would rise and farmer would not be forced to expand the bamboo areas at the expenditure of the natural forest species. This forest management scenario would thus mean a win-win situation for all involved stakeholders.
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2.7.2 Grazing scenario So far, experiences gained with development of a grazing scenario could only be gained during the preparation of the SFMP in Xiao Xing, because animal keeping and grazing practices have serious consequences for the management of the natural resources in that township. Following remarks are therefore taken from the Xiao Xing example: The topic of grazing has been identified as one of the greatest impediments for the successful regeneration of the natural vegetation types in Xiao Xing. 10 Destruction of natural regeneration (and plantations) , furthermore erosion problems caused by uncontrolled grazing in steep slopes by large numbers of animals, are the main causes for huge challenges regarding a sustainable forest management. Therefore one of the prime tasks of the Co-Management Committees will be to start negotiations among stakeholders about future grazing management strategies, especially the establishment of grazing rules. These grazing rules will include limitations on animal numbers per household, increased stall feeding and rules during which times which animals can graze where in order to facilitate the regeneration of degraded areas and to prevent further destructions caused by livestock. As the zoning of grazing areas revealed, productive pasture land consists of a total of 4727 ha only, but in fact grazing takes place on virtually all pasture areas within the township (a total of 9294 ha).This means, that grazing takes place on more than double the area, which could sustainably be grazed. This fact underlines the urgency to tackle the grazing issue. One of the long term objectives of the Xiao Xing SFMP therefore deals with the improvement of grazing practices for Yak , goat and sheep. Following table 16 summarizes the strategies and activities, which are planned for Xiao Xing township on this topic:
Table 16: Grazing strategy in Xiao Xing Management Topic Management Strategy
Grazing of Yaks Yak raising in sustainable and environmentally safe management using environmental carrying capacity to determine the production targets (# of Yaks) and seasonal grazing schemes to ensure sustainability. Develop fodder production and feeding alternatives for seasons with limited pasturing possibilities.
Planned Activities
Identify and map grazing area into carrying capacity classes; Co-Management Committees to facilitate development of rules and regulations to follow this classification; determine in which months grazing is allowed and where and in which months grazing is strictly prohibited; identify and establish grass land areas near villages for hay production; establishment of rotational grazing Introduce increased stall feeding of goats and sheep; determine areas restricted to goats and sheep; CoManagement Committees to facilitate development of rules and regulations
Grazing of goats/sheep Adjust goat and sheep free grazing to environmentally sound methods and amounts, to reduce environmental impact; increase keeping of sheep and goat in fenced in corrals and pens; Production of fodder and hay on suitable lands.
Dr. Marta Treskonova : Use of Ecosystem Modeling in sustainable management of forest resources (Study of Mouni and Xiao xing Project Areas) Technical Report, 2006
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It is advisable and strongly recommended, that the concerned Animal Husbandry Bureau will be involved in the development of grazing strategies in respective townships. It has to be stressed, that in cases like Xiao Xing, a sustainable grazing strategy is integral part of a sustainable forest management strategy !
2.7.3 Tourism Principles of forest eco-tourism development have been developed under the EU China NFMP 11 , and literature can be consulted for further reading and reference. As a general rule, the Strategic Forest Management Plan should NOT create a wish list for tourism development, the SFMP should rather integrate already existing plans for tourism development into the planning procedures and the final version of the SFMP. The development of SFMPs for Ceyuan and Xiao Xing revealed, that ideas on tourism development in those areas are still very vague and not properly planned or displayed in maps so far. The forest management planner could however guide the discussions on tourism development during the planning phase of the SFMP. A strong co-operation with the local tourism bureaus and the concerned local village(s)in the early planning stages of the SFMP development is therefore necessary ! Following issues in connection with a more detailed planning on the development of tourist spots or areas for recreation should be considered: Vision Tourism assessment Potential products of tourism activities Challenges/risks Regulations/Restrictions
The planning procedures for tourism development have to include the local community, in order to guarantee a strategy which benefits the local people, the tourists and the natural resource itself. Vision The vision for tourism development should include the stakeholders ideas how the area to be developed should look like in future, which things have to change and which things have to be preserved (guarded) for cultural and/or environmental reasons.
11
EU-China NFMP; Dr. A. Crabtree: Development of community based eco tourism in Muni Valley, Songpan county, Sichuan; 1st and 2nd Interim Reports, 2006
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Tourism assessment The first step for the development of tourism activities is the assessment of: a) The natural resources of the planned tourism area ( besides guidance provided under this Strategic Forest Management Plan, further assessment of local resources have to be specified in the Village Forest Development Plan for Shangdong) b) Historical and cultural considerations c) Existing infrastructure (roads, accommodation, restaurants) d) Human resources (guides, cooks, drivers etc.) The assessment of above mentioned issues will form the basis for further planning. Potential products of tourism activities The stakeholders shall decide on the expected products in connection with tourism development. Products are mainly the activities, which are planned for tourists, but also establishments and services benefiting the local community. A potential list of possible tourism activities includes: Hiking Water sports like kayaking/rafting Bird watching Pony trekking Mountain bike riding Camping Outdoor barbecue Village stay A potential list of possible establishments and services includes: Development of restaurants Development of guesthouses Marketing of local products (food stuff, handicrafts and souvenirs) Job opportunities (taxi services, guide, cook, cleaner etc.)
Challenges/risks Tourism bears potentials, but also challenges and risks, which shall be analysed and discussed during the planning procedure. Challenges and risks include: To ensure economic and environmental stability Suitable and environmental friendly infrastructure (buildings, roads) Waste management (toilets, waste baskets etc.) Clean water supply Parking facilities of tourist vehicles 54
Management structure ( including tax and entry fee regulations) To provide necessary equipment ( bikes, horses, boats etc.) Government regulations Relationship with other stakeholders Job training
Regulations/Restrictions In order to minimize negative impacts from tourism, a number of regulations and restrictions should be put in place, which refer to: Construction of new buildings (environmentally friendly, restricted in height, not on slopes etc.) Roads (e.g. following contour lines,not cutting through deep slopes causing danger of landslides etc.) Areas which cannot be entered by tourists for environmental and/or cultural reasons Waste disposal regulations Limitations of access for vehicles
2.7.4 NTFP Chapter 2.6.4 already indicated the zoning possibilities for the mapping of important non-timber-forest-products at township level generated from the sampling plot results of the Multi Resources Forest Inventory. Experiences made during the preparation of 2 SFMPs in Hunan and Sichuan however showed, that NTFP management planning at the strategic township level (with the exception of bamboo) can only be very tentative and general. Even though figures on consumption patterns, marketing and frequency of certain NTFP exist as background information, detailed NTFP management scenarios could not be developed at the township level so far. In fact, it can rather be concluded, that the development of management scenarios have to be developed at the operational level, namely in connection with the development of Village Forest Development Plans ! Management Planning for NTFP however should not only focus on evaluating possibilities for increased extraction of NTFP (therefore increasing the household income), but should also consider detrimental NTFP management practices (for 55
example the wide spread digging for caterpillar fungus, where digging activities destroy the moss layer and increases the danger of erosion). It should also consider the collection of NTFP, which are listed as endangered according to CITES (Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species). One example for this is the collection and marketing of the Ladyslipper Orchid (Cypripedium) in Xiao Xing township ! At strategic township level, NTFP management considerations are however concerned when determining those areas for NTFP collection, which belong to the state and in which areas the local population is allowed or restricted to collect these forest products. Management rules in this regard should be made integral part of the chapter on NTFP management ! 2.8 Silvicultural Treatment
The silvicultural prescriptions in connection with the preparation of Strategic Forest Management Plans are based on close to nature forest management techniques and NOT on the traditional Chinese system of clear cut fellings of forest areas. Close to nature silvicultural approaches are based on: Ecological treatment requirements according to prevalent vegetation type and selective felling techniques for forest management operations (thinning and harvesting of mature trees) As already mentioned in chapter 1.2.3, information from ecosystem modelling and determination of vegetation types is a very important background information for the decision on silvicultural prescriptions for forest types in any given area and township. In the framework of this Manual it is not possible to go into detail regarding details of ecosystem modelling, the practitioner may therefore refer to the work of Dr. Treskonova in the EU NFMP Library for this purpose. 12 However, a brief and summarized example for the determination of vegetation types and the resulting forest management requirements for Xiao Xing township are given below.
12
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Practical example Xiao Xing The interpretation of data during eco modelling field surveys revealed 5 different vegetation types for Xiao Xing: A Moist mixed forest (Abies faxoniana/Betula albo-sinensis + bamboo) B Conifer forest (Sabina chinensis/Picea asperata/Abies faxoniana) C Dry mixed forest (Pinus tabulaeformis/Abies faxoniana/Quercus liaotungensis) D Broad-leaf forest (Quercus liaotungensis/Populus davidiana) E Desert shrubland (Berberis polyantha/Artemisia gmelinii Example Type B, conifer forest Type B: Conifer forest (Sabina chinensis/Picea asperata/Abies faxoniana) Physical environment and biodiversity This is a natural, conifer forest in a good condition of an exceptional indigenous biodiversity. Sabina chinensis, mostly reduced to remnants of a poor quality elsewhere, is present in Xiao xing in a form of mature, healthy trees incorporated into the forest community. Sabina share dominance with Abies and Picea, both represented by tall (30m) and thick trees. Larix potanini grows naturally in this forest as a very tall, straight tree. This forest is present on semi-shady, mostly East facing slopes in side-valleys at similar altitude between 2600 and 2800 m as Type A, but this forest grows in slightly drier conditions which is reflected in the presence of Pinus tabulaeformis and Populus davidiana. Shrub undergrowth is particuarly diverse including typical conifer forest species such as Ribes glaciale, Smilax arisanensis, Berberis circumserrata,Daphne tangutica, Viburnum utile, Rosa laevigata and Cotoneaster foveolatus to name just the most commonly present shrubs. Consequences for the management of conifer forests Type B: Conifer forest (Sabina chinensis/Picea asperata/Abies faxoniana) 13 This type of natural forest is in Xiao Xing represented by a variety of conditions from nearly pristine with canopy up to 80% closed to open canopy of 40%. Natural regeneration is taking place in more open parts of the forest. Especially seedlings of Abies are abundant, which will result in re-establishment of more dense forest closer to its indigenous condition. Unfortunately, illegal logging is causing serious damage to the best stands located in the remote parts of side catchments. These enclaves of the best indigenous forest should be better protected as source of biodiversity for a wider area.
13
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2.8.1 Forests At the time of writing this Manual, the EU NFMP study Development of Silvicultural Models and Application for Demonstration Sites is near completion. 14 In the course of this study a variety of silvicultural demonstration plots have been established in the provinces of Hunan and Sichuan for following main purposes: Establish and evaluate silvicultural demonstration sites representative for major natural forest types, Design silvicultural treatment models for the selected representative natural forest stands, Train forestry staff to expand and continue the program including preparation of training material, Prepare guidelines for selection, survey, forest assessment, treatment and evaluation of demonstration sites including simple basic cost-benefit analysis approaches. Based on the infos provided from ecosystem modelling, forestry inventory results at township level and detailed information from these silvicultural demonstration plots, the forest management planner can now develop silvicultural prescriptions for different forest types for a township at strategic level. As mentioned earlier, the silvicultural treatment is based on close to nature principles and focuses on selective felling of so-called Future Crop Trees (FCT). Also see Annex 5 for more detailed reading on this topic and silvicultural demo plot details of Xiao Xing township !
Treatment Design: The Future Crop Tree (FCT) Concept 15 The FCT concept is of key relevance within the frame of close-to-nature silvicultural model approaches (see section 1.2) and is based on the following principles: - from logged forest the best or most promising trees of valuable species are selected as future crop trees (FCT), - the strict liberation of selected FCTs from competition for light and growing space with trees of lesser value will permit these FCTs to grow at their maximum rate, yielding their next harvest at as short a time as possible; - a higher percentage of the potential increment of the stand will be concentrated on these selected and treated FCTs.
14
Dr. Hannsjrg Wll ; Draft Final Report on: Silvicultural Strategy Models and Application for Demonstration Sites; July 2007 Dr. HANNSJOERG WOELL; DRAFT TECHNICAL REPORT: A Manual on Design and Establishment of Demonstrations for Close-to-Nature Silvicultural Model Development in Selected Provinces of China; August, 2007
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Fig. 2.6. Crown of a Broadleaf FCT before and after Liberation (from Woell et al., 1985)
Based on these principles and the mentioned forest inventory results (and depending on the vegetation type), a silvicultural treatment model for each forest type in a township can be developed. The silvicultural treatment model for each forest type describes how to get from a present eventually undesired silvicultural structure NOW to a desired silvicultural structure in the future. Chart 4 gives an example from Xiao Xing, how such a model can look like for the mixed forest type. Chart 4: Silvicultural treatment model for mixed forest type in Xiao Xing
Altitudinal Zone (project site)
Highmountainous Site: 27002900m Village: Beizishi (Township: Xiaoxing, County: Songpan)
Forest Type
Actual Structure
Stand Development Stages (silvicultural management type)

Young forest Pole forest Premature Mature
Forest Target Type

Permanent dry mixed stands Mgmt. Goal: - Promotion of a mixed tree species canopy closure and support developmen t of FCTs
Silvicultural Treatments
Production Program
Dry mixed forest stands (Conifer /Broadleaf Species)
Uneven aged, predominantly Picea with Larix. Presence of Betula, Populus and Quercus, H up to 20m, Crown closure ~ 50%
- marking of FCTs and cutting of competitors for extraction - enrichment planting in patches (with local Picea already success fully applied) - strict protection from grazing
- sust. harvest rates: ?

m3/ha/year (premature forest 30 -100 years), products: poles, limited amount of firewood from clearing for enrichment planting
20 m
20 m
<- Present Situation

FCT 10 m FCT FCT FCT
10 m
Intended Measures ->

7
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In order to provide an example how a preliminary treatment prescription in a Strategic Forest Management Plan can look like, a practical example for the treatment of Broadleaf Forests is given from the SFMP in Ceyuan: Management of Broadleaf forests - Example Ceyuan SFMP
Characteristics: Stands with uneven distribution of diameter classes. Majority of
diameters between 5-20 cm diameter and 20-40 cm. Silvicultural Management Type: Premature mixed broadleaf Stand Management goal: Production of timber, Enhancement of structure towards more uneven aged structure and quality of stand (e.g. moderate thinning in crown layer) and promotion of growth of Future Crop Trees (FCT) and Silvicultural Treatments: Marking of FCTs (above 10cm dbh), removing of Competitors (selective but moderate thinning in the dominant layer, crown thinning) and of single Crop Trees (target diameter above 40 cm) by low impact harvesting. The thinning operations aim, besides enhancing growth of FCTs, also at increasing diversity of native species structure. Strict protection of under-story target trees and of natural target regeneration including shrubs No systematic cutting of small and suppressed non-target trees. AAC = 5.34 cbm/ha/year For more detailed instructions on silvicultural treatment models for different parts of China however, the forest management planner shall refer to the Manual on Design and Establishment of Demonstrations for Close-to-nature Silvicultural Model Development in selected provinces of China (Dr. Hannsjrg Wll), which will be published soon.
2.8.2 Bamboo Forests Bamboo forests play a dominant role in various regions and provinces of China. Especially in Ceyuan township of Hunan province bamboo management plays an increasing role before the background of a logging ban on broadleaf species, reduced production forest area due to a large Nature Reserve and relatively young and unproductive forest resources (as the forest inventory results revealed). Sustainable and improved management practices of bamboo forests therefore play a significant role for the rural households in order to increase their income and to compensate for losses in timber harvesting operations. However, during the planning procedures for the Strategic Forest Management Plan the stakeholders conceded, that the percentage of bamboo areas shall not be further expanded at the cost of natural forest species. Instead the bamboo percentage shall 60
at least be maintained, if not be reduced. In order to achieve this objective, modified and improved bamboo management techniques shall be introduced. A recently conducted extensive study on bamboo management (commissioned by the EU NFMP) and the development of a bamboo forest management plan for Ceyuan Township provide important guidance for the forest management planner Findings and the bamboo management plan are attached under Annex 4 for further reading on this topic. 16 Major findings of the bamboo study conclude, that bamboo forests in Ceyuan can be divided into 4 different models: 1. 2. 3. 4. Pure moso bamboo forest (Phyllostachys pubescence) Bamboo forest mixed with broad-leafed trees Bamboo forest mixed with coniferous trees Bamboo forest mixed with broadleaf and coniferous trees
The bamboo management plan includes management strategies for each of the 4 models for following aspects: Adjustment of stand composition Soil management Management of natural forest species mixed within the bamboo forests Management of lower vegetation Shoot harvesting New culm cultivation Bamboo pole harvesting
Summary of bamboo management proposals: 1. To harvest all bamboo culms,which date back to before the year 1999, during the winter of 2007 2. To apply 40-50 kg of composite fertilizer to increase bamboo productivity 3. To harvest over mature and dominant natural forest trees 4. To carry out weeding operations of ground cover vegetation in the months of June and July 5. To only harvest dying-back shoots and keep living shoots to grow into bamboos 6. To increase culm density per mu within the coming 3 years to 200-250 culms/mu 7. Bamboo harvesting should only take place in the winter season, but never before or after shooting seasons
16
Dr. Lou Yiping; Bamboo Forest Management Plan for Ceyuan Township in Yanling County; First Draft, June 2007
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2.9
Map production
The information provided in this chapter is a contribution of Ms. Leng Yunfa. More details on GIS related works in map production are included in Annex 6. 17 Because of the complexity of this topic, which involves detailed GIS knowledge, only the major steps are outlined in this chapter. For details please refer to Annex 6, pages 19-29. Map production, as outlined in Ms. Leng Yunfas Information and Cartography guidelines, includes 5 major activities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Development of criteria for layer design Map editing Layout and editing Consideration of key points of producing SFMP maps at township level Consideration of key points producing village forest maps
The above described activities include a number of considerations and steps, which are briefly outlined below. Development of criteria for layer design You have to prepare a basic layer design scheme before starting to produce a map. The map consists of theme, spatial boundaries, scale bars, page sizes, symbol style, background information, map names and associated information. The theme should be highlighted in setting the symbols and fillings for different layers. It should follow certain rules in choosing the color and symbols: it has not only to reflect the definition of the theme and the basic thinking, but also to consider the general rules used in geographical map making (for example, water will shown in blue colour and so on) In terms of strategic forest management planning mapping, the information for forest management is the theme of the whole map and also the forest data are the objectives of the forest management planning. Therefore outstanding colours will be used to highlight the forest type layer for a purpose of standing out the theme in setting the symbols. The other layers are the background information to elaborate the environment, terrain and location for the planning theme. Accordingly, this background information shall be overlaid with the symbols that have pivot features. The density of background information shall not be high to avoid enshrouding the thematic symbols. Map editing Step 1: Defining the area Step 2: Loading the data Step 3: Define the measurement units Step 4: To edit menu as configuration legends for all data layers
17
Leng,YunFa: Geo-spatial Information Processing and Cartography For Strategic Forest Management Planning; September 2007
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Layout and editing Step 1: Layout design Step 2: Layout setup Step 3: Using the layout tools (view frames, legend, north arrow..) Step 4: Editing (designing view frame, changing output attributes, generating neatline settings)
Consideration of key points of producing SFMP maps at township level - information that should be contained in the map strategic forest management planning information layer the background information overlaying on the planning information should include:
ownership information state/collective administrative boundary township/village boundary basic geographic element road river residential area major place names the basic explanation information in the strategic forest management planning should include map name the basic statistic data table first, it has to convert the table into .dbf format then you can open it explanatory information should include map name legend scale project name data source - the design of the symbols the color of the forest types should be brilliant and clearly identified. for example Green conifer forest bluish green broadleaf forest fuchsine red mixed forest yellow pasture the information overlaying the forest type e.g. coverage density, ownership and other information layer use hachure lines that has perspective effect avoiding to shadow the color of theme layer. the symbols used in the geographic background should adopt the map making standards
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Consideration of key points producing village forest maps There exists no difference in information volume and symbols in making the villages strategic forest management planning maps and that of the township the differences are different spatial areas different page size different scale different explanatory information. establish spatial Setting spatial limit for each village atView neatlines for each village *.shp and activate it. see Step 1 in view frame editing for reference. atView clickProperties atMap unitchoose meters
Fig 25 set coordination unit setting village map page size and scale at Layout click Graphic at View Frame Properties select at View the village map name define scale at Scale bar. Map 8: Production Forest Guna village
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2.10 Supporting measures Supporting measures for each Strategic Forest Management Plan are regarded as important in order to guarantee a smooth implementation of the Plan. They shall guide the implementing agency (the County Forestry Bureau) in their efforts to achieve a maximum participation of local stakeholders as well as maximum recognition and support from senior government levels in order to facilitate the plan implementation. 2.10.1 Monitoring Monitoring of activities under the SFMP is necessary in order to compare the targets set under the Plan with the actual achievements in order to take decisive actions with the aim to correct the gaps between targets and achievements. Monitoring of activities should focus on the expressed long term goals in the SFMP. A monitoring plan should be prepared for this purpose containing an overview of the suggested monitoring topics, monitoring focus and monitoring frequency. Example Xiao Xing Table 17: Monitoring Tasks
No. Monitoring Topic 1 Fuelwood consumption 2 3 Timber consumption Grazing of animals Monitoring Activity/Focus Assessment of balance between demand and supply Assessment of balance between demand and supply Comparison of animal numbers per household (status 2007-20122016);assessment of vegetation, soil condition and erosion on pasture land; regeneration capacity of different forest types (seedling count) Development of breast diameters; inventory of species composition Species composition and diversity at MRFI permanent sampling plots Comparison of present fuelwood demand with demand in 2012 and 2016 Crown density and gaps in forest cover through interpretation of SPOT 5 image in 2016 Assessment of tourism activities, benefits and negative impacts Assessment of fire prone areas (gradual reduction of these areas over the period of 5-10 years) Assessment of living standard and level of education of rural households Assessment of crop damage by wild pigs (reduction of crop damage over the period of 5-10 years) Frequency Yearly Yearly Every 5 years
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Forest Productivity Biodiversity Reduction of fuelwood consumption Timber extraction Eco Tourism Forest Fire/Forest disease Household income Wildlife management
Every 5 years Every 5 years Every 5 years Every 10 years Every 5 years Every 5 years Every 5 years Every 5 years
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Some of the topics mentioned in table .. refer to change detection. It is suggested to acquire a SPOT 5 satellite photo of the area after the completion of the SFMP in 10 years in order to analyze changes. Change detection in this context mainly refers to: Timber extraction (check of logging areas) Forest Fires (check of areas destroyed by fire) Grazing management (development of pasture areas) Forest Productivity (crown density) Breast diameter development of timber stands, biodiversity, grazing impacts and forest productivity can be easily monitored by using the MRFI sampling plots from 2005, which have been permanently marked (25% of all sampling plots). 2.10.2 Forestry Extension Forestry Extension is a vital aspect of the Strategic Forest Management Plan in order to enable stakeholders to improve their activities within the various forest ecosystems in Ceyuan township towards sustainably managed forest resources and to promote information exchange among stakeholders. Forestry Extension addresses institutional and technical aspects of natural resources management and will use defined techniques (tools and methods) in order to enable information exchange among stakeholders. Forestry Extension should thus be understood as a two-way information exchange between government institutions and villagers, but not as a one-way and top down approach ! Forestry extension under this Strategic Forest Management Plan is planned as a system, in which the needs of the local population for technical and institutional support will be satisfied by the forestry administration in a participatory approach. Under this chapter the Forestry Bureau shall define the future Extension strategy addressing following topics: Determination of the responsible section under the Forestry Bureau for forestry extension tasks (including responsible personnel for extension) Assessment of desired extension topics by the villagers Development of appropriate extension tools and methods Development and Dissemination of Extension Materials Strategy how to establish cooperation and coordination among concerned stakeholders
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2.10.3 Others A number of needed supporting measures could not yet been prepared during the piloting preparations of SFMPs in Hunan and Sichuan. Therefore no experiences can be shared regarding these topics in the Chinese context, only some general remarks can be made at this point. Other important supporting measures, which need recognition in a SFMP include: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Work Plan Cost Plan Training needs Protected areas management plan Political statement
Work Plan The work plan is integral part of the SFMP and belongs into the Annex. It shall be prepared for the duration of the SFMP (10 years) detailing planned activities on a yearly basis and is the basis for the development of a cost plan. This long term work plan provides the basis for the yearly work plans to be prepared by the implementing agency. Even though not all activities under the SFMP are under the responsibility of the County Forestry Bureau, this Bureau has the overall responsibility to initiate work plans under jurisdiction of other agencies. Examples are eco-tourism related planned activities (Tourism Bureau), grazing management (Animal Husbandry Bureau) or the preparation of a Management Plan for a Nature Reserve (Nature Reserve Zone Management Bureau). Cost Plan Crucial for the approval of Strategic Forest Management Plans is the preparation of a cost plan, which is based on the work plan. It is recommended to initially prepare cost plans for 5 year periods. Training Needs The changing role of the Forestry Administration away from mere monitoring and policing functions towards a more service oriented government institution requires Human Resources Development in order to fulfil this new task. Following basic training needs have been identified so far in the course of the SFMP preparation: Villagers: Training on bamboo management and other relevant NTFP production ( Camellia oleifera, Chinese medicinal herbs for example); silviculural treatment of natural forest species; reduction of fuelwood consumption Government: Training of forestry technicians in forest management, silvicultural techniques and monitoring tools. In addition specific training is required in connection with the development of Village Forest Management Plans and Extension services to be provided to the communities. 67
This chapter should contain a more detailed Training Plan identifying: Training needs by stakeholder and topic Training to be provided by which organisation/authority Training dates Training costs
Protected areas management plan This topic has 2 major aspects: 1. Integration of existing management plans for protected areas in a township into the SFMP 2. Development of management scenarios for areas which fall under the protection category of the SFMP Integration of existing management plans for protected areas in a township into the SFMP If a responsible agency (like the Nature Reserve Zone Management Bureau) has already prepared a Management Plan for a Nature Reserve, or if an area has been designated for the protection of an endangered species with corresponding Management Plan for this area, then these Plans should be integral part of the Strategic Forest Management Plan, since restrictions in those areas have serious consequences for the management of the natural resources in a township ! Development of management scenarios for areas which fall under the protection category of the SFMP Forest areas located in areas designated for protection, have been excluded from management in the respective SFMPs developed so far due to the fact, that they are not considered as production forest areas, thus not qualified for timber operation areas. But more importantly, under Chinese laws and regulations, activities in protected areas are strictly forbidden !! BUT, as was pointed out during the presentation of the Xiao Xing SFMP working draft to stakeholders in September 2007: Also protected areas need a form of management with human intervention. The Chinese laws and regulations however do not allow management in protected areas at the present. A recommendation for the preparation of future Strategic Forest Management Plans therefore is to include a chapter on management of protected areas (not only forests), where a minimum amount of human intervention guarantees a higher degree of protection, than to leave these protected areas to themselves! 68
Planning Stage Procedures / Meetings/Workshops
In order to achieve a maximum participation of stakeholders in the planning procedures of the Strategic Forest Management Plan, a number of meetings and workshops are necessary at certain stages: 1. Sensitization stage ( Meetings as explained in chapter 1.5 ) 2. Planning Stage ( Workshop 1+ 2 ) 3. Approval Stage ( Workshops 3 + 4 ) This chapter will guide the Forest Management Planner in planning for these workshops, to define expected results and to recommend the desired composition and roles of participants. The participatory nature of the planning stages of the Strategic Forest Management Plan is shown in chart 5 below: Chart 5: Frequence of Meetings and Workshops during SFMP Preparation
Pre-Planning Stage
Planning Stage
Sensitization Meetings at local level
Approval Stage
Workshop 1
Presentation of facts to stake-holders at provincial level, initial proposals; defining
Issues and Options
Presentation of 1st SFMP draft to stakeholders at township level, development of objective matrix
Workshop 2
Workshop 3
Presentation of SFMP working draft to high level stakeholders at provincial level
Workshop 4
Public Presentation of approved SFMP at County level
General Remarks From experiences made so far in connection with the preparation of 2 SFMPs it is concluded that: 1. Workshops should be one day events, otherwise it is impossible to guarantee the attention of higher level government officials 2. It is important that the representatives from the various government offices are subject matter specialists in order to be able to contribute to technical matters accordingly. In case of the Forestry Bureaus forest management planners, resources management officers and in certain workshops forest policy specialists should attend. Representatives from other government offices (like animal husbandry, tourism, water resources etc.) likewise should be subject matter specialists (technicians). 69
3. The discussions during the workshops have to be well structured and need intensive guidance, otherwise the presenter gets lost in a flood of general and politically motivated statements. In order to avoid lengthy discussions and remarks without tangible results, the workshop participants have to be split into working groups as soon as possible (!) and they have to prepare comments in WRITTEN form bearing their name and organisation (for documentation reason, but also to be able to track down that person if questions arise later or help is sought). 4. Last not least, it is VERY important to present possible technical solutions rather to expect from the workshop participants to develop them !! It is much easier to discuss a proposal rather than to develop one during a brief workshop. Also many stakeholders are overwhelmed by the amount of new technical information, so it would be difficult for them to come up with own solutions. 3.1 Workshop 1: Presentation of facts to stakeholders at provincial level, initial proposals; determination of issues and options
This Workshop takes place during the initial first few weeks of the technical planning process. The Forest Management Planner at this stage has to have a clear impression: of the potentials of the natural resources (zoning of production forests finished, harvestable volumes per forest type and demand-supply scenario assessed) the major demands for forest products (results from PRA or additional studies analysed) about the potential conflicts/issues/topics in the planning area (from 2 angles: from the pure analysis of data and feedback from the sensitisation meetings during the pre-planning phase) This workshop should be held in the provincial capital, because at this stage an initial feedback from decision makers at higher level is expected as well as inputs from international organisations. Unless the workshop is in the provincial capital, it will be difficult to achieve the participation of higher level officers. Ultimate Goal of this workshop To receive initial feedback from various higher level- and local representatives on forest management proposals, to develop a mutually acceptable vision for the SFMP and to agree upon possible forest management options.
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3.1.1 Composition and roles of participants, expected outputs Aims of this workshop: 1. Demonstration of Sustainable Forest Management Planning Procedures using the Example of the existing Township Strategic Forest Management Plan 2. Raising of awareness on SFM problem situations and planning needs 3. On the Job Training in Sustainable Forest Management planning procedures 4. Demonstrate a working Township Co-Management Committee
Outputs from the Workshop Township villager, FMB and SFE representatives will have presented their vision for natural forest management and the priority issues identified in preparatory meetings. Options for Strategic Forest Management prepared in advance from information collected in preparatory meetings and existing inventory data will have been presented. The Township CMC will have decided which options should be developed in the Working Draft SFMP. Outstanding data gaps will have been identified.
The participants are a mix of higher level forestry administration representatives, representatives from the villages and some representatives from international NGOs (which could add useful comments to certain topics, with a more international perspective, but regional insight). Workshop 1: Proposed Particpants Administratvive Organisation/Institution Level Province Provincial Forestry Bureau Representatives County County Forestry Bureau Representatives State Forest Enterprise Township Township Representatives* Others NGOs: World Wildlife Fund, Conservation International, Fauna and Flora International Total No. of participants 3 2 1 2 3 11
* = these will be Co-Management Committee representatives in case of townships where CoManagement is practiced. Otherwise the representatives will be from the township government
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Workshop Procedures The SFMP Planning Team will present their major initial findings and present possible solutions; they will present a possible structure of the SFMP (table of contents) The stakeholders will have opportunity to comment on the proposals and make new proposals where there is disagreement The stakeholders are separated into different working groups with the task to develop a vision for the management of natural resources in the given township and to propose management options Working group results are presented
Follow up All comments of stakeholders are recorded and will become part of the SFMP annex. It has to be recorded who said what (name, position, organization), which comment, and there should be a column with a remark of the SFMP Planning Team if the remark has been considered in the Plan, and if yes, in which chapter. This kind of documentation is regarded as very important !
3.2
Workshop 2: Presentation of first SFMP draft to stakeholders at local level, development of objective-and activity matrix
This Workshop takes place at the end of the technical planning process. The Forest Management Planner at this stage has: Prepared a first SFMP draft, which incorporates the results from Workshop1 Prepared a draft matrix containing management objectives, strategies and activities This workshop should be held in the township, because at this stage feedback from the village representatives and input from the local level decision makers is expected. Ultimate Goal of this workshop To receive initial feedback from villagers and various local level representatives on forest management proposals and to develop mutually acceptable management objectives, strategies and activities for the SFMP. Another important goal is to raise awareness among local level government authorities about the contents and aims of the SFMP in order to incorporate their own strategies, if available.
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3.2.1 Composition and roles of participants, expected outputs Aims of Workshop Demonstration of Sustainable Forest Management Planning Procedures using the example of this Township Strategic Forest Management Plan Raising of awareness on SFM problem situations and planning needs On the Job Training in Sustainable Forest Management planning procedures Demonstrate a working Township Co-Management Committee
Outputs from the Workshop The 1st Draft Strategic Forest Management Plan (SFMP) will be presented to participants. There will be an outbreak session for (a) discussion and feedback from villagers, (b) refinement of the vision for natural forest management in this township, (c) further elaboration and identification of priority issues. The Township CMC will provide direction to experts on corrections, changes and eventual further issues to be addressed in the 2nd Working Draft SFMP.
The participants are a mix of local village representatives and local government authorities (local decision makers) Workshop 2: Proposed Particpants Administratvive Organisation/Institution Level County County Forestry Bureau Representatives County Government State Forest Enterprise Land Planning Bureau Agricultural Bureau Animal Husbandry Bureau Water Resources Bureau Environmental Protection Bureau County Government Township Township Government Village CMC Administrative Village Representatives Others Village facilitators Total
No. of participants 4 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 15 2 33
* = these will be Co-Management Committee representatives in case of townships where CoManagement is practiced. Otherwise these will be selected village representatives
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Workshop Procedures The SFMP Planning Team will present the first SFMP draft focussing on local issues and problems (especially regarding fuelwood/timber supply issues) and presenting the possible options/solutions. The stakeholders will have opportunity to comment on the proposals and make new proposals where there is disagreement The stakeholders are separated into different working groups with the task to a) develop management objectives, b) to develop management strategies and c) to propose activities Working group results are presented Final conclusions are drawn Recommendations It is very advisable to prepare the possible management objectives and strategies beforehand, in order to be able to guide the stakeholder group work and in order to test the proposals. Following guiding questions can be used for the group work: 1. What do you need from your forest? 2. What is your management objective? 3. What are the strategy or management measures to achieve the goals? Here is an example from Xiao Xing for 2 Management Objectives (out of a total of 12), the respective Management Goals, strategies and related activities. This matrix was prepared before the workshop and refined wherever necessary after the completion of the workshop. Objective Matrix
No. 1 Object of Management Management Goal Fuelwood To satisfy the consumption of local needs for local fuelwood ; population Strategy Co-Management Committees are to negotiate suitable solutions among stakeholders regarding: Identification of productive forest areas suitable for fuelwood collection in collective and state forests; establishment of fuelwood plantations; Activities Mapping of areas in collective-and state forests for fuelwood collection; to explore possibilities of joint management of government plantations (villagers do necessary thinning operations for free and can keep thinning material for their own use) Co-Management Committees are to Mapping of areas in negotiate suitable solutions among collective-and state stakeholders regarding: Identification forests for timber of productive forest areas suitable for extraction; to explore timber extraction in collective and possibilities of joint state forests; determination of timber management of needed for self consumption and government plantations potentials for marketing of timber (villagers do necessary thinning operations for free and can keep thinning material/logs for their own use)
Timber consumption of local population
To satisfy the local needs for timber and to create income for rural households
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Follow up The major task after this workshop is to integrate the workshop results into the existing draft SFMP. Results are minuted and become part of the SFMP Annex for documentation.
Approval Stage
At the time of writing this Manual, the approval mechanisms for a township Strategic Forest Management Plan have not been fully developed and experiences are still being made. Since legal restrictions persist at the time of writing (especially the national logging ban under the NFPP), the procedures for approval are still in a testing phase. It seems to be realistic however to assume, that SFMPs do have a chance for approval if the experimenting and piloting nature of such a Plan is stressed and if high level authorities get a clear picture how the SFMP fits into the larger political landscape. Originally it had been planned that Workshop 3 would be the public presentation of the Plan in the county, but this step had to be revised. It has been pointed out, that a public presentation should only take place once the Plan is approved. Therefore practical experiences with plan approval end with the conduct of Workshop 3 for the time being.
4.1
Workshop 3: Presentation of SFMP working draft to high level stakeholders at provincial level
The Workshop 3 will be held in the provincial capital after incorporation of the results of Workshop 2 and finalizing a working draft of the SFMP, which could be sent for approval. Ultimate Goal of this workshop To receive feedback from high level forest administration regarding the results, contents and forest management planning procedures of the SFMP. Furthermore, advice is sought which measures have to taken to get the Plan approved, and who are the approving authorities.
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4.1.1 Objectives, target group, procedures Workshop Goal to familiarize participants with the Forest Management Planning in the township participants provide contribution/comments/guidelines to PMO about the feasibility of the procedures and their possible application in the forest administration
Participants should consist of Director/Deputy Director levels only in order to guarantee high level decision maker presentation only. They should be a mix of county level Forestry Bureau and Provincial Forestry Administration representatives:
Workshop 3: Proposed Particpants Administratvive Organisation/Institution No. of Level participants State State Forest Administration Province Sichuan FMB: Director of Planning Dept., 3 Director of Resource Mgt Section, Director of Forest Policy Dept Sichuan FMO: 2 Forest Inventory Institution: 1 person from Planning Section, 1 person from NTFP 4 section, 1 persons from Tourism section and 1 person from Water Resources Dept. County Director County FMO ; Director SFE Total 2 11
Workshop Procedures The SFMP Planning Team will present the SFMP working draft focussing on summarizing the SFMP procedures and summarizing the major results of the plan The stakeholders will have opportunity to comment on the proposals The stakeholders are separated into different working groups with the task to give feedback on 5 different topics as mentioned below Working group results are presented Final conclusions are drawn
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Working Group Topics 1) Base Data and Mapping available / needed / sufficient in accuracy a. Timber and wood resources assessment and data b. NTFP resources assessment and data, including bamboo, grazing, tourism, etc. c. Maps from Satellite image interpretation sufficient in accuracy, needed, etc. d. Other maps needed e. GIS as data administration needed Pre-planning stage a. Stakeholders which are involved, sufficient in extent, others that are needed b. Sensitization of participants and stakeholders needed, sufficient c. Extent of the plan i. Are all topics needed covered by the plan, should others be included ii. Which area should be covered Planning Process a. Calculation of harvesting amounts, quotas techniques are all needed calculations included, covered, procedures acceptable, others that should be included, etc. b. Zoning of forest into the different production, rehabilitation and nonproduction areas sufficient, accuracy, other needs c. Planned areas based on supply and demand scenario good tool for identification of problems (SFE and Collective Forest), opinions Policy in Planning a. How does the plan fit into existing regulations b. How do the proposed and tested planning procedures fit into existing plans and planning procedures on County, Prefecture and Province Level which plans are existing into which the proposed plan has to fit in c. Is the existing policy supporting planning procedures and especially the proposed one, what adjustment of policy or planning procedures are necessary Approval Procedures for plans a. What are existing procedures for approval of forest related plans, and are they applied b. What would be necessary for this proposed plan of XiaoXing c. What regulations / institutions may needed to be established for having the proposed plans in other/more counties
2)
3)
4)
5)
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Follow up Comments and suggestions from these high level participants have to be taken into account when deciding about the approval strategy. It is recommended to involve some of the participants of this workshop in finalizing the SFMP for approval since the government officers themselves know best how to proceed at this stage.
4.2
Workshop 4 : Public presentation of the SFMP in the county
This workshop, as mentioned before, will only take place once the SFMP is approved by the government. The workshop shall be held in the county, preferably at the Governors office. Major Goal of this workshop is to inform all relevant stakeholders in the county and township about the contents of the Strategic Forest Management Plan. The participants therefore have to include: Village Representatives County Government Representatives Township Government Representatives Representatives from all technical offices (forestry, water resources, environment etc.) State Forest Enterprise This workshop will not include any working group sessions, it is a mere presentation/information of all relevant stakeholders about the SFMP contents. 4.3 Final Government approval mechanism Still to be developed !! 4.4 How to use the SFMP
The Strategic Forest Management Plan has been prepared for township level in order to demonstrate integrated and sustainable forest management practices taking into account the multiple functions of forest resources. 4.4.1 Target group, purpose, duration The SFMP has been prepared for the duration of 10 years and sets the frame for the use of the Natural Resources by all concerned stakeholders. Even though the implementation of the SFMP lies within the responsibility of the County Forestry Bureau, the SFMP is a document, which integrates all existing Plans of related government agencies. It is therefore not limited to forest management activities alone, but provides guidance for ALL activities related to the use of the forest 78
reserves in a township (like tourism, nature preservation, livestock management or water resources management). The SFMP is not a regional Development Plan however, but its main focus is timber harvesting by practicing sustainable management of forest resources. The SFMP is a strategic document and sets the frame for the development of Village Forest Development Plans. These operational plans have to adhere to the harvestable volumes determined in the SFMP, but have to determine exact locations for timber harvesting operations at village level. The SFMP sets the limits of harvestable volumes for the whole township, which may not be exceeded. Main user of the SFMP is the County Forestry Bureau, which will co-ordinate the natural resources related activities. The SFMP also shall be used by village representatives, as guidance for their planning activities and as aid for negotiation of agreeable solutions for issues/problems related to their daily lives where forest management is concerned.
4.4.2 Update The SFMP should be updated every 5 years in order to adapt new policies, which have been adopted by the government during this time period, but also as a management strategy based upon the ongoing monitoring activities related to the Plan.
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ANNEXES
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Annex 1:
Increment tables
Species Sichuan
1. 2. 3. 4. Abies fabri Picea asperata Hemlock Cupressus funebris 5. Larch 6. Pinus densata 7. Pinus massoniana 8. Cunninghamia lanceolata 9. Cryptomeria fortunei 10. Quercus 11. Betulaceae 1. 2. Pinus massonniana Lamb. Cunninghamia landceolata Broadleaf tree Cupressus funebris
Young (%)
3.08 3.31 3.46 9.26 6.1 9.06 12.03 12.18 31.86 6.15 5.7 15.92 20 14.85 7.5
Middle (%)
2.10 1.97 1.95 5.98 3.17 5.01 10.51 9.17 16.15 3.83 4.12 9.96 13.19 6.51 4.8
Approximate mature (%)

1.54 1.58 -3.95 2.46 3.19 7.96 8.03 9.64 2.59 3.06 6.77 4.15 5.19 2.0
Mature (%)
1.08 1.20 0.83 2.41 1.72 -4.93 5.27 5.25 2.18 2.27 2.88 5.23 3.19 0.8
Overmature (%)
0.96 1.01 0.68 1.06 1.35 --3.81 -1.59 1.49 2.88 4.74 3.19 0.8
Mean (%)
1.09 1.26 1.21 1.43 1.72 5.13 9.46 9.42 18.58 3.00 2.33 7.60 8.88 4.21 3.0
Hunan
Hainan
3. 4. 5. 1. Broadleaf tree
Source: Yield estimate report by Lei Yuancai, January 2006
Volume increment rate of different tree species in Yanling (%)

Species(group) Chinese-red -pine (group) Chinese-red pine Slash pine(group) Cypress group Chinese fir Poplar group Broad-leaf of slow-growing Broad-leaf of fast-grow Young growing 15.62 15.62 16.62 13.43 20.97 8.58 9.54 12.68 Half-mature 13.04 13.04 13.04 11.84 17.29 11.24 11.24 9.78 Lose-mature 12.46 12.46 12.46 9.84 14.67 8.52 8.52 9.78 mature 7.52 7.52 7.52 7.84 10.98 6.8 6.8 5.67 9.85 4.69 4.69 3.67 Over-mature 6.52 6.52 6.52
Source: Field report Luo Mingcan, January 2007
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Yearly volume increment rate of main tree species in Songpan (%) Species Comprehensive fir spruce hemlock cypress larch Chinese pine China armand pine Chinese fir oak birch bass poplar maple alder Compre. 1.1049 0.7260 1.1662 0.9608 1.2795 1.9208 3.2945 2.1302 4.3466 1.8451 2.2535 1.6557 4.1444 1.8390 3.9100 5.2998 3.6005 5.800 7.5201 5.8799 5.3900 4.0500 3.7000 3.6200 3.6200 2.7201 2.6900 2.5800 2.5800 5.9300 2.5000 4.2000 1.5600 2.0200 2.0200 3.7800 2.0000 3.1800 1.5800 1.5800 2.3400 1.5400 2.2797 3.3098 6.7377 6.7399 2.0000 4.1499 4.1500 Young 5.3783 2.9505 3.3099 Half-mature Close-mature 2.4020 1.8000 2.000 1.7961 1.3200 1.6000 1.3201 1.6000 2.9100 2.9100 mature 1.0668 0.7500 1.1200 0.7500 1.1200 2.2900 2.2900 2.2900 1.0800 1.0799 1.0800 Over-mature 0.8232 0.6000 0.6100
Source: Field report Luo Mingcan, January 2007
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Growth rate of dominant tree species for forest management units Yan Ling County
Growth(%) Species Young stand Middle aged stand Mature stand Over mature stand
Ceyuan area Chinese fir masson pine broadleaf tree 16.6 17.8 7.7 12.8 8.5 9.2 Shidu area 8.1 4.5 5.3 7.1 2.9 3.7
Chinese fir masson pine
16.4 17.9
12.8 8.6
8.0 4.6
7.0 3.0
broadleaf tree
7.6
9.1 Average
5.3
3.7
Chinese fir masson pine
16.5 17.85
12.8 8.55
8.05 4.55
7.05 2.95
broadleaf tree
7.65
9.15
5.3
3.70
Source: Dr. Zheng Xiaoxian; Study on silvicultural models for sustainable management of Natural Forest Ecosystems in Hunan province; December 2006 Page 27; Table 9: Growth rate of dominant tree species for forest management units in Yanling county
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Annex 2: SFMP table of contents Xiao Xing and Ceyuan Xiao Xing
1 Introduction to the Strategic Forest Management Plan (SFMP) Executive Summary Duration of the SFMP Responsible agencies Legal frame conditions Identification of stakeholders The co-management planning approach Description of the participatory planning procedure Limitations in connection with planning data Description of the local situation Location of Xiao Xing Township Main physical and biological features Ownership, legal status, local rights, management structures Present quotas for firewood and timber Forest Resources ( results of the MFRI Inventory ) Vegetation types in Xiao Xing ( results from ecological modelling) Land Use Types in Xiao Xing Socio-and economic features Consumption demands of population Management Objectives and Strategies Long Term Objectives of the SFMP Management Strategies Fuel wood/Timber consumption Grazing management Forest Productivity Biodiversity Reduction of fuel wood consumption Timber extraction Eco Tourism Development Forest Fire/Forest Disease Non Timber Forest Product Development Wildlife management Medium Term Objectives of the SFMP Shared Vision of stakeholders Forest Management Planning Zoning of different Forest Functions Potential Management Forests 46 46 84 36 36 37 38 39 40 40 41 41 42 43 43 44 45 16 18 18 20 22 27 29 32 33 Page 6 8 8 9 10 11 13 14
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.2.7 3.2.8 3.2.9 3.2.10 3.3 3.4 4 4.1 4.1.1
4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.1.5 4.1.6 4.1.7 4.1.8 4.1.9 4.1.10 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4
4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.7 4.3.8 4.3.9 4.3.10
Production Forests of Xiao Xing Conifer forest type Broadleaf forest type Mixed forest type Pasture Productive Collective Forests Areas in danger of forest fire NTFP collection Potential Eco Tourism areas Management Scenario for Production Forest Present Timber-and Fuel Wood demand-supply scenario Annual Allowable Cut (AAC) for different forest types and Silvicultural treatments Silvicultural demonstration plots Activities Fuel wood/Timber consumption Grazing management Forest Productivity Biodiversity Reduction of fuel wood consumption Timber extraction Eco Tourism Development Forest Fire/Forest Disease Non Timber Forest Product Development Wildlife management Needed Supporting Measures Village Forest Development Plans Co-Management Committee support levels Extension Services Training needs Monitoring Workplan Annexes Increment calculations Summary of Forest Inventory Results List of major NTFP in Xiaoxing Harvestable volumes by village Village Maps Workshop Minutes Silvicultural Demonstration Plot details (to be added later) Workshop Participants of 2nd SFM Planning Workshop in Xiao Xing on May 29, 2007
48 50 52 53 55 57 58 61 62 64 65 67 73 74 74 74 74 75 75 75 75 75 75 76
5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
76 77 79 79 80 81
83 84 85 88 91 97 103
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Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 Related Laws for the implementation of the SFMP Identification of stakeholders for natural resources management in Xiaoxing Village sizes Village land distribution in Xiaoxing Comparison of government and project GIS data for collective forest- and village size Quota allocation for Xiaoxing for FMB and SFE Percentage of diameter distribution (volumes) Stocking volumes and yearly increments of major forest types in Xiao Xing Common NTFP of Xiaoxing Land use classes of total project area Forest Resources and Land use Types Population and village altitudes in Ceyuan Total demand for fuelwood and timber in Xiao Xing Long Term Objectives and Management Goals of the SFMP Potential Management Forests Production Forest of Xiao Xing Zoning of Conifer Production Forests by ownership Zoning of Broadleaf Production Forests by ownership Zoning of Mixed Production Forests by ownership Productive Pasture Land per ownership Collective Production Forest of Xiao Xing by forest type Potential areas for forest fires Frequency if important NTFP by ownership in % Demand-Supply Scenario by village Maximum yearly harvestable volumes by ownership Determination of Annual Allowable Cut (AAC) per hectare Allowable Cut (AAC) for whole Xiao Xing township Suggested CMC Levels and members Topics of various CMC levels Monitoring Tasks
9 10 17
19 19 21 22 23 24 30 31 32 35 36 47 49 51 53 54 55 58 60 62 66 67 68 68 77 78 81 14 16 17 47 50 51 52 54 55 57 60 61
Comparison of Forestry Inventory Results with SPOT 5 map interpretation 2 Location of Xiao Xing Township in Songpan county 3 Boundaries of Xiao Xing Township 4 Potential Management Forests 5 Production Forest of Xiao Xing 6 Location of Production Conifer Type 7 Location of Production Broadleaf Forest Type 8 Location of Mixed Production Forests by ownership 9 Location of Pasture Land 10 Location of Production Collective Forests 11 Potential areas for forest fires 12 NTFP Map of Xiao Xing
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Chart Chart Chart Chart Chart Chart Chart
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Chart 8 Chart 9 Chart 10
Organizational chart of Yanling County Forestry Bureau Diameter distribution in state and collective forests in % Land Use categories in Xiao Xing Forest Types of collective and state forests in Ceyuan in ha Production Forests of Xiao Xing by ownership in hectares Overgrazing on Pasture Land Misbalance between fuel wood/timber demand and supply of 6 villages Silvicultural Treatment model for conifer forest type Silvicultural Treatment model for broadleaf forest type Silvicultural Treatment model for mixed forest type
8 22 30 31 48 56 65 70 71 73
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SFMP table of contents Ceyuan

1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 2 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.3 3 3.1 3.1.2 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5 5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4 5.1.5 5.1.6 Introduction to the Strategic Forest Management Plan (SFMP) Executive Summary Duration of the SFMP Responsible agency Legal frame conditions Identification of stakeholders Description of the participatory planning procedure Limitations in connection with planning data Management Objectives Long Term Objectives of the SFMP Medium Term Objectives of the SFMP Tourism Development and Infrastructure Development Regional development Non Timber Forest Product Development Shared Vision of stakeholders Description of the local situation Location of Ceyuan Township Boundaries of project area for this SFMP Main physical features Ownership, legal status, local rights, management structures Present quotas for firewood, timber and bamboo Forest Resources ( results of the MFRI Inventory ) Land Use Types in Ceyuan Socio-and economic features Consumption demands of population Needed Supporting Measures Village Forest Development Plans Extension Services Training needs Monitoring Forest Management Planning Zoning of production Forests Management Forests Potential Production Forest Conifer forest type Broadleaf forest type Mixed forest type Bamboo forests 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 88 28 29 29 30 17 18 19 19 21 21 23 25 27 13 14 14 15 15 16 Page 5 7 7 8 8 10 10
5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.5.1 5.6 5.6.1 5.6.2

5.7 5.8
Present Forest Management Practice Brief introduction of 3 different Forest Management Options for Ceyuan township Management Scenario for Production Forest within experimental zone of Nature Reserve and including broadleaf species Hectares, stocking volumes and yearly increments Silvicultural treatments and Annual Allowable Cut (AAC) for different forest types Silvicultural demonstration plots NTFP Management Bamboo management Other NTFP Tourism Development Workplan Annexes Increment calculations Summary of Forest Inventory Results Harvestable volumes by village Maps NTFP survey by Professor Luo Mingcan Bamboo Forest Management Plan by Dr. Lou Yiping List of Tables, Maps and Charts
39 42 45 47 50 51 51 52 52 55
6 1 2 3 4 5 6
57 58 60 63 71 83
1 Related Laws for the implementation of the SFMP 2 Identification of stakeholders for natural resources management in Ceyuan Table 3 Project- and village size Table 4 Collective and state forests by forest type and percentages Table 5 Collective forest distribution in Ceyuan Table 6 Stocking volumes and yearly increments of major forest types in Ceyuan Table 7 Average Self-consumption Volume of NTFPs Table 8 Forest Resources and Land Use Types in Ceyuan Table 9 Population and village altitudes in Ceyuan Table 10 Income structure of villages in Ceyuan Township Table 11 Production Forest of Ceyuan Project Area Including Nature Reserve Table 12 Potential Production Forest including experimental zone of Nature Reserve Table 13 Zoning of Conifer Production Forests per village by ownership Table 14 Zoning of Broadleaf Production Forests per village by ownership Table 15 Zoning of Mixed Production Forests per village by ownership Table 16 Zoning of Bamboo Production Forests per village by ownership Table 17 Yields and demand under current Forest Management Practice- including bamboo forests Table 18 Yields and demand under current Forest Management Practice- excluding bamboo forests
Table Table
8 9 18
19 20 22 23 24 25 26 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 41
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Table Table Table Table
Max yearly harvestable volumes Option 1 Max yearly harvestable volumes Option 2 Max yearly harvestable volumes Option 3 Summary table of 3 different forest management options regarding sustainable supply for fuelwood in collective and state forests Table 23 Annual Allowable Cut for different forest types in Ceyuan Township Table 24 Max. yearly harvestable volumes by ownership and excluding bamboo Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map Map 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Modification of administrative project boundary General location of planned Eco Tourism activities in Shangdong village Location of Yanling county in Hunan province Boundaries of project area Management Forests of Ceyuan
19 20 21 22
43 43 43 44 46 46 11 15 17 18 32 34 35 36 37 38 39 45 7 24 40 48 49 50
Potential Production Forest

Zoning of Production Conifer Forest Type Zoning of Production Broadleaf Forest Type Zoning of Production Mixed Forest Type Zoning of Bamboo Forests per village by ownership Production Forest under the present forest management scenario Option 3- Production Forest incl. Experimental zone and broadleaf
Chart 1 Chart 2 Chart Chart Chart Chart
Organizational chart of Yanling County Forestry Bureau Forest Types of collective and state forests in Ceyuan in % (including Nature Reserve 3 Production Forest in hectares outside Nature Reserve and excluding broadleaf species (collective forests and state forests) - Present Situation 4 Silvicultural treatment model for conifer forest type 5 Silvicultural treatment model for broadleaf forest type 6 Silvicultural treatment model for mixed forest type
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Annex 3 A Survey on the Utilization of Non-timber Forest Products in Project Villages of Ceyuan Township,Yanling County, Hunan Province
By Dong Min Yang Jianping Wang Dachuan Tian Xiaoli
World Agrofrestry Center Southwest Forestry College Southwest Forestry College Southwest Forestry College Southwest Forestry College
Advisor : Professor Luo Mingcan

Southwest Forestry College
Date of Field Survey: 07.04.07-13.04.07
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1 Executive Summary
1.1 The major objectives of this mission, namely, to get to know the main Nontimber Forest Product (NTFPs) resources used by villagers, to acquire the accurate data on the volume of main NTFPs both for self-consumption and selling, to get the income information from selling NTFPs, to get to know the villagers' demands on NTFPs management, and to provide recommendations on NTFPs development in project villages were met. Moreover, the volume of timber self-consumption in 5 years was collected. 1.2 In project villages of Ceyuan township, Yanling county, the utilization of NTFPs is not as diversified as its rich resources, the mainly used NTFPs are those planted products, i.e., tea leaf, oil tea and pepper, and bamboo and bamboo shoot take the dominant position among all the NTFPs, furthermore, among all the villagers' income generating activities. Other wild products are only seldom collected for self-consumption, and the volume is very low. 1.3 There is sound NTFPs management exists in project villages, and it mainly run by farmers' own capabilities and self-awareness on conservation, with less input from the forcibly implemented policy. Therefore, the farmers have their own proper consideration in both achieving conservation and development objectives, that is what the authorities have to consider when implement any projects or policies. 1.4 The farmers are facing serious problems in marketing their bamboo and bamboo shoot, the constraints relate to various aspects including infrastructure, policy, no organization services for them etc. 1.5 It was hard to evaluate or calculate the exact volume or proportion of NTFPs used by villagers both because of the diversity of products itself and the diversity of the farmers' utilization activities, for instance, the firewood used by farmers consists of bamboo branches, bamboo wood, tree branches, and various wooden products etc. And, now is not the harvesting time of most NTFPs, therefore, the scale was not useful sometimes.
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2 Introduction
In China's remote mountain areas, rural households rely on a variety of Non-timber Forest Products (NTFPs) for subsistence use, for natural remedies, as a source of cash income, and as raw material for home-based industry. Moreover, harvesting of NTFPs is less destructive than timber harvesting and that production of NTFPs is more compatible with forest conservation. Therefore, NTFPs has its significant role in both achieving development and conservation objectives, especially with the enforcement of a strict logging ban in China in 2000, NTFPs has become an important source to replace the income from timber before. Thus, NTFPs is an important component of forest ecosystem management. Currently, no standard definition for NTFPs exists. In this report, we define NTFPs as goods of biological origin other than timber, derived from forests, other wooded land and trees outside forest. And, firewood is included into the category of NTFPs in this survey. Based on the above ratiocination, a group consist of 4 people conducted a field survey on the use of NTFPs from April 7 to13 (7 working days) in all project villages in Ceyuan Township, Yanling County, Hunan province for the purpose of compiling the Strategic Forest Management Plan (SFMP) on township level (one of the key components of the SFMP) under the EU-China Natural Forest Management Project. The information related to timber Self-consumption was also collected as a complement. The mission had several specialized goals: To get to know the main NTFPs sources in Project Villages both for selling and self-consumption; To acquire the accurate data of each NTFP used and sold by households; To acquire basic income information from selling of NTFPs and its structure; To analyze the importance of each NTFP; To get the information of Villagers' demands on NTFPs management and; To provide recommendations on NTFPs development in project area; Timber self-consumption: To acquire accurate data and information of timber self-consumption and its application procedures.
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3 Methods
3.1 Sample
3.11 Determination of Sample size This survey applied random sample method in all project villages, the total sample size was decided by the following formula: n=t2c2/E2 N:Total households of project villages (856 households) n: Sampled households from N t: Reliability (t=1.96 while reliability is 95%) c: Variant Coefficient E : Relative Error We assumed t=1.96, E10% and C=28% depending on the data calculated from the forest income (RMB/year/person) of previous survey report. Then n=1.962282/102=31 We add 20% of the above result to n in order to insure the precision, therefore, the final sample size is n=40 households. 3.12 Distribution of Sample According to the distance from road of natural villages, and the number of natural villages in each administrative village, the final distribution of sample, i.e., the distribution of interviewed household is 1 household in each natural village approximately.
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Table 1: Distribution of Interviewed Households

Type Village Liangqiao Pinhu Rongtang Shangdong Xiaping Total Number 3 4 4 6 3 20 Near Road Covered Natural Villages Tongluozhou, Tangtou, Huangjiazhou Chabei, Liaojia, Pinghu, Qiujia Laomaochong, Fanjiapai, Daniaoao Pingao, Tangbei, Shangwan, Gaoliangchong, Shanxia,Paili Qinguangping, Xiaping, Shiliukeng Far away from Road Number Covered Natural Villages Makou, Huanghualong, 3 Zoumazhou Sushan, Longxing, Dageng, 5 Xinhu, Liangshan Maziqiu, Niutang, 3 Shanghengduan Shiheping, Daowo, 4 Kucaichong, Ganxia 5 20 Pinggeng, Yangtianlong, Fengshulong, Dongmaolong
Note: two households of Daniaoao and Fengshulong natural village were interviewed, respectively.
3.2 Data Collection

Semi-structured interview was applied to get the data and information among sampled households depending on a designed questionnaire. Moreover, steelyard was used to weigh the firewood and other NTFPs which were being stored in villagers' houses during the interview to insure the accuracy of data. An additional group consist of village head of each project administrative village, staff members of Yanling Forestry bureau and village-based traders of NTPFs, especially the processors of bamboo were also interviewed to get the general information or to insure the accuracy of data. In addition, all the data presented in this report points the average volume or income of the last two years since some villagers log bamboo every two years.
4 Findings from the Field survey

4.1 NTFPs Resources and Relevant Self-consumption Volume
The main NTFPs used by locals include bamboo, bamboo shoot, firewood, tea leaf, oil tea, wild mushrooms, potherbs, pepper and forage grasses. However, it does not mean the NTFPs mentioned above including all the NTFPs resources in project villages, there are many medicinal plants, wild fruits growing in the forests but almost no people collect them. Only two mentioned they once collected medicinal plants for selling last year among the 40 interviewees. And, those NTFPs used by locals except bamboo and bamboo shoot are mostly for self-consumption, only one mentioned he sold tea leaf, five said they sold wild mushrooms and two said they sold oil tea last year among the 40 interviewed households. And, the sales are very low, namely, 2 kg of tea leaf earned 40 RMB, 33 kg of dry wild mushrooms earned 1335 RMB and 95
70 kg of oil (oil extracted from oil tea) earned 1320 RMB, respectively. Therefore, bamboo and bamboo shoot are almost the unique NTFPs for selling in project villages. The table below presents self-consumption volume of NTFPs except bamboo, bamboo shoot and firewood which will be presented in next two sections. Table 2: Average Self-consumption Volume of NTFPs
Average Self-consumption Volume of NTFPs (kg/household/year) Tea Leaf 3.5 Oil Tea 27.5 Pepper 1.5 Wild Mushrooms 4.6 Forage Grasses 1760 Potherbs 3.6
Note: The figure presented under the oil tea means the oil extracted from oil tea.
As the data presented in table2, collection of NTFPs especially those wild products is neither a frequent activity nor an income-generating activity in project villages. Villagers only collect wild mushrooms and potherbs a couple of times during the harvesting time in the whole year. The main potherbs collected by villagers are lettuce, celery and fern (Jue cai). The species of wild mushrooms are not clear since we did not see any products stored in farmers' houses.
4.2 Self-consumption and Sale Volume, Markets and Income of and from Bamboo and Bamboo Shoot
In this section the data relates to bamboo and bamboo shoot is compared between those natural villages near road and others far away from road in the table below.
Table 3: Comparison of Annual Household Self-consumption Volume, sales and Incomes of and from Bamboo and Bamboo shoot
Natural Villages Near Road Bamboo Bamboo Shoot A SC SV SV I I P V 405 3570 8.8 9 1180 2720 Natural Villages Far Away from Road Bamboo Bamboo Shoot A SC SV SV I I P V 508 3773 7.4 20 2250 3190
SC V 8
A P 2.3
SC V 20
A P 1.4
Note: SCV=self-consumption volume SV=sale volume I=income AP=average price (the unit of bamboo is RMB/pole; the unit of bamboo is RMB/kg) The unit of bamboo is pole; the unit of bamboo shoot is kg; the unit of income is RMB
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As we can see from table 3, bamboo and bamboo shoot are the most common NTFPs used by villagers both for self-consumption and selling. Almost every household uses bamboo for construction, fence and production of agricultural tools and home appliances. Bamboo shoot is the most common dishes on households' table as well, however, its self-consumption volume is relatively low given the huge annual output. Another aspect we have to stress is the distance of household from the road has certain impacts on the way farmers sell their products. Generally, there are several ways farmers sell their products, i.e., sell to those traders who come to village to purchase products; sell to those traders who come to the main road beside the villages to purchase products and transport their products to Ceyuang township market by a rented car and sell at the market. Those buyers come from several ways, some come from village-based processing factories, some come from countybased processing factories, and others even come from those processing factories or companies outside Hunan province. However, those villagers who live near the road sell their products at the township market more frequently than others who live far away from the road. Different sale ways bring different sale price, normally, those who sell at township market where the price is more transparent and where certain competition exists between buyers can get a higher price than other sale ways. This can be seen from the different price of bamboo between the natural villages near and far away from the road. However, the evident difference of price between bamboo shoot is mainly decided by the different sale proportion between spring bamboo shoot and winter bamboo shoot (the bamboo forest can yield bamboo shoot twice annually, i.e., spring bamboo shoot in spring and winter bamboo shoot in winter). The average price of spring bamboo shoot is only 0.8 RMB per kg compared to 3.5 RMB per kg of winter bamboo shoot. Normally, in the natural villages near the road, the bamboo forest area possessed by individual household is smaller than the individual household who lives far away from the road. And, in the natural villages near the road, the outputs of spring bamboo shoot and winter bamboo shoot are almost the same, while in the natural villages far away from the road, the output of spring bamboo shoot is 5 times than winter bamboo shoot. To get a comprehensive understanding of the situation in all project villages, we further calculate the data as following:
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Table 4: Average Household and Per Capita Annual Incomes from Bamboo and Bamboo shoo
Bamboo SCV 14 SV 457 I PH 3672 PC 918 SCV 15 Bamboo Shoot SV 1715 I PH 2955 PC 740 Total Average Income from Bamboo and Bamboo Shoot PH 6627 PC 1658
Note: SCV=self-consumption volume SA=sale volume I=income PH=per household PC=per capita The unit of bamboo is pole; the unit of bamboo shoot is kg; the unit of income is RMB The average population in each household is 4
As the data presented in table 4, bamboo and bamboo shoot are the most important products in project villages, and play a significant role in household economy. Compared to 5 years ago, the price of bamboo was raised from 4 to 5 RMB per pole to 8 to 12 RMB per pole, however, the price of bamboo shoot is almost the same as 5 years ago. Another trend is the output of bamboo and bamboo shoot is higher than 5 years ago (the particular figure is not available).
4.3 Self-consumption Volume and Structure of Firewood

Firewood is still the main fuel in all project villages, and almost in all households. Most households use electricity as an alternative energy source to cook rice, while use firewood to cook dishes, warm themselves in winter and cook the food for pigs. Two special situations we met are in the natural villages of Pinghu where near the road and most villagers use biogas to cook, and the natural villages of Shangdong where also near the road and most villagers use electricity to cook more often than other villages. We even interviewed two households in the natural villages located beside the road who do not use firewood at all, but totally use electricity to cook. When asked which energy source can be the best one to replace the firewood, only one of four select biogas, nearly all the others choose electricity, only a couple of villagers select coal but still facing the difficulty of transportation. And, almost all the villagers think no energy sources can replace firewood completely, but only use other energy sources more often than today, firewood will still be the main fuel in a long time. The difficulties in using electricity and biogas as the main energy sources, as most villagers said, are the cost of electricity is too high, and no enough raw materials( livestock dejecta and required crops) to make biogas, and it is required to invest on the biogas pool. 98
The answers from villagers when asked the main problems on firewood are: spending too much time in looking for firewood (most villagers have to spend half day on firewood every three days and some even need one day), and it requires more time to look for shrubs, bamboos due to the prohibition of logging arbor and the small-diameter timber with the enforcement of logging ban. However, almost no one thinks the shortage of firewood exists if only you spend enough time in looking for it, and no one sell or buy firewood among the interviewees. The main kinds of firewood used by villagers are bamboo (including bamboo branches, dead bamboos), shrub (including shrubs, small tree branches) and arbor (most is dead trees). The following table presents the data got from the field survey. Table 5: Comparison of Average Self-consumption Volume and Structure of Firewood between Villages near and far away from Road
Natural Villages Near Road (kg/household/day) Shrub Arbor Others % V % V % V 8. 55.8 9.9 1.4 0 0 4 Natural Villages Far Away from Road (kg/household/day) Bamboo Shrub Arbor Others Total % V % V % V % V 16.3 9. 43 6.5 53 3 0.5 1 0.2 1
Bamboo % V 34.3 3.9
Total 13.7
Note: V=volume
As the data presented in table 5 shows, those natural villages located near the road use less firewood than those located far away from road. The main reason is the villagers who live near the road use more electricity to cook, possess more energysaving stoves, and a small proportion of the villagers (such as the natural village of Pinghu near the road) use biogas. The difference between the two kinds of villages also reflects the total trend on firewood use compared with 5 years ago. Five years ago, villagers used more shrubs, arbors and less bamboo. It was said that the proportion of shrub and arbor on energy sources exceeded 80%, and the proportion of arbor was 30% to 40% 5 years ago. Moreover, the total consumption volume of firewood reduced 1/3 compared to 5 years ago. In addition, one of the important reasons of this change on energy sources relates to the change of forestry policy. With the enforcement of Natural Forest Protection Project and the establishment of Taoyuandong Natural Reserve, most of the logging was prohibited even the small-diameter trees. This policy also has its educational function on farmers' awareness raising on environment protection though it is a compulsory government conduct, villagers begun to use bamboo branches which seemed to be waste materials before.
4.4 Timber Self-consumption Volume in 5 Years and Its Application Procedures

Fifty percent of villagers logged timber as self-consumption use in 5 years among the 40 interviewees, and their uses are house construction and production of furniture, thereinto, the timber logged by 12 households was used to construct house only, by 4 household was used to produce furniture only, and by another 4 households was 99
used to both construct house and produce furniture. Only 2 households logged pine as one of the materials for house construction, and the volume was 4.5 m3, all the other tree species is fir. The table below shows the data got from the 20 households who logged timber as self-consumption use in 5 years among the 40 interviewees (see Table 6-1 and Table 6-2). Table 6-1: Timber Self-consumption
Total Volume per Household ( m3) 4.8 Average Volume on House Construction ( m3) 5.6 Average Volume on Furniture ( m3) 1.1
Note: The raw data were from 20 households who logged timber as self-consumption use in 5 years among the interviewed 40 households, we divided them, Total Volume
per Household into 20 households, Average Volume on House Construction ( m3) into 16 households and Average Volume on Furniture ( m3) into 20 households respectively.
Table 6-2: Timber Self-consumption Volume in 5 Years

Total Volume ( m3 /household) 2.42 Average Volume on House Construction ( m3 /household) 2.26 Average Volume on Furniture Production ( m3 /household) 0.16
Note: The raw data were from 20 households who logged timber as self-consumption use in 5 years among the interviewed 40 households, we divided them into 40 households.
As we can see from table 6, the volume of timber used in house construction and furniture is low. In project villages, timber is only used to produce the windows and doors of the houses, and most villagers prefer to buy furniture rather than produce by themselves. When asked what is the favorite timber on house construction and furniture production, we got an overwhelming answer fir. Most people know the application procedures of self-consumption timber in project villages, they are: villagers submit an application to the committee of natural village, then the application would be submitted to the party secretary of administrative village if over half of the villagers of natural village agree and sign their name on the application. Subsequently, the agreed application by the party secretary will be submitted to the forestry station of township for final decision.
4. 5 NTFPs Management in Project Villages

Generally speaking, there is sound management system on NTFPs exists in project villages. Or, we ought to say this is mainly because of the villagers' self-awareness and their own capabilities as a resident who lives in the natural forest protection area and beside the natural reserve. There is no proclaimed in writing which says allow or prohibit to collect wild products or firewood in collective or state forests, natural reserve or other people's forests, and collection of NTFPs such as wild mushrooms, 100
wild vegetables, wild medicinal plants, and small firewood are allowed if only you do not destroy the trees or vegetations, however, almost all the villagers only collect such products including firewood mentioned above in their own forests. The unique specific example only appears in some natural villages of Shangdong, where some forests of villagers were allocated into the Taoyuandong Natural Reserve, and they can only look for firewood in their own forests but entitled as Natural Reserve.
4.5 Main Issues Raised by Villagers

In this section, we summarized the main issues raised by villagers during the field survey as following: Most Villagers especially those live in the natural villages far away from road think the main constraints in selling bamboo is the inconvenient transportation. There is no road which can open to traffic both between the natural villages to bamboo forests and the villages to the main road. Normally, they have to spend more than two hours to carry a bamboo from the bamboo forests to the main road, some even have to spend 4 hours to do it. That means villagers can only carry 4 to 5 bamboos per day and sell them to the traders who come to the main road to purchase bamboo. That is also the same problem exists in selling bamboo shoot. They hope a road which a small truck can drive on it can be built between the main road the center area of each natural villages. Almost, all the villagers think the price of spring bamboo shoot is too low (the highest price was 1 RMB per kg, and the lowest was only 0.4 RMB per kg during the whole harvesting time), and they think what they got from the traders was a unreasonable price since the various traders with different backgrounds reached a arrangement to a certain extent on the purchasing price, and the farmers have no bargaining power. There is coming a new government policy, namely, all the bamboo processing factories whose investment is lower than 2 million RMB have to be closed in order to improve the total processing environment, standardize the processing procedures and establish famous enterprises. However, the villagers think this conduct would bring a negative impact on the price of bamboo as the situation of bamboo shoot in previous years, namely, few big enterprises control the market and market price, thus, the price of bamboo will come down, if all the small processing factories be closed. And, the villagers consider the small processing factories play a role in providing work opportunity to farmers as well. With the enforcement of a strict logging ban in project villages, most villagers lost their rights to sell timber even small-diameter timber, which was a significant income source (some household could get 3000 RMB from selling timber annually before). Therefore, villagers can only rely on sale of bamboo and bamboo shoot currently. They think the government should give them some allowance such as 150 RMB per month or something like it since they contribute to the environment protection under the situation of reduction of their income.
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In terms of technology, the villagers are facing low survival rate on bamboo and low output on bamboo shoot (normally,100 kg per mu annually), and lack money to purchase fertilizer, they hope can get some support in these aspects.
5 Conclusions and Recommendations

5.1 Conclusions
The expected goals as showed in introduction chapter were met, moreover, some deep problems were explored. In terms of conservation, the resources of used NTFPs were well protected, and the approaches on NTFPs use are based on a sustainable level. The self-consumption and sale volume, market price of NTFPs, especially bamboo, bamboo shoot and firewood are different between the natural villages near and far away from road. Normally, the natural villages near the road use less firewood and get a higher price from selling their products than the natural villages far away from the road. The enforcement of logging ban has a significant impact on households' economy, and bamboo and bamboo shoot are playing and will play the most important role in farmers' income in a long-term.Therefore, the bamboo resource has to be well protected and raised market issues have to be solved.
5.2
Recommendations
Build some simple roads which a small truck can be drived on between the main road and the center areas of the remote natural villages to transport their bamboo. Establish some farmer associations to market their bamboo shoot, and to empower them bargaining capacity. The government conduct to close all the small bamboo processing factories should be considered more carefully, and take the possible negative impacts and farmers' livelihood into account. The implementation of Logging Ban should base on practical situation, namely, some small-diameter timbers ought to be allowed to log with a reasonable annual volume.
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ANNEX 4
Bamboo Forest Management Plan for Ceyuan Township in Yanling County (Draft)
Dr. Lou Yiping, International Network for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing
Table of contents: 1. Background 2. Methodologies on developing the management plan of bamboo forest resource in Ceyuan Township 3. Results of survey on bamboo resource and its management in Ceyuan Township 4. Recommendations regarding management of bamboo resource in Ceyuan Township 5. Models and management plan for bamboo forest management in Ceyuan Township Annex 1: An example on Survey Result and Proposed Management Plan For the Demonstrative Householder (Zhou Qiubo) in Daowo Village of Ceyuan Township
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1. Background Bamboo is a multi-use woody resource that is widely used in construction, pulping, plywood, handicrafts, and a diverse range of subsistence applications. Due to cultural and environmental reasons, bamboo farming is commonly practiced in rural areas, where it also serves to protect the land and prevent soil erosion. Research and experience show that not only farmers can generate good income from wellmanaged bamboo forests but also the forests perform very well in land-uses for high rainfall catchment areas since they are perennially green and have a continuous canopy cover, as well as selection cutting system used in harvesting. Also, as a fastest growing and high productivity plants in the world, bamboo provides an optimum solution to protect natural forest by substituting wood products and providing optional practices of land uses. The project area, Yanling county of Hunan province, is rich in bamboo resources with 19,000 ha. of bamboo. The average occupation of bamboo per capita is about 0.17 ha., which ranks first in the country. A great potential exists in the area through bamboo development to generate income for local farmers and protect natural forests in the project areas and adjacent areas. Ceyuan Township is one of the two townships which are rich in bamboo resource. In past ten years, the Yanling local government has been doing a lot of efforts on giving financial and policy supports in developing the local bamboo-based industry for poor communities and rehabilitating the environment by returning agricultural land to bamboo forests (conversion programme). Some significant progresses have been made both on development of bamboo industry and on protection of the environment in the region. However, according to the initial observation and survey during the design of the project activities, both the local authorities and NFMP officers realized that some limitations and defects are still existing in the work of bamboo development and environmental rehabilitation, for example, the local people lack of the advanced knowledge and techniques on sustainable bamboo management, the processing is in poor condition and technology, and the capacity of local farmers to access market is very poor, especially, local people lack of essential participation in all activities. It was also realized that the institution and peoples capacity on using the advanced information and technologies is weak in the region because of lacking of information and training. To improve the bamboo management in a sustainable way, a fundamental management plan will be essential to sustainably manage the bamboo resource in the project areas. The experience and lessons learned from the practices in the project area also could serve other areas with rich bamboo resource but lacking sustainable practices on bamboo management. For these reasons, the NFMP has been closely working with rural communities to design and implement project activities on bamboo management for selected demonstrative project villages in Ceyuan and Shidu Townships to demonstrate packages of bamboo technologies on sustainable forest management and protection
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through community-based bamboo development, optional land uses and other means. Based on the field survey by the consultant on pre-design phase (actual situation analysis / mini-feasibility study / baseline date collection and analysis), followed by design phase (full development of project proposal for implementation), and piloting phase (implementation of the project for demonstration), a package of management plan for bamboo resource for the townships have developed and implemented. The management plan of bamboo forest management for Ceyuan Township is summarized in the report. Further implementation and dissemination phase (development and implementation of outreach and extension program and project) will be followed up afterwards. The ultimate target of the activities is to develop community-based sustainable and integrated utilization of village bamboo resource model (production processing marketing), bamboo for land use options, and the management strategies for implementation of sustainable bamboo management.
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2. Methodologies on developing the management plans of bamboo forest resource in Ceyuan Township Before the field survey, the information on forestry and bamboo sections of Yanling County was reviewed. A overall field survey has been done on current situation of bamboo resource management and cultivation, bamboo products and processing, and economy and marketing of bamboo products in 10 project villages in Ceyuan Townships and Shidu Townships and two leading processing enterprises for edible bamboo shoots and flooring products in Yanling Town. Based on the main findings and conclusions from the preliminary survey, a detailed survey work was followed up among 51 selected demonstrative householders in Ceyuan and Shidu Township. With strong assistance from local project staff and two contracted volunteers Ms. Li Yanxia and Mr. Da Zhixiang, the STE made following activities and achievements in this 2nd mission: 1. Twenty nine householders in Qingshigang Village were selected as demonstration householders for Shidu Township. The 29 householders own about 2,265 mu bamboo forests and represents all types of bamboo forest in the village. Assisted by two contracted volunteers, 144 mu (about 10 hectares) of bamboo forest out of their owned 2,265 mu bamboo forest were selected for implemenation of high-yielding technologies in which 20 monitoring sampling plots (each in 400 square meters) were set up for survey and monitoring on bamboo productivity. The detailed baseline information on bamboo growth, soil conditions, mixed trees and underground vegetations were surveyed and recorded as a basis to make a specific management plan for each demonstrative householder in the village. A specific detailed technical management plan with a timetable for technology implementation for each demonstrative householder in the villages were developed based on the information from the field survey, and a sample recommended workplan is attached as Annex 1 for householder Mr. Zhou Qiubo in Daowo Village, Shangdong, Ceyuan Township. The recommended workplan has been provided to each demonstrative farmers for implementation together with a contract to Yanling PMO on detailed agreement on technical, demonstration and final responsibilities. 2. About 25 householders were selected in Shangdong Village as demonstration householders for Ceyuan Township. The demonstration sites and monitoring plots, as well as to survey the 25 demonstrative householders and their forests as a baseline for technology demonstration in Shangdong Village of Ceyuan Township tentatively from 25th Dec. 2006 to 15th Jan. 2007 after they complete the survey work in Qingshigang Village of Shidu Township were set up. The baseline information on bamboo growth, soil conditions, mixed trees and underground vegetations will be surveyed and recorded as a basis for recommending specific management plan for each demonstrative
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householder in the village. The workplan be developed and be reported by the STE in next mission report and the volunteers reports. 3. Because of farmers extremely high participatory enthusiasm to be involved the high-yielding demonstration project, the number of demonstrative householders have expanded from planned 20 to about 60 householders while the total demonstration area is kept same in 20 hectares as planned, as advised by the CD Coordinator Dr. Zhang Junzuo. The expansion in number will greatly benefit the technology demonstration to a larger audience, which is definitely a favorite result for upscaling the project impact. 4. All selected farmers were involved in selection of the demonstration sites and setting up of sampling plots in their bamboo forests lands. 5. All householders were involved and trained on bamboo yield survey, marking and recording. A basic training has been implementing for their selfmonitoring system for sustainable management of community bamboo forests, which provides a basis to survey their bamboo production by themselves in the future.
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3. Results of survey on bamboo resource and its management in Ceyuan Township 3.1 General information about bamboo resource and production in Yanling 3.1.1 Rich in bamboo resources The survey shows that, in general, Yanling County is very rich in bamboo resources with mainly about 19,000 ha. moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubecense) and some other bamboo species such as Phylllostachys irridences, which is mainly growing the two selected project townships Ceyuan and Shitu where 10 villages were selected as the project villages. The current situation of bamboo resources and its management is summarized as the following: 1. The county is rich in bamboo resource, in particular on moso bamboo, with 0.13 ha. per farmer averagely, which ranks first in China. Meanwhile, it is also rich in labor supply with a relative low labor cost. Both of the facts are the comparable advantages to develop bamboo industry for income generation and forest protection in the areas. The local farmers are rich in indigeous knowledge of bamboo resources and its management, but, lack of modern advanced cultivation and sustainable management technologies on bamboo resources. Bamboo resources in Yanling are extensively managed and the overall productivity of bamboo resources is remained at middle-low level, in which the average DBH (diameter at breast height) is about 8-9 cm (the average DBH for a high-yielding moso bamboo stand should be over 10 cm) and current yearly average productivity is about 11 tons per ha., comparing to high-yielding stand in more than 20 tons per ha. It means that there is a big potential in raising the productivity of bamboo stand in the county, by which farmers can generate more income from selling bamboo shoots and culms. Raw bamboo shoots and culms are the major income for farmers from their bamboo forest. To raise unit productivity of shoots and culms is the main means for farmer to get more income.
2.
3.
4.
3.1.2 Singleness of bamboo resource and products in Yanling County There are about 1,200 bamboo species in the world and more than 50 species in China are of high commercial values in tropical and subtropical regions. In Yanling, however, moso bamboo is the dominant species and no significant commercial value and market for other bamboo species, in particular there is no tropical bamboo species in Yanling, which are growing in the project regions in Hanan Province. On other hand, the bamboo resources in Yanling project regions are mostly growing in natural secondary bamboo forests, instead of from plantation. As a result, there is no significant practice in Yanling on bamboo plantations for optimum optional land use to substitute crops with very low commercial values now. As a fact, because bamboo is a fastest renewable and most versatile plant in the world, there are many 108
successful cases in the world to show bamboo is one of best options to replace other low value crops such as mango and tobacco for optional land uses. As we know, there is a big need to replace the low commercial value mango plantations by valuable new crops in the project area of Hainan Province. However, the singleness of bamboo resources and industry in Yanling can not provide an opportunity to demonstrate a model on optional land uses for bamboo to replace other low value crops.
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4. Recommendations regarding management of bamboo resource in Ceyuan In terms of the situation of bamboo resources, processing and marketing in Yanling county mentioned above, the recommendations on technical options to establish a demonstration model on improvement of bamboo management as the following: 1. To popularize the advanced technologies on sustainable bamboo cultivation and management by disseminating a practicable and understandable manual for farmers on Bamboo Cultivation and Sustainable Management in the project areas. 2. To conduct two training workshops on practicable technologies for farmers on bamboo cultivation and sustainable management in Ceyuan Township and Shidu Township to disseminating the technologies. 3. To establish two demonstrational high-yielding bamboo sites, each in 5-10 ha. in Ceyuan Township and Shidu Township respectively, to physically demonstrate the implementation of the technology to the farmers in 10 project villages, to lead the farmers to use the advanced technologies in their own management practices.
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5. Models and management plan for bamboo forest management Based on the survey to survey results, the bamboo forests are divided into four forest models in terms of their composition of stands: Model 1: Pure moso bamboo forest (Phyllostachys pubescence); Model 2: Bamboo forest mixed with broad-leaf trees Model 3: Bamboo forest mixed with coniferous trees Model 4: Bamboo forest mixed with broad-leaf and coniferous trees The mixture ratio is calculated as the formulae below: Mixture Ratio (MR) (%) = Area sum of mixed trees/area sum of all bamboo and trees in the plot x 100 If the MR is less than 5%, the forest is considered as pure bamboo forest. And if MR is higher than 5% , the forests are considered as mixture forest with bamboo. In terms of different mixture tree species, the forests are characterized as model 2, 3 and 4 as mentioned above. 1. Model 1 Pure moso bamboo forest The ten householders out of the 20 selected demonstrative householders in Ceyuan township own the pure moso bamboo forest which are categorized in this type show in table 1. Table 1 Householders with Pure Mose Bamboo Forest Householder (Shangdong village, Ceyuan) Density of standing bamboo culms/mu 159 173 138 202 128 Description of this kind of forest: Density of standing bamboo culms/mu 133 312 142 135 133
Householder
Recommended management plan 1. Adjustment of stand composition 111
Adjust the irrational bamboo composition and structure. It is recommended to harvest all bamboo culms growing before 1999 during the winter of 2007.
To increase or maintain the bamboo density from current from current density up to about 250 culms/mu within two three years to the reasonable level. It is recommended that all shoots in the spring 2006 should be remained for growing into bamboo except the dyingback shoots. 2. Soil management 2 3 Because most of sites are on steep (average 34-36 degrees) slopes and also the soil is not tight and solid, it is recommended that not take overall soil loosing practices. Fertilizing: Current fertility of soil in general is fine for the forest. To increase productivity, it is recommended to apply 50 kg composite fertilizer in a special way to apply the fertilizer into/through harvested hollow stumps to avoid to apply fertilizer directly into soil which will cause poisoning soil, nutrient losing, polluting runoff water. The fertilizer will be applied in May 2007 and September 2008, which must be guided and monitored by the technical staff from local PMO according to the specific management plan for each demonstrative householder without any exception. 3. Management on the mixed trees: Currently, few mixed trees are growing in the stands. It is recommended that natural growing of any young broadleaf trees should be encouraged and maintained. 4. Management to the underground vegetation: It is recommended to the wedding should be done in June and July. 5. Shoot harvesting i. Recommended to properly harvest winter shoots. ii. Recommended only to harvest dying-back shoots and keep all living shoots to growing into bamboos 6. New culm cultivation: It is recommended that to raise bamboo culms as many as possible in next 3 year to promote the bamboo density reaches to about 200-250 culms/mu. 7. Bamboo poles harvesting: It is strongly recommended that bamboo harvesting only take place in winter seasons of on-year, never before and after shooting seasons.
2. Model 2: Bamboo forest mixed with broad-leaf trees The householders with this kind of bamboo forest are listed in table 2. 112
Table 2 Householders in Model 2 Village Shangdong Description of this kind of forest: 10% Management plan for the model: 1. Adjustment of stand composition It is recommended to harvest all bamboo culms growing before 1999 during the winter of 2007. For the less dense forests, no harvesting in winter of 2007. To increase or maintain the bamboo density from current from current density up to about 250 culms/mu within two three years to the reasonable level. It is recommended that all shoots in the spring 2006 should be remained for growing into bamboo except the dying-back shoots. 2. Soil management Because most of sites are on steep slopes and also the soil is not tight and solid, it is recommended that not take overall soil loosing practices. Fertilizing: Current fertility of soil in general is fine for the forest. To increase productivity, it is recommended to apply 40 kg composite fertilizer in a special way to apply the fertilizer into/through harvested hollow stumps to avoid to apply fertilizer directly into soil which will cause poisoning soil, nutrient losing, polluting runoff water. The fertilizer will be applied in May 2007 and September 2008, which must be guided and monitored by the technical staff from local PMO according to the specific management plan for each demonstrative householder without any exception. 3. Management on the mixed trees Maintain and encourage to grow young bread-leaf trees Only cut very big, old and dominant trees. 4. Management to the underground vegetation: It is recommended to the wedding should be done in June and July. 5. Shoot harvesting i. Recommended to properly harvest winter shoots. 113 Householder Density of standing bamboo culms/mu 170 220 Mixture Ratio (MR) % 32.2% 10.6%
ii. Recommended only to harvest dying-back shoots and keep all living shoots to growing into bamboos 6. New culm cultivation: It is recommended that to raise bamboo culms as many as possible in next 3 year to promote the bamboo density reaches to about 200-250 culms/mu. 7. Bamboo poles harvesting: It is strongly recommended that bamboo harvesting only take place in winter seasons of on-year, never before and after shooting seasons.
Model 3: Bamboo forest mixed with coniferous trees The householders with this kind of bamboo forest are listed in table 3. Table 3 Householders in Model 3 Village Householder Density of standing bamboo culms/mu 133 118 120 Shangdong 118 83 168 125 Description of this kind of forest: Mixture Ratio (MR) % 10.3 39.7 8.0 17.8% 32.5% 28.2% 25.2%
Management plan for the model: 1. Adjustment of stand composition It is recommended to harvest all bamboo culms growing before 1999 during the winter of 2007. To increase or maintain the bamboo density from current from current density up to about 250 culms/mu within two three years to the reasonable level. It
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is recommended that all shoots in the spring 2006 should be remained for growing into bamboo except the dying-back shoots. 2. Soil management Because most of sites are on steep slopes and also the soil is not tight and solid, it is recommended that not take overall soil loosing practices. Fertilizing: Current fertility of soil in general is fine for the forest. To increase productivity, it is recommended to apply 40 kg composite fertilizer in a special way to apply the fertilizer into/through harvested hollow stumps to avoid to apply fertilizer directly into soil which will cause poisoning soil, nutrient losing, polluting runoff water. The fertilizer will be applied in May 2007 and September 2008, which must be guided and monitored by the technical staff from local PMO according to the specific management plan for each demonstrative householder without any exception. 3. Management on the mixed trees: Maintain most of coniferous trees, only cut big and dominant trees. Encourage to regenerate broad-leaf trees. 4. Management to the underground vegetation: It is recommended to the wedding should be done in June and July. 5. Shoot harvesting i. Recommended to properly harvest winter shoots. ii. Recommended only to harvest dying-back shoots and keep all living shoots to growing into bamboos 6. New culm cultivation: It is recommended that to raise bamboo culms as many as possible in next 3 year to promote the bamboo density reaches to about 200-250 culms/mu. 7. Bamboo poles harvesting: It is strongly recommended that bamboo harvesting only take place in winter seasons of on-year, never before and after shooting seasons.
4. Model 4: Bamboo forest mixed with broad-leaf and coniferous trees The householders with this kind of bamboo forest are listed in table 4. Table 4 Householders in Model 4 Village Shangdong Density of standing Householder bamboo culms/mu 137 Mixture Ratio (broad-leaf trees) 6.8% Mixture Ratio (coniferous trees) 24.1% 115
Description of this kind of forest:
Management plan for the model: 1. Adjustment of stand composition Adjust the irrational bamboo composition and structure. It is recommended to harvest all bamboo culms growing before 1999 during the winter of 2007. To increase or maintain the bamboo density from current from current density up to about 250 culms/mu within two three years to the reasonable level. It is recommended that all shoots in the spring 2006 should be remained for growing into bamboo except the dying-back shoots. 2. Soil management Because most of sites are on steep slopes and also the soil is not tight and solid, it is recommended that not take overall soil loosing practices. Fertilizing: Current fertility of soil in general is fine for the forest. To increase productivity, it is recommended to apply 40 kg composite fertilizer in a special way to apply the fertilizer into/through harvested hollow stumps to avoid to apply fertilizer directly into soil which will cause poisoning soil, nutrient losing, polluting runoff water. The fertilizer will be applied in May 2007 and September 2008, which must be guided and monitored by the technical staff from local PMO according to the specific management plan for each demonstrative householder without any exception. 3. Management on the mixed trees: Harvest most of big and dominant coniferous trees. Maintain most of broad-leaf trees Encourage to regenerate broad-leaf trees. 4. Management to the underground vegetation: It is recommended to the wedding should be done in June and July. 5. Shoot harvesting i. Recommended to properly harvest winter shoots. ii. Recommended only to harvest dying-back shoots and keep all living shoots to growing into bamboos 6. New culm cultivation: It is recommended that to raise bamboo culms as many as possible in next 3 year to promote the bamboo density reaches to about 200-250 culms/mu.
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7. Bamboo poles harvesting: It is strongly recommended that bamboo harvesting only take place in winter seasons of on-year, never before and after shooting seasons.
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Annex 1: An example on Survey Result and Proposed Management Plan For the Demonstrative Householder in Yanling
Thematic Demonstration Project on Bamboo Management NFMP Survey Result and Proposed Management Plan for Demonstrative Householder on Sustainable Bamboo Forest Management in Yanling No. of Demonstrative Householder: 30 Socio-economic and bamboo resource and management survey results of the demonstrative householder Nam e Zhou Qiubo Locatio n Daowo Natural Village, Shangdong Village, Ceyuan Township
No. of survey & monitoring plot Total bamboo
Area of survey 20x20 Square & meters monitori ng plot Type of Pure bamboo bamboo forest
Altitude
1050-1100 m
20 mu
Direction/posi North/Middle/350 tion/ lope/
Managemen Bamboos are aging with severe irrational structure and composition of t conditions standing culms. Wedding in summer 2006. No soil loosing and of bamboo fertilizing practice. forests Soil and ground vegetation Vegetation, litter and rock Mixed trees Mixed shrubs Poor in understory vegetation. Few litter. Rocky, about 50% of soil surface covered with rocks.
A few Chinese fir trees (Cunninnghamia lanceolata) mixed No well developed understory shrubs
1. Survey result of bamboo stands Sampling area: 400 m2 in a fixed plot
05
03
01
99
97
Total
Type of Stand 118
The number of culms Average DBH Annual Yield (Kg)
15 9.63 321.6 4
24 8.96 434.0 5
22 9.20 423.4 9
31 8.60 509.0 4
14 8.86 246.5 4
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1934. 76
Pure moso bamboo stand
The survey data and analysis in table above shows that the forest is not well harvested on time, resulting in aging of the stand and irrational composition of bamboos, consequently, the productivity significantly declined from 2003 to 2005 by 40% in the number of new culms and by 26% in annual yield. 2. Soil conditions: Steep slope of the site. 2. Very rocky, with over 50% coverage of stones. 3. Understory poorly development 2 Recommendations on bamboo forests to the demonstrative householder 1. Timetable for management practice implementation moth Practice Wedding Soil loosing in belts Fertilizing in hollow stumps Winder shoot harvesting Spring shoots harvesting Bamboo harvesting Tech. Training X X X X X 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 X X 9-10 1112 Illustration In June and July Depth more than 30 cm Applied in May 2007 and November 2008. 25kg/mu per time X Properly, not over harvesting Only harvesting dyingback shoots Harvest all culms occurring before 1999 Mainly on fertilizing and harvesting technologies
2. Detailed illustration of management plan 1 Adjustment of stand composition i. Adjust the irrational bamboo composition and structure. It is recommended to harvesting all bamboo culms occurring before 1999 by end of 2007. 119
ii. To increase the bamboo density from current 159 culms/mu to about 200 culms/mu with two three years to the reasonable level. It is recommended that all shoots in the spring 2006 should be remained for growing into bamboo except the dying-back shoots. 2 Soil management i. Because of rocky sites, steep (average 34-36 degrees) and also the soil is not tight and solid, it is recommended that not take overall soil loosing practices. ii. Fertilizing: Current fertility of soil is fine for the forest. To increase productivity, it is strongly recommended to apply 25 kg composite fertilizer in a special way to apply the fertilizer into/through harvested hollow stumps to avoid to apply fertilizer directly into soil which will cause poisoning soil, nutrient losing, polluting runoff water. The fertilizer will be applied in May 2007 and September 2008, which must be guided and monitored by the technical staff from local PMO without any exception. 3 Management on the mixed trees: Currently, only a few Chinese firs are growing in the stands. It is recommended that natural growing of any young broadleaf trees should be encouraged. 4 Management to the underground vegetation: It is recommended to the wedding should be done in June and July. 5 Shoot harvesting i. Recommended to properly harvest winter shoots. ii. Recommended only to harvest dying-back shoots and keep all living shoots to growing into bamboos 6 New culm cultivation: It is recommended that to raise bamboo culms as many as possible in next 3 year to promote the bamboo density reaches to about 200250 culms/mu. 7 Bamboo poles harvesting: It is strongly recommended that bamboo harvesting only take place in winter seasons, never before and after shooting seasons.
3 Budget per item
investment Practice
Area mu
EU Project EU Project Unit Investment Investment yuan yuan/m
Farmer labor unit investment 35 yuan/labor
Farmer labor investment yuan
Total
120
day/mu Wedding Soil loosing in belts Fertilizing in hollow stumps Winder shoot harvesting Spring shoots harvesting Bamboo harvesting Wedding Total 200 2000 140 1400 3400 10 35 105 60 350 1050 600 35 1 labor day 70 2 labor days 35 1 labor day 350 700 350 700 1750 950
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Annex 5: Information on silvicultural demonstration plots and selection of

Future Crop Trees (Excerpts from Draft Technical Report on Design and Establishment of Demonstrations for Close-to-Nature Silvicultural Model Development By: Dr. Hannsjrg Wll - Example Xiao Xing - 18
In Xiao Xing Treatment Models for natural Dry Mixed Pinus tabulaeformis / Abies faxoniana / Betula platyphylla forest mainly in pole to pre-mature development stages will focus on: o Classical liberation of FCTs by selective crown thinning in the upper canopy however, still in low to medium sized diameter ranges; o Promotion of a mixed species canopy closure by favouring the liberation of broadleaf FCTs; o Tending of sometimes very dense pole stands by the selection and liberation of an adequate number of FCTs in those patches.
Xiao Xing Township (Pingan village, SFE area, Plot1: Dry Mixed Pinus tabulaeformis / Abies faxoniana / Betula platyphylla forest The forest stand stocking on the established moderate steep to steep 1 ha plot is regarded to be representative for Dry Mixed Pinus tabulaeformis / Abies faxoniana / Betula platyphylla forest of the region mainly in pole to pre-mature development stages. The analysis of the tree species composition of the plot reveals that the dominant species of the natural stand are: o Pinus tabulaeformis, Abies recurvata (still to be verified), Betula platyphylla followed by Larix potanini and Picea asperata. Also present in the diameter range above 10cm d are Quercus sp., Populus simonii and Salix sp. o Absolute abundance (stem number of a given species per ha) is highest for Abies recurvata (N = 228/ha) followed by Pinus tabulaeformis (N = 208/ha), Betula platyphylla (N = 63/ha), Larix potanini (N = 24/ha), Picea asperata (N = 23/ha), Quercus sp. (N = 14/ha), Populus simonii (N = 8/ha), Salix sp. (N = 2/ha) and Abies fabri (N = 1/ha). o Absolute dominance (here expressed as sum of the stem basal areas of a species) shows the ranking Pinus tabulaeformis (BA = 8.27 m2/ha) followed by Abies recurvata (BA = 3.81 m2/ha), Betula platyphylla (BA = 1.22 m2/ha), Larix potanini (BA = 0.29 m2/ha), Picea asperata (BA = 0.25 m2/ha), Quercus sp.(BA = 0.20 m2/ha), Populus simonii (BA = 0.10 m2/ha), and Salix sp. (BA = 0.03/ha) and Abies fabri (BA = 0.01/ha) with very low values. The stand and stock table of the untreated demonstration stand displays after presumably nearly clear cutting around 30-40 years ago and after improvement cuttings of Betula and Quercus around 10-15
18
Dr. Hannsjrg Wll ; Draft Final Report on: Silvicultural Strategy Models and Application for Demonstration Sites; July 2007
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years ago the following number of trees (N = 571/ha), basal area (BA = 14.19 m2/ha,) and volume (VT = 103.53 m3/ha). The below diameter frequency curve of the sample plot displays an ideal structure for crown thinning providing a high number of vigorous trees in low to medium diameter ranges from where well formed FCTs highly responsive to liberation can be selected. Natural regeneration is throughout the plot excellent despite some big canopy gaps. Sometimes very dense pole stands are stocking in need of tending, which can be provided by the selection and liberation of an adequate number of FCTs in those patches.
Fig. 2: Diameter frequency curve of the 1ha silvicultural demonstration plot 1 ha, Xiao Xing Township, Pingan Village, SFE site, Plot N 1 (2007)
The selected FCTs mainly in small to medium diameter classes amounted to 112 trees/ha (see below Tab. 2).
DBH Class FCTs cm N 10-20 78 20-30 24 30-40 10 40-50 50-60 >60 Total 112 Tab. 2: Diameter frequency of the FCTs of the 1ha silvicultural demonstration plot in Songpan, Xiao Xing Township, Pingan Village, SFE site, Plot N 1 (2007)
The number of competitors to be cut to provide sufficient light and growing space for the selected FCTs amounts to N = 57 trees/ha with a BA = 1,2 m2/ha and a V = 6.7 m3/ha. It is still to be estimated if the intermediate yields of around 6.7 m3/ha will cover the actual treatment cost. This could be the case since the plot is adjacent to the road. A developed simplified growth scenario based on assumptions demonstrates the number of trees which will have reached certain diameter limits after 5 x 10 years periods. The scenario displays that, if for example diameter cutting limits are set above 60 cm D, in 30 years around 7 target trees/ha and in 40 years up to 30 target trees/ha will have reached the ceiling for selective cutting. If the diameter cutting limits are set above 50 cm D, in 20 years around 18 trees/ha and in 30 years around 40 trees/ha will have reached the ceiling for selective cutting and so forth. A Cost-Benefit Analysis based on the mentioned simplified growth scenario, on cost estimates for silvicultural treatments and farm gate log
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prices will be carried out later and be included in the comprehensive final technical report to be delivered towards end of July 2007 (see also Activity V).
Treatment Design: The Future Crop Tree (FCT) Concept 19 The FCT concept is of key relevance within the frame of close-to-nature silvicultural model approaches (see section 1.2) and is based on the following principles: - from logged forest the best or most promising trees of valuable species are selected as future crop trees (FCT), - the strict liberation of selected FCTs from competition for light and growing space with trees of lesser value will permit these FCTs to grow at their maximum rate, yielding their next harvest at as short a time as possible; - a higher percentage of the potential increment of the stand will be concentrated on these selected and treated FCTs.
Fig. 2.6. Crown of a Broadleaf FCT before and after Liberation (from Woell et al., 1985)
Characteristics of FCTs to be selected FCTs shall: be a preferred species known to grow to timber size; this depends largely on the forest target type, its growing stock-target and the actually stocking tree species. be in a the diameter range of 10-30 (40) cm d; In the near neighbourhood or even underneath the crown of a valuable good quality tree above 40 cm d no FCT should be selected with regard to the interference during the next harvest; be complete in form; a selected tree should have a well developed crown. Neither the stem of larger trees nor the growing point of small trees should be dead or broken. contain or look like as if it will contain in future at least one length of straight stem of 4 m; a slightly bent trunk of a young tree is usually not a serious defect and may straighten out as the tree grows older; not lean more than 20 from the vertical; be stable and in a vigorous condition; the tree should be well fixed in the ground by its root system and have no major stem injuries and rot. be more or less regular distributed. In case of lack of FCTs caused by irregular distribution a group of 2 to 3 FCTs stocking close together may be considered
19
Dr. HANNSJOERG WOELL; DRAFT TECHNICAL REPORT: A Manual on Design and Establishment of Demonstrations for Close-to-Nature Silvicultural Model Development in Selected Provinces of China; August, 2007
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as silvicultural unit growing adjacent to a wide gap thus receiving sufficient light and growing space (see also Annexe 2). Number of FCTs to be liberated per ha In selecting FCTs one should not attempt to reach a fixed number per ha but should be guided by silvicultural needs only (see above): - as a practical guideline it is suggested, if the majority of the selected trees ranges between 10-20 (30) cm d, to reach approximately 60-100 FCTs per ha in the various broadleaf forests (Woell et al., 1985; Weinfurter, 2004) and possibly reach up to 300 FCTs in pure coniferous forest stands (Weinfurter, 2004). The number of FCTs in mixed broadleaf-coniferous forest ranges in between these numbers depending on the mixture ratio and the mixture distribution of the stands; - a (subtropical and tropical) broadleaf forest area is considered adequately stocked for liberation thinning if at least 40 FCTs per ha in the upper diameter range near to 20-30 cm d will be available (Weidelt et al., 1982; Woell et al., 1985). Areas stocked with less than 40 FCTs per ha are not recommended for selective thinning since it would be too costly to spot and liberate the FCTs. The resulting extra gain in increment will presumably not cover the cost put into the silvicultural treatments (see section 2.24). Distance between FCTs - In broadleaf forest the average distance of the selected FCTs ranges between 10-12m. - In pure coniferous forest the average distance of the selected FCTs is around 6-7 m. - In mixed broadleaf-conifer forest the average distances vary in between the above spacing depending on the already mentioned mixture ratio and mixture distribution of the stands.
Number of FCT/ ha up to 300 60 100 120- 200 Distance of FCT ~ 6 -7 m ~ 10 -12 m ~ 6 -12 (variable)
Forest Type Coniferous Forest Broadleaf Forest Mixed Forest
Tab.2.5. Approximate Number and Distance of FCTs
The above mentioned numbers and distances of FCTs in Tab. 2.5. correspond well with the findings of the established demonstration plots in major forest types where the selection of FCTs took place according to site specific silvicultural needs (see section 2.21). Need of Treatment for FCTs It is proposed that if more than 25% of the FCTs suffer from overhead and lateral crown and - mainly in tropical stands - from climber competition, selective crown thinning and climber cutting should be carried out. During establishment of 5 silvicultural demonstration plots experience has shown that these 25% are not a hypothetical figure for decision making weather or not to 125
carry out liberation thinning. Only 2 selected demonstration sites qualified for liberation thinning even if on all plots the number of selected FCTs was still fairly high and adequate. 3 plots did not qualify for selective crown thinning since the villagers applied already their treatments (cutting of poles for construction and firewood) thus reducing lateral competition for the remaining middle and upper story canopy trees dramatically (for further details see section 2.21 and Annexe 1). Removal of FCT Competitors To allow optimal crown development for FCTs, remove all trees: - overtopping a FCT, - competing laterally with the crown of a FCT, - rubbing the stem of a FCT and cause bark damage and - cut all vines impeding the crown development and strangling the stem of the FCT. Under story trees are not considered as competitors and have in general no major importance for the growth development of the FCT. They are only removed if causing bark damage to the FCT (see above) or if it is necessary for working security during felling operations. For ecological and biodiversity reasons also by canopy tree layers dominated parts of the stand are to be maintained.
Fig. 2.7 Overview of major Liberation Steps for a FCT (adjusted from Woell et al. 1985)
Marking of FCTs and Competitors to be cut The selection and marking of FCTs is a must!! This could also be done during selective cuttings. Especially by first crown thinning the direction for long production periods is set and special care and control is obligatory. Trained, competent and motivated personnel are a prerequisite (see also chapter 3). The selected FCTs should be pre-marked with red plastic ribbons and finally marked conspicuously with 2-4 spots of bright red oil paint around the circumference of the stem at eye level (see Fig. 2.8.): - to facilitate the control of treatment works and the protection of treated stands,
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to check the performance of selected FCTs (on demonstration sites annual remeasurement not only of the FCTs but also of all other trees is foreseen, see section 2.15), - to relocate the trees more easily eventually for a second treatment, - to avoid felling and logging damages during removal of treatment yields or the next cut. Once the FCT is chosen the team leader points out the competitors to be cut and to be marked with yellow oil paint indicating also the felling direction by an arrow, -
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Annex 6: Geo-spatial Information Processing and Cartography For Strategic Forest Management Planning
By Leng,YunFa Required information and information source in strategic forest management and planning 1Required information and precision criteria Currently the tendency for forest management and planning is requiring more accurate and precise information. As strategic land use planning was finished before forest management and planning work, the related geographic elements in project area and all space-file layer 1 10000/1 50000 for forest types were established. These data layer and ouput of land use planning have become important basis for forest management and planning, this reference information include: - Present situation of forest type, function and distributionThis information was acquired through interpretation of Spot5 ( with resolution of 2.5m) satellite images in many project counties. - Administrative zoning including township, village, state owned forest farm/farm Currently, the related administrative departments enforce management of agricultural natural resource in China (land, forest, water etc.) , statistics for all government resource, production data are according to administrative units, therefore forest management and planning shall generally make this administrative zoning as reference as well. This zoing generally sources from county forestry department or county civil administration department. - the distribution for funtion area of nature reserveThe state has corresponding lawful stipulations for management of nature reserve, thus it is important restraining factor for forest productive activities. County FMB has strict definition for scope of natural reserve. - Ownership state owned /collective Different ownership shall be key considered factor for establishing strategy of forest management. For forest ownership, each county FMB also has strict definition. - Land use strategy and zoning distributionGenerally land use strategy shall be fully guided for establishment of forest management. For stricty protection zone, which definited in land use planning (e.g water source zone, steep slope zone, precious species distribution zone etc.), any productive management shall not be considered for forest management planning. Currently all project area land use planning zoning were ascertained by strategic land use planning group except Baoxing county. - Basic background information on geographic elements including river, lake, road, residential area, topography All these elements has correlative impact on forest management. This information source from state standard topography map. - Statistics on forest types or zoing areaThis area value does not include in standard statistic report of government statistic deparments, therefore, it can be merely acquired from spacial figure with certain precision. - Space informationDuring forest management and planning, spacial figure later information shall not only provide accurate geographic location of forest type, scope, topographic tendency, but also generate accurate area value of each 128
forest type. Therefore there are rather strict requirements for precision of spacefile. The above mentioned space-file can be divides into two types according to its source, they play different function in the planning: Digital standard topography map Besides providing basic geographic element information, another very important function of this data is basic map for space-file, which is used as standard for correcting geographic location of professional data and remote sensing images. Generally for specical object of township level, 1 10000 sclae shall be adopted for precision. The error between standard digital data on topography map with this scale and actural coordinates on the earth is about 3m. For specical object of county level, with 1 50000 scale, standard topographic map shall be adopted as basic map (topographic map error is within 10m). Special topic data Each special topic map describes a certain special characteristic object, such as: forest type, current situation of land use, soil type etc. Because coordinates of all special topic map layer are generated on basis of topographic map data, the coordinates error of special topic map layer is bigger than that of topographic map with the same scale. 2 Information analysis During the process of forest management and planning, analysis and operation based on above related information are needed. These analysis include: - Compare MRFI information with figure information of forest type which comes from explanation of remote sensing images and make analysis. Due to MRFI and remote sensing images judging are using different angle for study of the same forest resource by means of on ground sample plot collection and observation from the sky, both of these two methods have respective advantages and limitation, therefore, it is necessary to use attribute of sample plot in forest inventory to compare and testify accuracy of remote sensing image judging data and make necessary revision as well. - Comprehensive analysis for multi layer spacial elements information (e.g forest type, function, ownship, administrative zoing, nature reserve)Because each spacial element layer records only single attribute on the earth. For example, figure layer judged by image merely records forest type on the earth, digital administrative zoing has only administrative attribute information etc. If someone needs to acquire all characteristics and acurate area value for random land on the earth, all related data layer shall be combined to generate a new comprehensive map layer to let each land unit has its required characteristic. - Analysis on land use planned zonesIn already finished township level strategic land use planning, based on biological evaluation of local resource and according to local geographic element, taking present residents production/ living situation and current law and stipulation as reference, land management zoning is divided as: Development zone production zone with rather stable biological condition or has development condition Rehabilitation zone area where resource need regenerating and recovering Protection zone area which is the most important and sensitive on ecology Throgh participancy of local villagers, forest farm/farm representatives and related local government management personnel, management rules will be established, which shall be implemented. This zoning is an important reference for forest management and planning.
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Space statistic analysis for all elements area collect with different classification Because statistic data from the governmentcan can not meet demand of forest mangement and planning for information, former area value of forest compartment (hand drawing with eyes observation) is not so precise, therefore, through using corrected remote sensing image judging forest type with sample plot information, the generated area value through GIS area calculatioin can be more close to the real value. For area value of comprehensive information layer after combination of multi-layer elements, according to required characteristics of forest management and planning, area value can be collected by many classified types, and different forest type area, which cared by the planning shall be concluded. 3 Requirement for technical equipment As before mentioned, resource management are depending more and more on basis of information analysis, the application of GIS becomes important information acquirement and analysis tool for forest management and planning. The requirement for information dealing analysis during forest management and planning on software and hardware are: - GIS softwareDue to many reasons, the project decided to make ArcView 3.3 as geographic information system software, which is rather easy to master. This edition has been replaced by ArcView/ArcGIS 9.2 which has more functions. For a beginner, ArcView 9.2 is rather difficult. The tasks for geographic information system software include: collecting space information, space-file management, space information analysis and dealing, space statistics, planning map making. - Table value statistic softwareThe most general used and easy mastered software is Microsoft office Excel. This table software can be used as a tool for area collect of space attribute table with different classifications so as to generate calculated result. - Coumputer hardsoftStandard personal computer or laptop (EMS memory is bigger than 512MB with figure show card), which can operate GIS. One color printer is needed ( inkjet/laser A4/A3) for output of planning map, large scale planning map can be finished in special printing or ad. Co. The sample plot attribute of FRIDAP and checking analysis of image judged forest types Strictly speaking, this work shall be conducted before strategic land use planning to ensure correctness of land use planning. But due to heavy workload of inventory and field work is effected by weather or other factors, the process of inventory can not pace with space-file production. Thus the project decided to conduct strategic land use planning and standardized its procedure after completion of data system and remote sensing image judging. Once finished inventory database, attribute of forest types shall be revised, and update output of land use planning according to standard procedure (this update has little effect on overall tendency of land use planning according to former practise). Later, strategic forest management and planning work shall be carried out on basis of updated strategic land use planning. 1 Precondition for comparison analysis of FRIDAP database and space-files 1 The project components operation of EU-China NFMP is a systematic project, which has complete systematic logic design, the underlying special topic module adopts identical standard system, among which include: - identical classification standard - identical type code - identical type name 130
- identical data nominating standard As FRIDAP database and sapce-file layer have identical data standard, there exists related key field, therefore they have conjunction relationship.It is the necessary condition for any different series of data analysis. 2 There should have space distribution coordinates for inventory sample plot, and all sample plot in the space shall have only corresponding code and key field with inventory data. 2 The operation steps for checking attribute of image explained data with FRIDAP data 1 Format transform from FRIDAP database table Because forest resource inventory data system is based on Dbase Plus softaware, data format adoptes Dbase VII, while space-file management is based on ArcView software, the formate of attribute table is DbaseIV, therefore, in order to relate inventory data with attribute table of space-file layer, we must firstly transform format of inventory data table into Dbase IV. This transform can be realized through Microsoft Office Access. The operation steps are: - Start Access Please ask Ralf Ludwig to write below content, it was done by him) 2 Combination of FRIDAP database table - In each data table of space attribute table for sample plot and FRIDAP database, there exists one identical key filed_ PLOT. The name of this key field can be different, but the field type must be the same, code system shall be the same. - The collecting rule for FRIDAP data is: each sample plot has only one code to correspond with certain forest type; For each sample plot, collect and record related attribute information for 16 trees. Therefore, in FRIDAP data table, for each numbered sample plot, besides forest type attribute, there are 16 records with the same number. These 16 records correspond with different tree species, DBH etc. attributes. While in attribute table for spacial sample plot, there is only number for sample plot. Thus FRIDAP database table forms multi to one relationship with attribute table of space-file. Such corresponding relationship can not relate FRIDAP table with space attribute table. So we need combining FRIDAP data table according to only sample - plot number to generate a new forest type talbe with only sample plot number, to enable new table has only corresponding relationship with attribute table of sapce distribution sample plot. The combination of FRIDAP data table is as below graphy:
PLOT 111 111 111 code 190 190 190 269 269 269
LU_CODE 261 261 261 261 261 261 261 261 261
LU_DESCRIP Grass land Grass land Grass land Grass land Grass land Grass land Grass land Grass land Grass land
SPEC_GROUP Subtotal Broadleaf y Broadleaf Conifer Conifer m Conifer s Medicinal Chemical Other eco
PLOT 111 190 269
LU_CODE 261 261 261
LU_DESCRIP Grass land Grass land Grass land
Table with unique type
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Original FRIDAP database table: r_trevplot_002.dbf Fig 1: (1 ) Tables relation(1) Translated by Helen from Hunan FMO for Ms Lengs article 3 Join the inventory survey data with attributes table from the sampling plot spatial points Activate ArcView input spatial data from the inventory sampling data open attributes table of the sampling point ; Input the already converted into DbaseIV, get one to one corresponding inventory survey forest types Firstly, use the cursor on the key fields in the FRIDAP table, then click on the key fields of the spatial point attribute table (Note: choose in sequence ,can not be reversed ) Click table associated tool , then the data table of FRIDAP will be associated with spatial attributes table Note: it seems that the two tables have been associated into one table, however, only the logic relations has been established , still not virtually one table .
Porder 111 190 269 347 413
mrif_id 497 496 569 495 511
PLOT 111 190 269
LU_CODE 261 261 261
LU_DESCRIP Grass land Grass land Grass land
Database table with unique type code Attribute table of spatial point
PORDER 111 190 269 347 LU_CODE 261 261 261 213 LU_DESCRIP Grass land Grass land Grass land Conifer: MRIF_ID 497 496 569 495
457
534
132
413 261
Grass land
511
Spatial point attribute table Joined database table Fig 2: Tables relation (2)
Joining tools
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Fig 3
Join item
Click theme , through convert to shapefile converted to another new map-layer. The attributes of the sampling point in this new map-layer embodies the FRIDAP data attributes, the attributes of the two tables have joined practically. 4 Overlay the attributes of the inventory data to the forest types interpreted from the image In order to verify the inventory survey data with the forest types interpreted from the image, it is necessary to merge the two attributes together to compare the attributes and get the statistics of the conformity rate of the inventory sampling point layer and the image interpretation. Therefore, it can use intersect from ArcView in the Geo-processing to overlay one another. This will result in new attributes tables of the spatial point layer data which is comprised of both the associated inventory data of the sampling point layer and the entire corresponding polygon attributes tables of image interpretation
Attribute table of Point layer with Inventory attribute
LU_ID 212 582 229 610 895
LU_CL 11 211 261 211 32 262 32 262 212 211 231 261
LU_EN water dense natural forest with majority conifer tree Intersect grassland dense natural forest with majority conifer tree bare rock shrub bare rock shrub medium dense natural forest with majority conifer dense natural forest with majority conifer tree dense mixed natural forest grassland
Attribute table of Forest polygon layer
666 1125 1161 870 375 487 910
Result attribute table of new point layer

PORDER 111 190 269 347 413 457 506 561 615 664 721 LU_CODE 261 261 261 213 261 261 261 262 261 261 261 LU_DESCRIP Grass land Grass land Grass land Conifer: Grass land Grass land Grass land Bush land Grass land Grass land Grass lan LU_CL 32 262 32 222 262 261 261 261 211 262 261 LU_EN bare rock shrub bare rock medium dense natural forest with majority broad-leaf shrub grassland grassland grassland dense natural forest with majority conifer tree shrub grassland
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Fig 4
Spatial overlay of the attributes
5 Comparison analysis Because the data attributes in the shapefile are dbf files it can be opened directly in Excel this will simplify the analysis and statistics calculation, normally , only need three steps : - open and read the attribute table suffix with dbf in Excel in order to keep the integrate of the attribute table, so as to save as a new Excel table. - Sequencing sequencing the attributes in the new Excel table the forest type codes can be used as the key fields, choose polygon types as the subordinate key fields . All the records that is coherent one another in the table after sequencing will be centrally arranged. - The rate of coherent Statistics= numbers of records that are coherent one anther /total record numbers. 6 Updating the relevant data layer If the coherence rate between the inventory data and the image interpretation is lower, e.g.: < 65% amendment of attributes from the polygon should be performed with the reference of the remote sensing images and based on the inventory data - Amendments to the forest types map-layer - Upgrading the strategic land use planning: since the forest type is one of the important factor in generating the land use strategy, but not all. Normally, the amendments to forest types will not cause big changes in the general trend of the land use strategy. However, it will affect the number of acreage of forest type. The zoning acreage of the land use strategy will be altered. Since it is necessary to conduct analysis on the numerical value of the total acreage of all kinds of forest types in the forest management planning, therefore, it is essential to upgrade the zoning of land use strategy after updating the forest types map-layer and before the acreage statistics of the forest management planning. The charts of new strategic land use plans and data layers can be obtained according to the updated new forest type map-layers and to restart the land use strategy planning workflows Technical key points of information management in strategic forest management planning Since the spatial data system has already established, meanwhile the interpretation of remote sensing focusing on forest types also completed, therefore, the main tasks involving the strategic forest management planning will be the information analysis, acreage statistics as well as making the township and village planning maps. The key technologies in this data processing are: - multilayer spatial information integration - classified information query - generating the total acreage statistics by types 1 Multilayer spatial information integration 135
The basic data layers correlated to strategic forest management planning land use strategy administrative boundaries ownerships nature reserves are all individual attribute layer, there is no way to perform comprehensive analysis. Hence the overly of the entire spatial layer will be essential. The purpose of doing this is to generate a integrated attribute table, to integrate all the data correlating to strategic forest management planning concentrated in on table. It will be used for data classification and statistics. There are two main approaches used in the overlay analysis in strategic forest management planning. 1 complete Union put the two layers data overlaid one another to one layer(must be two polygon layer) , meanwhile to union the attribute table of the two spatial data layers as shown below: 2 layer 1 layer 2 layer union Attribute Table before the union
layer 1 attribute
layer 2attribute
Attribute Table afterunion sequence code the union
layer 1attribute
layer 2attribute
Fig 5 Attribute after the Union
Hands-on work are as follows Activate the Geoprocessing in ArcView choose view Geoprocessing then enter spatial data processing page choose Union two themes enter Union choose the file name of layer1 and layer 2 click Finish
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Fig 6 Doing the complete union 3 Intersect union overlay the two spatial layer data ( it could be : point+plane/line+plane/plane+plane??? to union the intersect part into one layer. Meanwhile to union the attribute tables of the intersection of the two spatial layers. It is especially necessary to union the polygon attributes with the key elements of the attribute table in the points and lines. It is a necessity to do this as it is shown in the chart below Translator note* plane/plane+plane??? does it mean : Area feature An area feature is a closed figure whose boundary encloses a homogeneous area, such as a state country soil type or lake.
Attribute Table before the union
layer 1 1
layer 2 2
layer union
layer 1 attribute 1
layer 2 attributes
Attribute Table after the union
Sequence code after u
Layer 1 attributes
layer 2 attributes
Fig 7
attributes after Intersection
Hands-on work are as follows Activate the Geoprocessing in ArcView choose view Geoprocessing then enter spatial data processing page choose Intersect two themes enter Intersect choose the file name of layer1 and layer 2 click Finish
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Fig 8 performing Intersection 2The generation of information query and the total acreage statistics tables by types After we obtained the integrated strategic forest management planning attributes data, the next step is to extract information data according to the need of strategic forest management planning ArcView is users friendly environment and the values of total acreage by types needed by the statistics can use the Office Excel 1 Query by types Identify query condition: before you put the query, you have to know the query conditions first. for example: Example 1 Broadleaf Production Forest its query conditions consists of Land use planningnon water resources zone(LUSZONE <> "P1") and the non water conservation zone LUSZONE <> "P2" Forest type is broadleaf (TYPE = "broadleaf") Example 2 Collective Production Forestits query conditions consists of Land use planningnon water resources zone (LUSZONE <> "P1") and the non water conservation zone LUSZONE <> "P2" Ownership OWNERSHIP = "collective" Forest land i.e. FOREST_TYPEwill not be a null record - building the query logic expression for GIS query is a series of logical calculation the operators acknowledged by the ArcView = equal <> unequal to > greater >= greater or equal to < less than <= less than or equal to andtwo conditions are met oreither conditions are met not no conditions are met in Arcview or choose theme _ query operation click icon properties entering the condition definition page, input query logic expressions, for example: The query logic expressions for Example 1 Broadleaf Production Forest is: [Luszone] <> "P1") and ([Luszone] <> "P2") and [TYPE] = "broadleaf" The query logic expressions for Example 2 Collective Production Forest is: [Luszone] <> "P1") and ([Luszone] <> "P2") and ([Ownership] = "collective") and ([Forest_type] <> "") Note no input error will be allowed since the system has strict identification rules. Otherwise, the system can not identify the expressions. There are rules need special attention for the expressions: bracket must be paired , the number of bracket on the lest side in the expression should be equal to that of the right side square bracket[ ]will be used to the parenthesis the field name. double question mark shall be used to bracket the character string in the expressions for example [Luszone] <> "P1" use space to separate the logical calculation symbols and other variables and symbols in the expression for example : 138
[Luszone]<> "P1")and([Luszone]<>"P2" to be accurate with the logic calculation symbols, otherwise it will produce incorrect query result if it is wrong, especially and , or could be misused sometimes Display query results after input the query logic expressions at condition definition, clickok will display the spatial distribution. click will show the attribute information that is enquired
Fig 9 conditional query Output the query results since the query results is part of the spatial attribute table, therefore, output the query results table to another new table without damage the original attribute table. the handling is as follows: activated the tables that are enquired click file to choose export choose DBASE in submenu click ok
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Fig 10 sheet output 2 Acreage statistics Use the results from the query of spatial classification to calculate the acreage statistics and generate the report table. This is the last procedure in forest management planning information processing workflow. 3 Due to the output of the query is in DBASE(.dbf)format and can be read by Microsoft Office, so the Acreage statistics and generating of the report table can do without the GIS. It will be easier to operate in Microsoft Office Excel. The steps are as follows - Identify the objective items needed by the statistics and the frame structure of the report table for example, the frame structure to generate the collective production forest acreage for each village shall look like this one BND_VG_CN village names Aixi TYPE broadleaf conifer mixed pasture broadleaf conifer mixed pasture broadleaf conifer mixed pasture broadleaf conifer mixed pasture broadleaf conifer mixed pasture conifer area ha
Aixi subtotal Beizisi
Beizisi subtotal Daerbian
Daerbian subtotal Guna
Guna subtotal Pingan
Pingan subtotal Xinfeng Xinfeng subtotal
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Xiaoxing township Total Table 1 Statistics table framework structure
Open query open query table in Excel save as Excel format since dbf format can not do the table conversion in Excel enter pivot table design page clickdatapivot table and pivot chartdata list data pivot Database compose new datasheet finish
Fig 11 creating pivot table pivot table design In the pivot table page, drag the needed data according to already designed table. the dragging order will be left side first(row statistics), then upside second(column statistics) and last sum the data items ( the acreage number )
drag AREA here village BND VG CN forest TYPE
Fig 12 generating the statistic table 141
Statistic results insert a new Excel table copy the dragged results to an new working table(the results will not be allowed to be changed after being dragged,) perfect the prefix and table a bit and you can output the result table as the following table: area ha. 9.04 183.74 13.75 177.39 383.92 5.86 278.45 54.68 214.77 553.76 broadleaf conifer mixed pasture broadleaf conifer mixed pasture broadleaf conifer mixed pasture conifer 11.45 284.01 33.45 120.90 449.80 5.40 217.02 24.59 233.35 480.36 80.03 216.77 39.02 115.99 451.81 3.28 2322.93
BND_VG_CN TYPE broadleaf Aixi conifer mixed pasture Aixi subtotal Beizisi broadleaf conifer mixed pasture
Beizisi subtotal
Daerbian
Daerbian subtotal Guna
Guna subtotal Pingan
subtotal Xinfeng Grand total
Table 2 XiaoXing Township collectively owned forest production acreage statistics The maps making process for the strategic forest management planning maps In order to better exhibit the analysis and planning results, it is easier to understand and be intuitionistic to demonstrate the theme of forest management planning if 142
patterns will be used to express the analysis conclusions. It is also to reflect the forest management prospective in qualitative, quantitative and spatial location approaches. 1. Layer design criteria You have to prepare a basic layer design scheme before making any mapping output, of which consisting of theme, spatial boundaries, scale bars, page sizes, symbol style, background information, map names and associated information. The theme should be highlighted in setting the symbols and fillings for different layers. It should follow certain rules in choosing the color and symbols: it has to not only reflect the definition of the theme and the basic thinking, but also to consider the general rules used in geographical map making (for example, water will use blue color and so on) In terms of strategic forest management planning mapping, the information for forest management is the theme of the whole map and also the forest data are the objectives of the forest management planning. Therefore the dramatic colors will be used to highlight the forest type layer for a purpose of standing out the theme in setting the symbols. The other layers are the background information to elaborate the environment, terrain and location for the planning theme. Accordingly, this background information shall be overlaid with the symbols that have pivot features. The density of background information shall not be high to avoid enshrouding the thematic symbols. 2. Map edit Step 1 defining the area click icon , open View menu choose New theme, giving frame data file .shp of spatial area for each map output by doing so to , the output target will be define the output boundaries of each mapping. click placed in the center and spatial areas can be enlarged or decreased when the output frame data layer will be in the state of activation.
Fig 13 defining the area to load the output data layers that needed. Step 2 loading data: click The data layers of forest types are the thematic data layer of the output mapping. The background information layer used to explain the theme data shall be comprised of: forest types and density, ownership, administrative boundaries, main roads, rivers, residential areas and place names. Step 3 define the Measurement unit of the mapping coordinate, click View submenu Properties under Map unit choose meters.
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Step 4 using symbols in view to edit menu as configuration legends for all data layers editing legend is detailed as follows - using legends editor double click the names of target data layers in data column or click editing tool icon legend editing menu will come out automatically. double click individual symbol legend configuration tool menu window will come out automatically. application legend editing tools using these tools to collocate appropriate colors, fillings, lines and symbols for data layers. save the legend file after collocating the symbols for each data layer, clickSave save the legend file is saved as.avl legend file. You can edit legend notation under legend editing, this is very useful for using the coding configuration symbols. This is very useful for configuring the symbols according to codes while annotating the legends by words.
if you do not want to show the legends click Hide/ Show Legend in theme - if you want to change the theme name, click theme, Properties Theme Nameyou can change the theme name as you wish for output
Fig 14 legends editor Note ArcView allows the user to set multi views you only need to click function key New the system will show a new view window and allow you to configure a new view. Each paralleled views can exists independently from one another. This is convenient for users to organize and index spatial data and output maps (for example, to generate different 144
forest management planning views according to different forest types)
Fig 15 view window setting 3. Layout Step 1 layout set up click icon entering into layout design (or click View Layout) Step 2 layout set up open File, Printer setup paper direction horizontal or vertical in printing property ,setting up paper size or choose user defined Step 3 correctly use the layout tools complete the insertion of pattern, name, legend, scale bar, direction indicator, pictures and tables. The layout functions are all concentrate in icon , it consists of the functions listed below
Layout Insert view frame Insert legend Insert scale bar Insert north arrow Insert statistic chart Insert table Insert picture The process and the operational function tools relating to design the output map is: on a blank page when the direction and - insert view frame firstly click scales already adjusted using cursor to draw a spatial area automatically come out the View frame properties setting up as below at View choosing the map view you already designed and want to output. if you want to output the map according to the scale you specified then at Scale bar choose User specified scale bar inputting the digits of the scale ,click Ok the set scale which match the real page scale will appear at the view. special attention should be paid to the preconditions that allow you to set up the scale is it must be under the View and set the view unit already which normal is meter.
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Fig 16 set up the scale editor click using cursor to find a appropriate place and draw legend . All the legend in data layer will appear . If you want to edit legends, you need to return back to View refer to step 4 for detail reenter the Layout after completing legend editing to continue the layout process. insert legends and legend
Fig 17 insert legend
- Insert scale bar click Using cursor to find a appropriate place and draw scale . Scale menu will appear at scale bar properties, you need to atView Framechoose name of target view atStylechoose style types atUnit choose measurement unit at Interval fill the scale interval value at Intervals fill the numbers of scale interval 146
Fig 18 editing
scale bar
at left division , fill the numbers of intervals whose scale is <0 ??? Insert north arrow click Using cursor to find a appropriate place and draw north arrow, the choice for north arrow will appear designated the north arrow legend you want to use -
Fig 19 insert legends - Insert table under the usingadd
Insert table click Using cursor to find a appropriate place and draw table menu, the choice for insert table frame will appear , using Browse to designate the table you want. Fig 20 Insert table Note at ArcView, Layout, only .dbf table can be inserted The other format table can be inserted only when they have been converted to .dbf format.
Step 4 : designing other view frame - designing the character information used in explanation insert map names and other explanation characters. Firstly use the cursor to click then find the place where you want to input character typing the characters. see below
147
Fig 21 insert the maps name adjust the fonts use to choose character adjustment object click Pages showingShow symbol page Fill Palette.click fonts design icon design the font and the size of the characters of you want, as it is shown below
Fig 22 editing maps name - change output attributes if you want to change output scale use the cursor to click Graphic at submenu view frame properties, you can redefine the output scale.
fig 23 change output scales - generating neatline settings - It is necessary to add neatlines in order to let the map become one integral part. As it is required by the map making that there should be the same spaces between the outline lines and the four peripherics of the map. The steps of generating neatline settings are as follows
click and input the all the elements inside the neatline including characters, legends scales and so on select click then appear neatline settings, inputting the attributes values of line shape, width, color and space 148
for neatlines.
Fig 24 insert neatline 4. Key points in making Township strategic forest management planning maps - information that should contained in the map strategic forest management planning information layer the background information overlaying on the planning information should include:
ownership information state/collective administrative boundary township/village boundary basic geographic element road river residential area major place names the basic explanation information in the strategic forest management planning should include map name the basic statistic data table first, it has to convert the table into .dbf format then you can open it explanatory information should include map name legend scale project name data source - the design of the symbols the color of the forest types should be brilliant and clearly identified. for example Green conifer forest bluish green broadleaf forest fuchsine red mixed forest yellow pasture the information overlaying the forest type e.g. coverage density, ownership and other information layer use hachure lines that has perspective effect avoiding to shadow the color of theme layer. the symbols used in the geographic background should adopt the map making standards 5. Key points in making village strategic forest management planning maps There exists no difference in information volume and symbols in making the villages strategic forest management planning maps and that of the township the differences are different spatial areas different page size different scale different explanatory information. Setting spatial limit for each village atView establish spatial neatlines for each village *.shp and activate it. see Step 1 in view frame editing for reference. atView 149
clickProperties atMap unitchoose meters
Fig 25 set coordination unit setting village map page size and scale at Layout click Graphic at View Frame Properties select at View the village map name define scale at Scale bar. Fig 26 regulate the scale -
please refer tolayout designfor details for other workflow - reference layout for village strategic forest management planning
Fig 27 village planning map layout 6. How to use the forest resources inventory sampling attribute data and to generate inventory data map If it wish to reflect the forest resources inventory sampling attribute data FRIDAP on the maps for example to add distribution of Chinese medicinal tree Hongwujia on the map, the procedures will be as follows 1 correlating the inventory data orig9_002.dbf containing Chinese medicinal with the spatial data of the inventory sampling point the assuming the name is point.shp .
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open point.shp
at ArcView, click
to see the attribute table ,add
orig9_002.dbf at . first select the key field Porder at orig9_002.dbf
click the correlation
all the inventory item Porder, afterward, click correlation function icon sampling attributes correlated with the spatial point will be correlated to and displayed in the spatial point attribute table.
Fig 28 Table of inventory attributes correlated to the spatial point attribute 2 use query to extract the point of Chinese medicinal nameHongwujia proceed as below click theme -> query, entered the query page writing the query express ( [Ntfp_name] = "hongwujia" ) activate the map page clik theme -> save as Convert to shipfile save the selected point information of Hongwujia and relevant inventory attributed as a new shipfile. This layer map will be the spatial point distribution of Hongwujia from inventory point.
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Fig 29 The spatial distribution points of the inventory information for query and extraction 3 map making steps are as described earlier. 7. Printer setup 1) output the map file complete all in Layout steps select map printing format atLayout click FileExport at output menu will appear. select the file format e.g. JPEG set the resolution if a clearer map is wanted click Option choose Resolution 144 or Quality(100) click Ok 2) steps of map printing - complete all in Layout set up the paper size atLayout openFileclick Print setupselect the printer and the paper size and printing direction.
Fig 30 printer setup - printing out at Layout click File/Print printing menu will appear. if you choose the printer already connected with your computer, just click Ok the printer will print out the map. if you choose the printer not connected with your computer and you defined the printer type in the printing menu you have to define the map output as printing file, typing the output catalog and the file name at to file. The system will generate the printing file you designated in the catalog, you can copy this file and to print at the computers that connected with the printer. -
Fig 31 printing out Note you can print the document only when you install the printer driver program.
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FMP - Manual - Participatory Strategic Forest Management Planning Manual - Draft - EN - Jürgen Fichtenau

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FMP - Manual - Participatory Strategic Forest Management Planning Manual - Draft - EN - Jürgen Fichtenau

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EUROPEAN UNION Delegation of the European Commission to China and Mongolia

Participatory Strategic Forest Management Planning

15,000.00 10,000.00 5,000.00 0.00 Collective conifer broadleafe mixed State

FCT FCT FCT

List of Tables, Maps and Charts

Table Table Table Table Table

Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10

Assessment of available planning data

Step 2: general management strategy

Procurement of missing planning data/maps

Examples from Village meetings, in which topics of concern were discussed. 2

Contents and chapters of the SFMP

Paul Wislon: Village Notes, April 2007

Planning Stage - Technical Aspects

ha 3120.57 11100.85 5027.98 4199.34 6584.41 846.96 15.69 30895.8

Chart 1: Decision Tree Songpan

302.82 144.8 75.1 61.6 53.5 49.7 36.4 41.9 24.5

296.5 207.3 87.1 66.2 129.6 15.2 257.4 152.5 95

Determination of yields per forest type and owner

Lei Yuancai, Yield Estimate Report, January 2006

Table 4: Increment calculations for Xiao Xing- Broadleaf, medium, collective

3,361.4 cbm 5.10 2.73 % cbm

Increment volume total

Development of harvestable volumes and AAC by forest type and owner

Example Xiao Xing

Table 9 :Annual Allowable Cut (AAC) Xiao Xing Overview

4102.2 32471.6 36573.8

Determination of local demands

Type Village Liangqiao Pinhu Rongtang Shangdong Number 3 4 4 6

The Demand Supply Scenario

Zoning of Forest Functions

Map 2: Location of Production Conifer Forest Type

Production Forests in restricted areas (example Ceyuan)

REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON NATURE RESERVES

Map 3: Potential Production Forest in Ceyuan

Map 4: Potential Tourism map

Development of forest management scenarios

Stand Development Stages (silvicultural management type)

Forest Target Type

Dry mixed forest stands (Conifer /Broadleaf Species)

- sust. harvest rates: ?

<- Present Situation

Intended Measures ->

Planning Stage Procedures / Meetings/Workshops

Sensitization Meetings at local level

Issues and Options

Timber consumption of local population

Workshop 4 : Public presentation of the SFMP in the county

Approximate mature (%)

Source: Yield estimate report by Lei Yuancai, January 2006

Volume increment rate of different tree species in Yanling (%)

Source: Field report Luo Mingcan, January 2007

Source: Field report Luo Mingcan, January 2007

Chinese fir masson pine

Chinese fir masson pine

5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

List of Tables, Maps and Charts

Chart Chart Chart Chart Chart Chart Chart

Chart 8 Chart 9 Chart 10

SFMP table of contents Ceyuan

5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.5.1 5.6 5.6.1 5.6.2

Table Table Table Table

Potential Production Forest