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Gas turbines with heat recovery steam generators is another mode of cogeneration.
Depending on power and steam load variations in the plant the entire system is dynamic.
A performance assessment would yield valuable insights into cogeneration system
performance and need for further optimization.
Mass flow rate of steam x ( Enthalpy of steam, kCal / kg − Enthalpy of feed water , kCal / kg )
=
Power output , kW
It is essential to ensure that the data is collected during steady state plant running
conditions. Among others the following are essential details to be collected for
cogeneration plant performance evaluation.
I. Thermal Energy :
1. Total power generation for the trial period from individual turbines.
2. Hourly average power generation
3. Quantity of power import from utility ( Grid )*
4. Quantity of power generation from DG sets.*
5. Auxiliaries power consumption
* Necessary only when overall cogeneration plant adequacy and system optimization
/ upgradation are the objectives of the study.
The process flow diagram for cogeneration plant is shown in figure 3.1. The following
calculation procedures have been provided in this section.
h1
h11
Boiler
Extraction cum
S
condensing
Turbine Power output
h11 kW
Boiler h2 H1
1st Extraction
h3 H2 h4 H3
2st Extraction
Condenser
Step 1 :
* Due to wetness of steam in the condensing stage, the enthalpy of steam cannot be
considered as equivalent to saturated steam. Typical dryness value is 0.88 – 0.92. This
dryness value can be used as first approximation to estimate heat drop in the last stage.
However it is suggested to calculate the last stage efficiency from the overall turbine
efficiency and other stage efficiencies.
Heat extraction from inlet : h1 – h2 kCal / kg
to stage –1 extraction (h5)
c) Read the enthalpy at points where the extraction and condensing pressure lines
meet the vertical line drawn.
Step 3 :
Compute turbine cylinder efficiency
M x (h1 − h11 )
Heat rate, kCal/kWh =
P
Steam to turbine
Q – 5100 kg/hr
P – 15 kg/cm 2 g Back
T – 250 o C Pressure
S
Boiler
Coal Turbine
1550 kg/hr Power output
100kW
Process Steam
Q – 5100 kg/hr
P – 2 kg/cm 2 g
T – 130 o C
Calculations :
Step 1 :
Total heat of steam at turbine inlet conditions at 15kg / cm2 and 250oC, h1 =698kCal/kg
Step 2 :
Total heat of steam at turbine outlet conditions at 2 kg/cm2 and 130oC, h2 = 648 kCal/kg
Step 3 :
Heat energy input to turbine per kg of inlet steam (h1- h2) = (698-648) = 50 kCal/kg
Step 4 :
Step 5 :
Step 6 :
Energy output
Power generation efficiency of the turbo alternator = x 100
Energy input
86,000
= ------------- x 100 = 34%
2,55,000
Step 7 :
Efficiency of the turbo alternator = 34%
Efficiency of Alternator = 92 %
Efficiency of gear transmission = 98 %
0.34
= = 0.38
0.98 * 0.92
Step 8 :
Step 9 :
Step 10:
= Mass flow rate of steam x ((Enthalpy of steam, kCal/kg – Enthalpy of feed water,kCal/kg)
Power output, kW
= 5100 x (698 – 30)
100
= 34068 kCal/kWh*
*Note: The plant heat rate is in the order of 34000 kCal/kWh because of the use of
backpressure turbine. This value will be around 3000 kcal/kWh while operating on fully
condensing mode. However with backpressure turbine, the energy in the steam is not
wasted, as it is utilised in the process.
Analysis of Results:
The efficiency of the turbine generator set is as per manufacturer design specification.
There is no steam bypass indicating that the power generation potential of process steam
is fully utilized. At present the power generation from the process steam completely
meets the process electrical demand or in other words, the system is balanced.
Remarks: Similar steps can be followed for the evaluation of performance of gas turbine
based cogeneration system.
QUESTIONS
6. Explain why heat rate for back pressure turbine is greater than condensing turbine.
7. Explain the methodology of evaluating performance of a gas turbine with a heat
recovery steam generator.
REFERENCES