15-34 A bicyclist is riding his bicycle downhill on a road with a specified slope without pedaling or breaking.

The terminal velocity

of the bicyclist is to be determined for the upright and racing positions.
Assumptions 1 The rolling resistance and bearing friction are negligible. 2 The drag coefficient remains constant. 3 The buoyancy
of air is negligible.
Properties The density of air is given to be = 1.25 kg/m
3
. The frontal area and the drag coefficient are given to be 0.45 m
2
and
1.1 in the upright position, and 0.4 m
2
and 0.9 on the racing position.
Analysis The terminal velocity of a free falling object is reached when the drag force equals the component of the total weight
(bicyclist + bicycle) in the flow direction
u sin
total
W F
D
= u

sin
2
total
2
g m A C
D
=
V

Solving for V gives

u
A C
gm
D
sin 2

total
= V
The terminal velocities for both positions are obtained by substituting the given
values:
Upright position: km/h 90 m/s 0 . 25
) kg/m 25 . 1 )( m 45 . 0 ( 1 . 1
kg)sin12 15 80 )( m/s 81 . 9 ( 2
3 2
2
= =
+
= V
Racing position: km/h 106 m/s 3 . 29
) kg/m 25 . 1 )( m 4 . 0 ( 9 . 0
kg)sin12 15 80 )( m/s 81 . 9 ( 2
3 2
2
= =
+
= V
Discussion Note that the position of the bicyclist has a significant effect on the drag force, and thus the terminal velocity. So it is
no surprise that the bicyclists maintain the racing position during a race.

19-80E Water is heated in a parabolic solar collector. The required length of parabolic collector and the surface
temperature of the collector tube are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The thermal resistance of the tube is negligible. 3 The inner
surfaces of the tube are smooth.
Properties The properties of water at the average temperature of (55+200)/2
= 127.5F are (Table A-15E)
368 . 3 Pr
F Btu/lbm. 999 . 0
/s ft 10 5683 . 0 /
F Btu/ft. 374 . 0
lbm/ft 59 . 61
2 5 -
3
=
=
= = u
=
=
p
C
k

Analysis The total rate of heat transfer is
Btu/h 10 2.086 = Btu/s 4 . 579
F ) 55 200 )( F Btu/lbm. 999 . 0 )( lbm/s 4 ( ) (
6
=
= =
i e p
T T C m Q

The length of the tube required is
ft 5960 =

= =
Btu/h.ft 350
Btu/h 10 086 . 2
4
Q
Q
L
total

The velocity of water and the Reynolds number are
ft/s 621 . 7
4
) ft 12 / 25 . 1 (
) lbm/m 59 . 61 (
lbm/s 4
2
3
=
t
=

=
c
m
A
m
V
5
2 5
10 397 . 1
/s ft 10 5683 . 0
ft) 12 m/s)(1.25/ (7.621
Re =

=
u
=

h m
D V

which is greater than 4000. Therefore, we can assume fully
developed turbulent flow in the entire tube, and determine
the Nusselt number from
4 . 488 ) 368 . 3 ( ) 10 397 . 1 ( 023 . 0 Pr Re 023 . 0
4 . 0 8 . 0 4 4 . 0 8 . 0
= = = =
k
hD
Nu
h

The heat transfer coefficient is
F . Btu/h.ft 1754 ) 4 . 488 (
ft 12 / 25 . 1
F Btu/h.ft. 374 . 0
2
=

= = Nu
D
k
h
h

The heat flux on the tube is
2
4
Btu/h.ft 1070
) ft 5960 )( ft 12 / 25 . 1 (
Btu/h 10 086 . 2
=

= =
t
s
A
Q
q

Then the surface temperature of the tube at the exit becomes
F 200.6 =

= + = =
F . Btu/h.ft 1754
Btu/h.ft 1070
+ F 200 ) (
2
2
h
q
T T T T h q
e s e s

19-46E A fan is blowing air over the entire body of a person. The average
temperature of the outer surface of the person is to be determined for two cases.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Radiation effects are negligible. 3
Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 4 The average human body can be
treated as a 1-ft-diamter cylinder with an exposed surface area of 18 ft
2
. 5 The local
atmospheric pressure is 1 atm.
Properties We assume the film temperature to be 100 F . The properties of
air at this temperature are (Table A-22E)
7260 . 0 Pr
/s ft 10 1809 . 0
F Btu/h.ft. 01529 . 0
2 3 -
=
=
=
u
k

Analysis The Reynolds number is
4
2 3
10 317 . 3
/s ft 10 1809 . 0
ft) ft/s)(1 (6
Re =

=
u
=

D V

The proper relation for Nusselt number corresponding this Reynolds number is
| |
| |
84 . 107
000 , 282
10 317 . 3
1
) 7260 . 0 / 4 . 0 ( 1
) 7260 . 0 ( ) 10 317 . 3 ( 62 . 0
3 . 0
000 , 282
Re
1
Pr) / 4 . 0 ( 1
Pr Re 62 . 0
3 . 0
5 / 4
8 / 5
4
4 / 1
3 / 2
3 / 1 5 . 0 4
5 / 4
8 / 5
4 / 1
3 / 2
3 / 1 5 . 0
=
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+

+ =
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+ = =
k
hD
Nu

The heat transfer coefficient is
F . Btu/h.ft 649 . 1 ) 84 . 107 (
ft) 1 (
F Btu/h.ft. 01529 . 0
2
=

= = Nu
D
k
h
Then the average temperature of the outer surface of the person becomes
F 95.1 =

= + = =

) ft F)(18 . Btu/h.ft 649 . 1 (
Btu/h 300
+ F 85 ) (
2 2
s
s s s
hA
Q
T T T T hA Q

If the air velocity were doubled, the Reynolds number would be
4
2 3
10 633 . 6
/s ft 10 1809 . 0
ft) ft/s)(1 (12
Re =

=
u
=

D V

The proper relation for Nusselt number corresponding this Reynolds number is
| |
| |
95 . 165
000 , 282
10 633 . 6
1
) 7260 . 0 / 4 . 0 ( 1
) 7260 . 0 ( ) 10 633 . 6 ( 62 . 0
3 . 0
000 , 282
Re
1
Pr) / 4 . 0 ( 1
Pr Re 62 . 0
3 . 0
5 / 4
8 / 5
4
4 / 1
3 / 2
3 / 1 5 . 0 4
5 / 4
8 / 5
4 / 1
3 / 2
3 / 1 5 . 0
=
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+

+ =
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+ = =
k
hD
Nu

Heat transfer coefficient is
F . Btu/h.ft 537 . 2 ) 95 . 165 (
ft) 1 (
F Btu/h.ft. 01529 . 0
2
=

= = Nu
D
k
h
Then the average temperature of the outer surface of the person becomes
F 91.6 =

= + = =

) ft F)(18 . Btu/h.ft 537 . 2 (
Btu/h 300
+ F 85 ) (
2 2
s
s s s
hA
Q
T T T T hA Q

= 6 ft/s
T

= 85F
Person, T
s

300 Btu/h
D = 1 ft

19-47 A light bulb is cooled by a fan. The equilibrium temperature of the glass bulb is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 3 The light bulb is in
spherical shape. 4 The local atmospheric pressure is 1 atm.
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm pressure and the free stream temperature of 25C are (Table A-22)

7296 . 0 Pr
kg/m.s 10 181 . 2
kg/m.s 10 849 . 1
/s m 10 562 . 1
C W/m. 02551 . 0
5
C 100 @
,
5
2 5 -
=
=
=
=
=

s
k

u

Analysis The Reynolds number is
4
2 5
10 280 . 1
/s m 10 562 . 1
m) m/s)(0.1 (2
Re =

=
u
=

D V

The proper relation for Nusselt number corresponding to this Reynolds number is
| |
| | 06 . 68
10 181 . 2
10 849 . 1
) 7296 . 0 ( ) 10 280 . 1 ( 06 . 0 ) 10 280 . 1 ( 4 . 0 2
Pr Re 06 . 0 Re 4 . 0 2
4 / 1
5
5
4 . 0 3 / 2 4 5 . 0 4
4 / 1
4 . 0 3 / 2 5 . 0
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ + =
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ + = =

s
k
hD
Nu

The heat transfer coefficient is
C . W/m 36 . 17 ) 06 . 68 (
m 1 . 0
C W/m. 02551 . 0
2
=

= = Nu
D
k
h
Noting that 90 % of electrical energy is converted to heat,

( . )( Q = 090 100 W) = 90 W
The bulb loses heat by both convection and radiation. The equilibrium temperature of the glass bulb can be
determined by iteration,
2 2 2
m 0314 . 0 ) m 1 . 0 ( = = = t tD A
s

| |
| |
C 133.2 = =
+ +
+ =
+ = + =

K 2 . 406
) K 273 25 ( ) .K W/m 10 )(5.67 m (0.0314 ) 9 . 0 (
K ) 273 25 ( ) m C)(0.0314 . W/m 36 . 17 ( W 90
) ( ) (
4 4 4 2 -8 2
2 2
4 4
total
s
s
s
surr s s s s rad conv
T
T
T
T T A T T hA Q Q Q o c



Lamp
100 W
c = 0.9
Air
V

= 2 m/s
T

= 25C