('

eF

-/

Terraces would consist of .6-storey maisonettes crossing the parkland in rectilinear.forms, and the apartment blocks would oe locaie"o'i"io]..,o 1.," terraces, and would have adjoining balconies rroitowed into the facades of his blocks. These were intenoeo to open up day+o-day living io- runright,
air, and greenery.

fr".n

1.{.5 HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING IN THE PHILIPPINES . The development of Metro Manila can be attribttd to the different historic events
in our history.
1.1.5.1

influential

PRE-COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS Tribes of various cultural-linguistic characteristics lived in small, discreet villages and hamlets scattdred around the archipelago. These settlements were rocated arong seashores and riverban[s. rnelarang'iy-ii the basic.socio-political.unit, iomprised of around g0-r0o famiries. These were semi-permanent fold societies that subsisted on shifting cuttivation anJ engaged in hunting,.fishing, and gathering. Local chiefdir. in lood areas such as Maynilad, Tondo, cebu, and thJsuftanat" ot.lolo in "r"rg.d the siuth-

Maynilad w.as a..thriving agricurtural setilement due to its highry advantageous location. lt was Considered the largesi inoig*nor* setlement th" archipelago and consisted of barangays of more than 2000 inhabitants. cebu had the next rargest setilement ano pbrt of cail nro crose inhabitants. rt became the hub of impbrtation toi otner rarge to 2000 ragarog settlements and for inrand vilrages around in" ugun" r-ate.

*o

It performed port, commerciar, and trading functions as a key transshipment point for goods entering and . leaving tn; island. ir," niJf, economic. activity level in Maynilad wis fostereo u| uarter trade with local tribes.and foreign junks coming from china, grun"i,'M"Llca, the and Japan. lt also performed non-agricufturaf activitiei anO Moluccas, seruiced the needs of the nearby villages. some villagers 0"."m" merchants and goldsmiths. Others were farmers, fishers, and hunters.
Rajah sulayman was the reader of Maynilad who began the suprabarangay confederation of viilages arong tne naiij niu"i.-rnii*rJnipp"iin the bud by the Spanish Conquest.

on the eve of spanish colonization, indigenous setflements in the archipelago were socially, economically, and poliiicatty ino"pendent of one another.
SPANISH PERIOD The spanish period lasted from 1s70 to 1898. After Magellan . landed in cebu in 1s21, spain colonized the philifpines ano'rr,ranila became a colony of Spain in 1570.
ARCH 62: lntroduction to Urban and Regional ptanning

1.1.5.2

21

MODULE

The spaniards established Manila as their permanent urban base from where they commanded the colony. By the end of the 16th century, lntramuros had been converted into an imposing colonial capital as a symbol of spanish colonial power. The planned city was influenced by Roman city planning and inspired by the piazza planning of the ltalian Renaissance. It was laid out according to the Laws of the lndies issued by King phillip ll in
1573. This detailed the rules of the Spanish city planning. Other of . centersHispanized parts andthe islands were widely-dispersed regional urban called ciudades populations vrllas

with ranging from 2500 spanish missionaries founded many provincial religious and administrative hubs or cabeceras. These were established around nearby existing hamlets and villages as beachheads in order to subdue the natives and convert them to the Catholic faith. The Church is the nucleus of these rural settlements. Many of the cabeceras eventually became pobtaciones or towns with populations ranging from 500 to 2000. vrsifas and bambs surrounded each poblacion when the poblacion settlement system spread to the lowlands. These Hispanic settlements displayed the Spanish principles of urban design known as the Church-plaza complex. By 1655, the urban settlement system was composed of four tiers: the capital city of Manila, several region urban centers, 180 cabeceras or poblaciones and a host of

to 5000,

rural barrios.

and economic nerve center of the spanish colonial government in the archipelago for the subsequent three centuries. lt became the entrepot of
,.t

Manila was the governmental, ecclesiastical, military, cultural, social,

Spain in Southeast Asia and the focal point of the entrecot economy. lt also served as a vital cog in the annual Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade between Mexico and Spain. Manila became a primate city due to the highly centralized, urbanbased administrative system of the colonial government. lt became the dominant growth center of the colonial economy as its regional maritime trade and economic role grew in size and importance. Manila was also the control point for external trade. lt was used to control insular commerce and trade, became the processing and transportation hub of the country, serviced the needs of the frontier regions, and provided spatial locus necessary for the organization of predominantly rural space as well as for linking the regional and provincial centers and the hinterlands. As the city grew more prosperous, urbanization spilled over the walls surrounding arabales. The pre-urban hamlets and villages wtjere Spanish friars founded their missions formed the nuclei of the arrabales,lor suburbs, and pueblos around lntramuros. Some examples are the mission settlements of Tondo, Binondo, Sta. Cruz, and Quiapo.

of lntnmuros and engulfed the

ARCH 62: lntroduction to Urban and Regional Planning

22

MODULE

ri^

We.althy Spaniards built their country estates, complete with orchards,

Hil5; 'gi

were become urbanized while the outlying peripheral areas remained largely rural. Thus, the. spatial expansion of the dmubnt Spanish resiOential sector highly influenced the direction of city growth and urbanization. As a result of such residential growth, the pueblos of Bagumbayan, Ermita, Binondo, Quiapo, santa Ana de sapa, san pedro Maklti, and san Juan del Monte became the emerging major suburbs of Manila. included mayor.

?ffTlii! T,it''xlxfilil'1Tglffi!1':,::::?ln.tTt*trj3

The style of urban development promoted by Spain in its colonies a church and a squarc at the center of the city called the plaza

The castle city of lntramuros was built in Manila to serve as a residential district for the Spaniards. The street network of this walled city was latticed.
1.1.5.3

AMERICAN PERIOD

the basic frame of the present road network of Metro Manila was formed.

The American period (199g-1946) ushered in the development of roads done by the colonizing government. The development of the'transport network and housing was done by the private sector. it was at this time inat

The first master plan of Manila was done by Daniel Burnham and Pierce Anderson. only part of this plan was implemented, and in 1g33, ttre transfer of the capital city from Manila to euezon city was decided and planned upon. unfortunately, the plan did not push ilrrougtr due to the outbreak of World War ll.
ln July 1903, the city of Manila was incorporated by virlue of Act No. it encompassed /nfarnuros, and twelve (12) rapidly uibanizing towns of 193. Binondo, Tondo, santa pruz.euiapo, san [iiguel,'san Nicolas, Sampaloc, santa Ana, Malate, Ermita, paco, ind pandaJan.' Manila became tnb nrsi chartered city in the Philippines. The presence of a large service sector in Manila also spoke of its more diverse uiban economic furictions to t!"te ranked port towns of lloilo and cebu. The Americang started "o*prr"O lext developing the city and its suburbs through infrastructure improvements such as sanitary and drainage facilities. More roads and raitways were built and improved to facilitate the transport of goods to and from Manila. Manila retained its prominence as the primate city in the philippines throughout the America.n colonial period. lts economic and politicai 'roles grew in importance, and it became a satellite economy and link between the West and the colonialterritory.

ARCH 62: lntroduction to Urban and Regional planning

MODULE

1.1.5.4

The abnormal growth of thi inner district of to the massive infrux of squatters after it hil Japanese occupation.

After Worrd war il and the independence phirippines from America, the popuration in and around Manira of the continued to increase, particularly in the rapidry urbanizing towns oi iond, samparoc, Ermita, Malate, paco, pandaian, and sta. An". 'n ,tl!iv".i!r, of migrants from the provinces was lured by the promise of a n"tt"i liie ano better jobs in the city'

POST.WORLD WAR

b;";;ot

innriros

can be attributed

oorn"d during the

Reconstructjon of Manila-began in 1946 and the euiapo became the business and financiar center ot Maiita. Th; Jee#v,'i ,""v"r*d army jeep, was created and gg*r: a popurar mode oriransf6rt"t,on. rn 1975, Metro Manila was estabrished to piomote orderry urn"n i"u"ropment and to sorve many of the urban proqems.prevailing, suih as srums, tramc congestion, and garbage' Metro Manila consisted oi r6ur cities and tr,irieen municipalities.

URBAN GROUI'TH OF METRO MANILA Three factors accounted for the growth or natural popuration^increase,. (2) positive n"i,nbr;on,These were (1) "itv. and (3) arear classificatiol. By 1960, urbanizitiori lgo rpr""d to'ii" Lr"rging suburbs of Manita which were previousry rurar. Th; nr"nilL, the core of the emerging conurbation. As the centrar city of Irn metroporis, it was

1.1.5.5

it

diy;

the

economically linked to it.

rn

population nucreus and adjaceni areas 'trai "*p"noing were sociaily and
the 1960 census, Manira and its suburbs consisted of:

(1) City of Manita (2) Catoocan City (3) pasay City (4) Quezon City (5) Makati, Rizal (6) Mandaluyong, Rizal (7) San Juan, Rizal (8) Paranaque, Rizal

As earry as,t!,e sixties, urbanization had extended to six (6) outer peripheral towns o! th.e newly metropolitanized as Malabon, Navotas, Marikina, pasig, pateros, and'Las pinas, "r""r-rr"h province of Rizar.

;iilth"

The tremendous growth of Metro Manira after 1960 is the most significant urban phenomenon to nappen in the country. The whole metropolitan region bqcamg the pivotar center of tne country,s economic, social, political, cultural,.and educational life. rt was noi untit 1g75 that the government attempted to-integrate the administrativeiy-oiscreet cities and municipalities of Metroi Manila. This was done io enable the locar governments to cope. with the complex problems of meiropolitanization anJ become
more efficient in the delivery of metro-wide basic services.
ARCFI 62: lntrodustion to Urban and Regional planning

24

MODULE

ln 1975, Metro Manila (later to be renamed the National capital region) was composed of four (4) cities and thirteen (18) municipaliiies.
These included: (1) City of Manila (2) Caloocan City (3) Pasay City (4) Quezon City (5) Las Pinas (6) Makati (7) Malabon (8) Mandaluyong (9) Marikina (10)Muntinlupa (11)Navotas 12)Paranaque 13)Pasig 14)Pateros 1S)San Juan 16)Taguig 17)Valenzuela

At present, the National Capital Region's territorial composition remains the same as that of the original except for seven (7) more towns that became cities:
(1) City of Manila (2) Caloocan City (3) Pasay City (5) Las Pinas City (6) City of Makati (7) Malabon (8) Mandaluyong City (9) Marikina C'ty
(10)Muntinlupa City (11)Navotas (12)Paranaque City (13)Pasig City (14)Pateros (15)San Juan (16)Taguig (17)Valenzuela Present day Metro Manila is a product of its long colonial history and
of contemporary economic, social, cultural, and political processes.

(4i Quezon

City

ARCH 62: lntroduction to Urban and Regional Planning

25

MODULE

CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICTS {CBDs} The central business district has traditionally symbolized the socioeconomic vitality of a city or conurbation of cities and towns. lt usually contains prime metropolitan real estate, the high value of which necessitates very specialized uses. A large number of skyscrapers occupy the center. Metro Manila today exhibits several CBDs - the Manila CBD, Makati CBD, Ortigas CBD, and Cubao CBD.
1.1.5.6

Manila CBD. Manila remains to be the center of business and commerce, a population nucleus, and the seat of the national government. The Manila CBD typifies the historical CBD in that it evolved from a commercial-trade district during colonial times to a retail-office-commercial complex at mid-century, and most recently, to a convention-touristentertainment center. As such, it is located at the oldest part of the metropolis. lt is also the center of financial trading due to the Binondo financial and banking district. lts service sector is largely comprised of consumer and personal services and retailtrade. The Manila CBD is also the heart of the urban informal sector, with its narrow streets lined with vendors
and rolling stores selling anything and everything. Makati CBD. The Makati CBD is the business, financial, commercial, convention, and recreational center of the metropolitan region as well as of the country. lt was begun in 1948 by the Ayala conglomerate. lt is a successful mixed-use development of residential, business, and commerce. Urban development is strictly regulated by the Ayala Corporation, in terms of building height, bulk, floor area ratio, and land use. lt is also the national center of business and producer services, and is the base of almost all corporate headquarters of transnational corporations or TNCs. Producer services offer legal, financial, advertising, consultancy, and accountancy service to companies who provide the needs of the business elite and TNCs. These services thrived in Makati since it is the modern financial center of the country, as opposed to the Binondo financial district. Oftigas CBD. The Oriigas CBD in Pasig City is another business, financial, convention, shopping, and recreational node including its commercial extension, the Greenhills shopping complex. The Ortigas family conglomerate began developing the area in the 1950s but it only took shape in the late 1980s to the it990s. The area is surrounded by low-density master planned residential subdivisions.

f k

Cubao CBD. The Araneta group began to develop the Cubao property in the late 1960s. lt was to serve as an alternative commercial, recreational, and shopping node. With its small individual shops and throngs of hawkers and vendors, it eventually became another traditional shopping and retail district. lt is also suruounded by high-density residentialareas. Emerging CBDs. There are quite a number of new developments in Metro Manila that promises to become economic nodes in the coming years.
ARCH 62: lntroduction to Urban and Regional Planning
26

One of these is the Fort Bonifacio Global City located between the Makati CBD and ortigas cBD. lt involves the develophent of a former military base into another city in the 21"1century. Another is the Filinvest Corporate bity. tt is a joint venture of the government and the private sector, aiming to become another major center with the proposed development of a city center surrounded by residential areas and with high accessibility to nearby ind ustrial estates and technoparks.

ARCH 62: lntroduction to Urban and Regionat Planning

27

THE PHILIPPINE PLANNING SYSTEM

ln the 1920s:

- the -

d Administrative Code was amended to provide for the preparation by the director of public works of general plans for adoption by municipal and provincial governments. function of ihe plan was to lay out and locate public buildings, parks, major land use areas for further action in the form of zoning ordinances, etc. ieated the National Urban Planning Commission (NUPC) through Executive Order 98 in 1946' meant to prepare plans for the rebuilding of the cities which had been destroYed during the war' c

trn 1962:

- President Macapagalissued

Administrative order 31, directing municipal boards and city councils to form planning boards to prepare physical development plans, subdivision, zoning, and building regulations, and enjoining them to harmonize all public improvements wi[fr tne duly approved town or city development plan.

ln the 1970s:

Repubt',cAct 5223 authorizes any provincial, municipal, or city government to enter into any contract with private persons for the construction of self-liquidating projects. upon the implementation of Rep ubtic Act 3931, also known as the pollution Control Law, the city or district engineers shall decide on applications on the issuance or renewal of permits for the construction and operation of any commercial or industrial establishments that may cause an increase in the discharge of wastes, and the construction or use of any new outlet for the discharge of any waste directly into the waters or atmospheric air of the Philippines.

ln

1973:

Task Force of Human settlements was created by president

Ferdinand Marcos, to look into three (3) major aspects of nationar deveropment: the locational/geographic dimension of the national economic development plan the national housing policy and implementation program the planning and management of the Metro Manila Area

In 1975:
Metro Manila Commission was created, and it consolidated the
delivery of services common to the cities and towns comprising the metropolis. propagated the first metropolitan-wide land use and planning ordinance. services include: (1) solid-waste management (2) traffic and transportation (3) flood control and drainage (4) health and sanitation (5) land use planning and zoning propagated the first metropolitan-wide land use and planning ordinance.

2.1
{

MODULE 2.0 URBAN PLANNING TODAY URBAN PLAI{NING IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

BRITAIN The predominant image of Britain consists of small villages and sleepy country towns. lt has been a highly urbanized country for more than a century. The urban centers are characterized by a slow and steady growth of local agricultural markets and places of trade. The cities in the center and north of the region grew explosively and medium sized towns, especially those in the south, stagnated. This was due to mounting industrialization which attracted streams of migrants from the countryside. A significant feature of contemporary urban Britain is the subsequent decline of the industrial cities.

2.1.1

The lndustrial Revolution changed Britain from an agrarian society to an urban society. ln the late 18th century, industrial growth created bustling towns where green fields and quiet market towns were. By 1851, over 40% of the population lived in towns and cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. The rapid growth was untrammeled by planning controls, which resulted in heavy social and environmental costs. Cities became polluied, overcrowded, and blackened with soot and grime. Tenement buildings that were far from sanitary
serv'ed as housing for the workers.

The congested, polluted conditions of the British lsles prompted the trend toward'suburbanization. Those who could afford to moved to healthier and more spacious housing on the city outbkirts. Planning to control inoustrial and urban growth became widely*3c6epted at the end of the 19th century when the poor conditions of the inner cities became a matier of public concern and served as a breeding ground for radical protest.

The latter half of the 20th century was marked by a sharp decline in the manufacturing industry and welcomed the new growth centers: service-related industries. These economic growth sectors include research and development, computer software, media, and other brain-powered industries as opposed to mechanieal-powered industries.
The most striking feature of the urban settlement pattern of Britain is the dominating role of London. lt is the seat of government, contains the headquarters for most major British companies and multinational corporations. lt is the center of the English legal system, fashion, advertising, banking, insurance, publishi,ng, etc. Growth is concentrated in the outer margins of the greater London area, creating a vast megalopolis in the southeast of Britain. A major factor in this groMh is improved transportation and telecommunications.
The Greenbelt Policies were developed before World War ll and enforced through a series of planning acts. it controlled urban sprawi by creating a band of protected open land around the city. Urban growth is forced to take place beyond this band of open land.

The 20th eentury also saw the steady movement of population away from the old urban core to the suburbs. Some were voluntary, others were compelled to move as a result of the government's rehousing schemes. After WWll, crowded substandard housing of the Victorian era was demolished, and until the

1g70's, local governments pursued urban renewal policies that included the mass demolition of whole streets and neighborhoods. Former inhabitants were rehoused in large new estates of high-rise blocks on peripheral urban sites. These estates became the new slums replacing the old. Residents felt alienated and shut-off from their old community and many residents suffered high rates of vandalism and violence. After two to three decades of their construction, highdensity housing schemes in many parls of the country were being demolished because they had fallen into disrepair.
Residential districts were sharply defined by economic and social status. The poor were concentrated in rundown areas of the inner cities or in high-rise estates. Middle-income groups lived in the older suburban area, and the higherincome households that chose to move out of the elderly inner city terraced houses moved to private housing estates in the suburbs or neighboring small iowns and villages that offered more space, more educational opportunities, and access to shopping,

The large influx of immigrants from the Caribbean and Asia io Britain from the 1950's to the 1970's settled in the industrial areas of the older cities cities, closer to factories and to places of work. The combinatlon of lovr employment opportunities, poor housing, and ethnic division has made the inner
cities a seedbed for social tension.

lnner city decline has long since been a problem of British governments. The first scheme to direct money into factory units in inner city areas established in the 1970's used public funds in a partnership between central and local governments, later the emphasis shifted to ways of attracting private funding into inner-city redevelopment schemes. , Enierprise Zones were established in major cities after 1980 to stimulate economic activity by tax concessions and minimal planning restrictions. This was followed by the creation of Urban Development Corporations (UDCs), which were central government agencies charged with attracting private capital into decaying inner-city areas. The most successful of the scheme's initiatives is the scheme for the redevelopment of London's disused docklands area. Unfortunately, the UDCs created better conditions for business and industry and did not do much to solve the social problems of the inner city.

The Romans established the basis of a well-developed urban system in the region. During their 500-year occupation of the area, they were able to found many towns. These sites were linked by a network of roads and ihe locations were chosen wiih such care that they remain important administrative centers until now. The rectangular gridiron street plan of the Romans can siill be identified in many modern cities. Rapid population growth and expansion of trade stimulated a new phase of town building between the 11ih and 14th centuries. Some towns were created and grew at the gates of castles or great abbeys. Others were founded as planned towns or basfides to assist in the colonlzation of land for farming. These basfides were characterized by parallel
streets and arcaded market squares.

2.1.2

FRAr'lCE

,-

France experienced a 'much slower rate

immediate neighbors, Britain and Germany. This was due to a limited scale of 19"'century industrialization. The capital of Paris was already the most dominant city in the settlement pattern and expanded quickly in the 19th century. Railroads made the rise of fashionable coastal resorts possible. Examples of these are Nice, Biarritz, Deauville, and Vichy. There are two distinct characteristics of the French urban system. There is a close relationship between thc town and the country, and the stability of the urban system. The leading towns of two centuries ago or more are France's most prominent cities today (with one or two exceptions).

of

urbanization than its

The small market town called bourg still acts as a link between the rural and urban world. There is usually a secondary school, the bourg's banks, dociors, and lawyers. These will serve the inhabitants of the immediate neighborhood. Medium-sized towns are larger than the bourgs and can have from 20,000 to 200,000 inhabitants. These include manufacturing towns and others with specialized roles such as porls. Provincial cities in France are
generally smaller than those in other European countries.

ITALY AND GREECE Italy and Greece have been noted for their cities since classical times. Traditionally, they have acted as both trading and local administrative centers. The countryside is characterized by a dense network of compact rural settlements. The rulers of both countries attempted to colonize neighboring countries to extend their powers. ln the 'l3th-16'h centuries, Florence and venici were the most successful of the Renaissance cities, with established poiitical influence overseas. Florence dominated the European banking system, and Venice dominated the maritime empire.

?,1.3

These two countries are typically Mediterranean in character. Historic centers remain the hub of most social and economic activity and are crowded with commercial and adminisirative offices, boutiques, stores, theaters, cafes, restaurants, residential apartment buildings, etc. on the fringes there is spontaneous, largely unplanned growth where new factories and housing have sprung up. There is a great mixing of social groups within the city's residential areas than in the United States. The more affluent classes have not deserted the inner city to the extent as in other countries. ln some apartment buildings, wealthy tenants occupy the more spacious and airier upper floors while those who are Iess well-off oecupy the lower floors. $ingle-family dwellings are rare within the city and can generally be afforded only by the very v'realthy.

With the high density of the their populations, ltalian and Greek cities have remained compact. The cities are becoming increasingly jammed with traffic and are under-serviced as the public provision of roads, schools, parks, and the like has failed to keep up with the rate of population growth.

ln the 1980s, many new medium-sized towns were created as new industries were sited in places that could provide space to expand but were close enough to the large centers to take advantage of their financial, marketing, and other producer services. The central areas of the large cities have consequently remained places of importance and have not been eroded by the movement to decentralize service activities as in other countries.

Italy. Rome is not much bigger than Milan, the industrial-commercial center of the Nofth. The country's political unification in '1870 and urban traditions of the noilh resulted in a decentralized pattern of city growth. Before unification, each of the individual ltalian states had been dominated by its own
capital.

Italy's population groMh rate became twice the national average between 1951 and 1971due to internal migration of workers from stagnating agriculture in the south and the industrial towns of the nofthwest. Movement frorn southern Italy has slowed to a trickle since the 1970s. Main flows are from small towns to the metropolises of Naples, Bati (capital of Aplulia in the southeast), and Palermo. Northern and central ltaly experienced movement from old urban cores to new centers of economic development on the fringe of established urban areas.

A striking feature of its urban centers, from one end of the peninsula to the other, is the uniform architectural style of the public buildings, facades, official statues, and street signs that have been erected since the political unification in 1870. This is in markecl contrast to the variety of styles found in buildings surviving from before that date.
Greece. Large parts of Greece became depopulated as great numbers of people moved to Athens and to Salonike. Athens is located within the territory of the modern Greek state. lt has dominance over the rest of the country due to the result of 150 years of political centralization after Greek independence r{/as won in 1830 and not because of its geographical position. Centralization was initially necessary to consolidate the fragmented territory of the country of rock5, peninsulas divided by high mountain ranges and scattered islands.
Nearly all the production of goods and services is based in the greater Athens urban area and distribution flows out from the center to the small towns and rural areas of the mainland and to the islands.

The landmarks in Athens are in danger of being swamped by the uncontrolled urban development. The city faces massive problems of air pollution caused by vehicle exhaust and industry. This causes damage to the
ancient stonework and endangers the health of the citizens.

2.2

URtsAN PLANNING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

2.2.1 INDIANSUBCONTINENT
A complex urban civilization flourished in the lndus Valley, consisting of a network of over 100 settlements. Furlher excavations revealed that two of the largest settlements, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had populations of over 50,000 as well as a formally planned city structure with complex sanitation arrangements and an advanced system of local govelnmen,.
,

Urbanization has its ancient roots in the lndian subcontinent. "r'' The settlement patterns are highly diverse, reflective af the rich combination of

geographical, climatic, social, religious, and ethnic forces that have shaped the iegion. Mosi of the people living in the lndian subcontinent are still rural-based they live in smallfarming villages and communities.

'

The most significant influence on contemporary urban patterns in the regions is due to the two centuries of British colonial rule. An e>ctensive railroad system was created to link new urban centers and to serve Britain's colonial interests. Calcutta, the northeastern port, was the chief city of British rule until New Delhi, In the center of the Ganges plain, was built as the new national
capital at the start of the 20th century.

There is great diversity in the pattern of settlement around the region due io the ditferences of geography and climate, and social, religious, and ethnic
variety.

lndependence from British rule had a majr:r impact on urban development in the subcontinent. ln 1947, British lndia was partitioned to form two new states of Pakistan and lndia. This partition was largely due to religion. One immediaie consequence of this was vast migration to these new states, Hindus and $ikhs moved to lndia, Muslims moved to West and East Pakistan. The influx of refugees also exaeerbated social divisions within urban communities and the economic prosperity of these refugees and their contrasting religious practices and traditions led to conflicts with the indigenous urban populations. These differences still form an imporlant parl of national politics at present. The greatest transforming influence on the subcontinent's major cities has been the scale of migration from the countryside, fueied by a combination of population growth, landlessness, and rural unemployment. Migrants are attracted to the cities by the perceived advantages they offer - employment opportunities, higher wages, better schools, and medical treatment. Urban industrial development has not expanded to meet these demands and many cannot find jobs, and are forced to live in shanty towns or makeshift shelters on the streets. While the urban population is concentrated in the largest cities, the region also has several smaller towns and villages which are also part of the urban network. These places play an important role as local markets, administrative centers, and sites for processing and distributing agricultural produce.

architectural styles and built spacious new settlements, formally planned with symmetrical street paiterns, with strict separation of residential, commercial, and

The British, during their colonizing years, introduced

European

retail areas. These are in contrast to the bazaar, where temple sites dominated the center, no distinction marks the residential and commercial areas, and a city wail built for security encloses a dense pattern of narrow streets, passageways, and courtyards. The British community was segregated from the indigenous population in the hopes of avoiding disease and for protection against rebellion and civil commotion.

A lack of financial resources has restricted investment in housing in a modern urban infrastrueture. There is also a lack of growth in the seryices sector, which leads to shorlage in em ployment opportunities.
The city's growth has been rapid and chaotic.

2.2.2

CHTNA

Various areas of suitability for settlement in China is due to geographical diversity. China is the third largest country on earlh and has one of the world's oldest urban civilizations. Despite the growth of early cities and high culture, the population has remained tremendously rural and poor into the late 20th century.
Overpopulation is China's worst problem since the mid-1gth century. The population declined briefly due to a famine in 1958-1960 that wiped out millions of people. The population soared once again until the 1970s, when the one-child family planning campaign began to be effective. tJrban populations seesawed throughout 1950 to 1982 due to conflicting large-scale migration patterns. People would flock to the cities in the 1950s during industrialization, to the communes during the "Great Leap Forward" in the early 1960s, and back to the countryside during the Cultural Revolution, and back to the cities in the 1970s.

Walls set early Chinese cities distinct from the countryside. lt reflected the role of the city not only as a barrier against attack but also as a controlled, administered and ordered place. Virtually all ancient imperial centers in China were designed as walled compounds with outer and inner walls. lnside the city walls were more walls encircling courtyard palaces, offices, and common homes. Often, markets were located outside the main gates of the city and incorporated as the city grew. Many cities have special internal market districts.
lncreased urban density and overcrowding is the characteristic of great modern cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Taipei, and Hong Kong. Tighily-packed buses share the roads with millions of bicycles. Privately-owned cars were rare until the early 1990s. Public transport can barely cope with the demand from the commuters. Beyond the cities, the gap between rural and urban China remains obvious. There is no sharp distinction between rural and urban areas in the poorer provinces. City dwellers, though they have to live in crowded conditions, have better access to facilities. Many rural dwellers live without electricity or plumbing and have less access to educational and health facilities. 2.2.3 SOUTHEAST ASIA A rich and complex mix of people, culture, languages, and economies characterizes the cities of Southeast Asia. This mix is due to the pivotal position of Southeast Asia, between the Pacific and lndian oceans and of the region's

long history of international trade and urban culture. Southeast Asia has relatively low level of urbanization as compared to the other pails of the world.

Most people in this region are still farmers. While urban populations are increasing rapidly, they are concentrated in a relatively small number of major centers. Agricultural produce is collected and delivered directly to the major markets. Goods and services are sent out from the cities to the rural areas without a network of distribution centers in between. Migration from the rural areas gravitates towards the iarge cities is due to

a number of reasons. First is that services are generally much more wtdely

available. Even squatter settlements on the edge of major centers are better provided than small towns. Second, migration creates much needcd income for impoverished rural communities. Even the lowest levels of urban employment are likely to produce a higher income than could be earned in rural areas. Thirdly, the presence of a migration chain result in migrants from one pailicular area being settled in a certain part of the city and following similar occupations.
Migration chains are set up through the presence of a group of friends, relati,;es, or fellow villagers in the city. The presence of these people act as a magn*i, persuading others from the same family or community to try their luck in the urban environment. Cnce established, they in turn attract yet another group of migrants. Urban growth in Southeast Asia does not appear to be as closely related to industrial development as ii was in western countries when they changed from being predominantly agricultural to predominantlSr urban societies. Employment opporlunities are only capable of absorbing only a small proportion of the available labor force of migrants to the cities, so parl of ihe urban population obtalns its income and necessities for hiring from the "informal" sector and is supported by systems of "shared poverly". This is why there is a proliferation of street vendors, automobile window cleaners, eollectors of waste materials, producers of goods on an often tiny scale, and the large number of middlemen handling minute quantitles of goods and taking miniscule "cuts" on each transaction. The informal sector supplies much of the basic needs of the urban population and helps to hold wage levels down across the whole workforce.

!r'*'

The layout of most major towns and cities in Southeast Asia reflects their evolution as trading centers during the colonial period. Western administrative and commercial districts were developed around the central port zone. The city landscape is often varied. ln many cities, the needs of a growing, comparatively wealthy urban middle class are met by the development of major shopping and leisure complexes outside the centers. Squatter settlenrents have sprung up on the edges of all the cities, and uncontrolled urban growth has engulfed villages that have barely been integrated in the urban fabric.
Rapid urban grorruth, combined with the lack of regulations and insufficient funding for urban programs is already resulting in major ptoblems of congestion and pollution throughout the region. Provision for freshwater supplies, sewerage and drainage, electricity, surfaced roads and transportation are all inadequate to meet present needs, needless to say, with future expansion. Government

rural attempts to limit migration and develop secondary centers and outiying areas have so far proved ineffective'

2.3

THE PHILIPPINE PLANNING SY$TEM See Appendix C: Future Directions of Urban Planning in the Philippines

by

Nathaniel Von Einsiedel. provide for the ln the 1g20s, the Revised Administrative code was amended to of general plans for adoption by municipal preparation by the director of public works lay out and locate public and provincial governments. The function of ttie plan was to form of zoning ordinances' buildings, parks, malor land use areas for further action in the
etc.

the National At the conclusion of World War ll, President Segio Osmena created 1946' lt was meant in urban Planning co**ir.'on (NUPC) through Executive order 98 of th.e cit'res which had been destroyed duting the war' to pr*p"r" plaris for the rebuilding and building It was authorized io aOopt gEneral plans, zoning ordinances,vras empoweredand to area of the Philippines. lt subdivision regulations for any-urban powers and duties that it deemed proper' Oetegate to th; local ptanning commissions Order' lt also imposing the procedural reitrictions laid down by the Executive planning bodies and limit the scope of the determined ttre organization of these local exercise of their pJrticutar planning powers or duties'

and enjoining them to development ptans, subdivision, zoning, and building regulations, city development harmonize all public improvements wittr the duly approved town or plan.

municipal boards and city councils

lnl962,PresidentMacapagalissuedAdministrativeOrder3l,dii"ecting to form planning boards to prepare physical

ln the 1g70s, Republic Act 5223 authorizes any provincial, municipal, or city of selfgovernment to entei into'any contracl with private persons for the construction Act 3931, also known as the iiquidating projects. Upon tfre implementation of Republic

pollution Control t-aw,'tfre city or district engineers shall decide on applications on the of any commercial or issuance o1. 1-"n**"1 of permlis for the constiuetion and operation of wastes, and the industrial establishments that may cause an increase in the discharge directly into the construction ol. u** of any new outiet for the discharge of any waste waters or atmospheric air of ihe Philippines'
Philippines urbanization. The concept of human settlements was introduced to the Nations conference in stockholm' the nationat oeregation that attendedlthe 1969 United '1973, by President Ferdinand The Task Force of Human Settlemefnts was created in national developmeni the Marcos, to look into three (3) major aspects of plan, the locationallgeograpf,ic dimension'of tlie national economic development planning and management national housing poii.V and implementation program, and the
of the Metro Manila Area.

The Philippines has a predominantly agricultural economy, with increasing by

the metropolis' These delivery of services'rot*on to the cities and towns comprising transportation' (3) flood services include: (1) solid-waste management, (2) traffic and

TheMetroManilaCommissionwascreatedinlgT5anditconsolidatedthe

ri

control and drainage, (4) health and sanitation, and (5) land use planning and zoning. lt propagated the first metropolitan-wide land use and planning ordinance.

2.4

CURRENT URBAN PLANNING ISSUES

SIZE Fxcessive size, both in population and in geographical area occupied by the cities, is the cause of problems rather than being a problem in iiself. The economic base of some cities is inadequate to cope with the pi'oblems created by excessive size.

2.4.',t EXCESSIVE

Overcrowding is the consequence of excessive size. This meahs that there are too many people occupying too little space and competing for too few services and jobs.

2.4.2 oVERCROWDING

'

2.4.3

SHORTAGE OF SERVICES With too many people to provide for, governments find it hard to cope wiih the demand. Housing shortages occur worldwide. Basic human needs such as piped sewage systems, water supply, decent communication services, reliable eleetric supply, and adequate garbage disposal systems are often inadequate. Other basic needs such as educational, health care, and recreational systems and facilities are also ill-met, TRAFFIC CONGESTION Traffic congestion is another consequence of overcrowding, aided by the appearance of the automobile society in most large cities of the world today. Traffic congestion causes the movement of people and goods within cities to a standstill. This result$ in a waste of resources and horrendous effects on the productivity of the city's economic base, which in turn affects the growth of jobs and employment levels.

2.4.4

?.4.5

LACK OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY The lack of social responsibility is one of the most menacing effects of overcrowding of cities. As more and more people compete for space and services, the competition breeds an everyman-for-himself atiitude. People end up refusing to fall in line for services, think nothing of despoiling public property or of littering. They disregard tratfic regulations, and show callous regard fot the
rights of feilow citizens.

2.4.6 UNEMPLOYMENTAND

UNDEREMPLOYMENT

The issue of unemployment is one of the serious urban problems since virtually everything else connected with the city and its people is related in one way or another to the economic health of the city. One attereffect of employment problems is the large portion of people employed in the service sector, both by the government civil service and also in privaie establishments that deal with the public, including such places as government offices, banks, post offices, department stores, and restaurants. One commonly sees unusually large numbers of service personnel in these establishments. They neither seem to work hard nor to be expected to work hard, since their wages are usually very

low. But the hiring of more personnelthan really needed is one way of absorbing some of the excess labor force.
RACIAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES Unemployment and underemployment, along with other factors, breed a variety of subsidiary problems related to racial and social issues. Throughout the world, many cities face severe internal tensions that create centrifugal forces to work against efforts ai'solving many of the urban problems facing those cities.

2.4.7

?.4.8

ENVIROruMENTAL DEGRADATION Environmental degradation is the pollution of air and water, excessive noise levels, the decline of the landscape through the lack of planning and urban poverty. This is another serious worldwide problem concentrated in the cities.

2.4.S URBAN EXPANSION AND LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND Part of the process of environmental degradation is the tremendous amounts of land heing taken up by the sprawl of cities, especially the giant
conurbations. Usually (and unfortunately) the best agricultural land is commoniy found close to the major cities since this was one of the site factors that
accounted for the initial founding of many of those cities in the pre-industrial era.
2.4.1 O ADMII.J I$TRATIVE ORGAN IZATION

Cities that are growing rapidly in numbers and in area face problems of how to extend health care, water, sanitation, transportation, fire, police, and other services to inhabitants of fragrlented suburbs and even to inhabitants of cities who have traditionally lr*en excluded frcm governmental services. Problems arise over how to organize spatially new administrative structures, how to prevent rampant and uncontrolled expansion, how to finance public services and to allocate funds on a priority basis, and how to develop and implement a comprehensive urban plan. Conflicts occur over spending priorities, the locatiorr of new facilities, etc. Governmental organizaiion is significant when measuring the priorities for specific programs.

-__

lii

'

.,r.1r... 'Fllr.$jlit,. ' l-iJ.il!l::lr I{ilrc {iti'l' -- !1'tl'O,:,rrrily) ' /rlitgir;lrn 1tr:rio<! (r:1rly 1$0tlll
li:u'ly [:!urit W;rr lraril.:tl {1{),{0s - .lg${ir} F ru.Mar{i:r| [-nrv Puricrt {1{rJt,F-'lSI:/} fuiailiirl l-arv Pei io<.| {1 {J72-X 9il6}
iJ u

lv {Jt

rlr or: r ;r c y

tl

1]8{'.1

lli}li
{'(ll!!A

: [-c c A,I\tl

n il

ri

s tr ;i ii o

F'FVlt Atin,irri$irntion {191}?

D...1{

1g3S)
r

l:. iNi}{!
.l

Ar{r;rirri:.;tr;rli,rr

[,RE.ST]AN IS FI f'ERiOD {15Tti Cerrtu5y ancl Earlicr) ' i 6o,,or^l paticrrr ()f Fotllnrnt.niji:

f--*

**-*

I
i
I

l]I.ii...:tpA"iiri[-t rrr];01) (l5rr{Cr,'li[llryandF-i)rli{]r)

- Pcrrnarrnnt.sc;,llorcd *
tngtag+Ll

r),:rirntt:nities c,l ocople crrg,:r,cd lrt, svrialdr rr ;igr!t-ullttrc; irr l:clri i;r r:orrl ct-.rrrruuttittrrs *i,r iclv lanrilit"'s
hSirjf;iinr'y' gr(.iul-1s,

il] :iNilirlurl ilq{icrlitu! e onliir$cij in huntinq and

c,it'ii:r ilt

L.ir'.itlr [).]liitrri {orce l)t lnr tlre jgorols wlto moved i0 clilsters:

'

{ . ilararrlt;rys - l.nrall c{itpcrsr:d cnrnlnurritif,s r.,rnsistirr'.1 tf 30 to 1ijfi f.ltnilit.g ea: lr: sitcs i virr;cil (:;n;;.ii{,:r orrcs r.arillr :l(} to l0 pc.;plt'-: I t,trq;rr; oirqii uii1.,r lt.{}r}U pr:ngrlr, c.1. M;irri}a I ,:rrri Cr-'lrrr | i " fuirr:.;lirrt c,'u:,!i:l :;r:ti:-rr:urrls * Joln (soat of S:rli;ul ,'rf Srilrrl I j Ir;rc!iri3 ac:lir,ilics anrr)rrLt vi{lrce: anrl I
I
I

,1llng qnl*tal.aretrl
:

r:<t,.,1-i';rlly vrirh

l)irin:r. [iru:rrc,i urr,l

.Japan

L._**_ *

"-

.__*

'
Lt'!
,l

s["Allr:rli cbl,or'rsiil" rpF" E ltc l J\['i Ti l.-l $[ut

t

il " ..l,,ty 3, 15?3, Ki;rg Fhillip ll issrrtrJ a,oyil .i cle+rec ill.au;e of the !rltii+*) re"Ja!'L{ing thc 'l strur:t-urc 6,1 to\trsl$ {o be corls{.ructed im I c'.;lolrirts; a Splrlish. trrrvn plarl;lirla 'I il{lr;cncerl };y tllr: Rorrtans irntl tltr: piazza ,i !:lannilrgl of ltaii rn Itenais$frnr'e
| | I
,t
t t

- Tite Pl,r:iL

r;rr't;1

lcx

- {ls'l'l n,(!rfrd 11,ri c$lrrl)l0x - (lotrlrrr {.. il{iG l() litril)

l
t-

____-..-

*..*

rrti

tl

irl

:;

-l

itl
llj

iii'ri

ii.l
i

[.-*tl+;ir]lsrTcrl.riffilii;;;;:-**-. Hr*cr.rA[\J.iar.,"ini,,._
:;;ll; ll;::iil';,il:l;r:j::,!
'!i,{r

,,;,*,,!

,,:,,,,
I

! ;:;;;:,: ! ,i5, j
';'llliiiilli'*r ,,,r*....'0,;irrrj

l,::"::l'rii,r,'dr'i'.rriI"'n-J{}t}'rru0r't''rirstr,4,ir!
cc'rtotrrie acrivirics

rvr:ie

|
I f I i
t

i_

gjr;orl I j ^ ;.rt"rrt ilcfivitrr:s grrolitor.;rtetl , ,,,,,''.',",;rljr{:(t rL,^ir,{,rrtr;r! tr:a{rc,r, I'r

li.;rrlc wus "_

ll_'.,1:l:

'

***--**** *r*

AnrErqrsAN

Eil"drilffi_,n_
s.
ca
l!,r:rr

j].1 j',_.1:l:.,:,,t tinr; o i r rta,1 111. 1 1 6^ c.rr r 11rlt.,rs J. :r r. v,'' Il ]r 3 l8 lI La r r r d s a n i L: rV ga c I t r lies .: n rj 'r, r j I ji,r tivstents

!J,r

ll,:ff:B

barrio obrcro ,,J l4li'-!!iYi'+uios

r

iii,, r* rh;1i ffi *i :,,

r;,nli{T

il

{ l

t-,tr,1:ul:iic

hur toor e*c+tii ,,,,iv jfi I s+o l,;li:',,,"0,;rrri:l , .,"r, '- i rl0 r{(}Viscrj Aelrlrirtisl.rl{ivo Cocjo

i;;,i"-,f :::,lq

*rrciinancc for rrr;rnira

ri',,

iir'+i];rr,3 gor]c.r.lt $:;,

r.';,u,,r,,ilrii; il';;;il',Hl;k-;,jL[i$'","u

Act 3tt.it

or

I_

iii:i:;

i;;I i;,j;;,Ti',-*ijtli#ll

i'ri;,1' ,ii.lrl ii,,rl ,l'

l i i

l "rlr
F'C]:i-i WAli lrHfilqln
l)r.l 5'l -\iVAit p

l ltr:
Ii rrl],

frtUFiC i"/ii:,i fi11;{} t;rsl<ilrl {r.r

I | I I. | I j i I

l)l,lri:i ilild cotrlrn.l lhL'l(lcattL\t! of prritliC liVoftlotlls,; ;lrgrI i1y11116'11iottt ttriliilg 1'1 1lit1.111g1'q,i llnildirril arul srrllr!ivislort * rt,n,rt,liron {irr iubnri";,r*.r* rt,qrrl,ltion {br irrbnrr ;riil;rs : .. r'rr l7 - ri) c3, croatc<l ltro pooplc's llorrrrrite : ,;rrcl l.lnusirrg tlarlroratiorr * ,iror,tu, bf prlC
I

rrloltl

garrcral

I Fq i()f.] ilir:orUrriizalir,n Act (li 1qlfl\ atr{l ;rl,olisln}il ilrl hlijpC, tlrr, (,{jljC. n,,*llo'r,
l|:;t) - ll.'l
*t
I Frctr
i.

zi??

ft

l'.lov.

j,

rr:t[
l}i;{i

i-rlr:arufl

c t rt.rfu rrI I ile N:r I itllr,ril [)l;t rr rri n 5 {rt t;tr: I Z(rt tiltll it irE{ s ult rlivisiU,ti

. [:0 lJt]7 rcrrrfcrr:t,r{ l{A

rurll

4Zll arrrt C,,,i,,,,;*i, ;;;,;' l;;'

1l;1 | ir;111

g.

1354"-111]rl

arrcl

i.Jl.lt'

j "Luty ?,1S42

r-';,lriti,l .rrrd inaster 1.rl;rlilrinq it !)V tltc Cnpltnl CitV Flirrrriiirg Cnnlrris$iol (CCpC)

Rull Prr:lrarfy I)oarrl rs.lli . tlA lJ3 (i;.,iurralcr, (lrir:zon Cily iis

,:,

ttA lJ$I crcat,utl (lr,: Govtl.rrrlr'cni SLlrve.t

:

AO

2l

rvas is$ued, crcaiinrl lhe

rr+rv

s1t

rltvr(trfi{i ltr0 t'slllippitcr; r!lvr(lrn{i tlre Firi tlivirli*1i lhc }-iirilippilcr; into B r.:ciirrir rr:6jirrrs 1$iS - [.0. 15r] cfeat,]i{l llio nrnriirtr,,,ri.i grresiilr:nliai A:,;liistilrrt on 0ntnmirlrity tl*vciopuleritt fiIJ ceuncilri rir'1'1;rnirerJ pt tlle prc:villitial, local ancl
h,u nrrrtaV ie

l.,.nongn,1zil{;on lrropo;ctj a itcorirt;rnizatiurr pl;rn lI3_l\i

on.!n.iissior r rvli

ic

h later

vcls

ll

li'l irli
P $qffi

-hiiAf.tTlA l*

[-fiW

Phr H

tfi [)

*;
:

gr*ntin g ciliep

i6 114i

:l

t :,^T,:1,'r

s
,

o rd, n a n co

nruniciSialities Lhe $]cwsr c a ri d s u bri i v i s !,.r rr

RA ?370 (Autonomy to the Barrios or $arrio Ofiarler) gralriing Fcwars to barrios to

1$59

rlircctecJ nlrrnicipal Lrcards anr! city r:ouncile to ,tornt planning hcartls; ,: ;r jn ir rr. ri { Ir c IIu:lri.l s Ir.r a rrrrorr h i,r+ ;rlf lrulilic i,r,-, ; j i;;;;; iriti;rouernrrits with !lri: rlury tipprtvc--'-'""-' o,

1$62

- .AO 3i

tfll:I'lg

ci{y pli:nq citypinng : 1y i|ltq lrtil{}, tnfi Nh{.;, thu. lilqhest L,crJrrorriic c,ontfniiaily lost iis infIucr,ce,
f

ll,j.iv,

Ct rllllrilV, f irc Froqram lrnpi*rntntatlon Agr"rrcv (i'i,.\i r,rr;rs crealcr.! a::;i tlchnical lUurtsy ttrkctl vrith f,llc corrdur:t of'lrigir lcve I arra!yticalI riisL;ircllt ij ln operati ;uralVt:c;t rdrscatch$F !n crpurational pl{tnn}tnE, iraaiofiau plnruti rrrrri,rci n;inrifi-ali^'. r,r.t,ri., .-, t ri:jr1r;1 pr;ori [iz:tiorr a rr d r.ia y-le-rlay econr)rnic v-lo -drv cc r]nr)
1

rfacisiqnnr:rliing,3

l l

r
'I

pFi[:"i'fi,AR iliu-.

l-.,a,lqJ
f.hr:r

[ll:{]icli.}

trl.{

Drve lclrrn'e n t rlrr

- llA '$071,creat,:ll lho []()U'lf

tl ro

ititl lrrrlvinco

{ I

ritv

(lo'rrliirt\r

1!lil{i .- fir:\ tfi3(} cro*fi}d

{}icrl

fi+voioX-rrnont

Iti;iv S, 1$fi5 + ACI | 33 cr{?aled tlle Oonrnritlas orr f{iigional Flanning as a technir;al arm of the F ; e s j r.l e rr t to r,r,aa tt"; rs ro I a t i u S io rerl io na i plrrrrrrrrg anrlrprovlrJe updates on tiie actiuitios

I. t

'lgtl{i '-. ll,'\ 4-9Sij crcater{ ilru Lagunar Lake []evelopr r icrrt rtu thorit,r

of RD/te

"

Octohnr t$65 - R,0.41i4'l ciealcJ the fn$titirt+ cf Flanninil at !.JF Diliman. establishecl to crcr:to a poc'i o{ p!al!nprs i,rfid rleclar{,{.1 e nfilional pr.llicy on c.onT;:rrehengive pIanr'!inq of llirman sottlernents and the ir environrrerrt

Fatrrunry '[ ; iS{i6 * The Ftresii.ierrtiag fieononric -{tg${ l.;as crr}ster.l with firoader responeibiIities o* ntatters pertair',ring to reJliodal and loc;rl i.!c"i;l ltiillr rc r l? in arl rl it io;l tu f lle rD$[rrj nslllilities t*rrneri-ri ari*urncd hy thti lll[C. '1Sri7 -' RA 5 lilf (Decenirrf iza[ir,rn Act of 1 ?{i7) $l!'eat+r frr:e 'Jotlt and arnpl,er nlean.*; for LGUn t<: r,:sFond io ilre nccds oI thr;:ir p*o6.,lc arrd enairicif I111 p;oJrlr) to F;rr'rir.:iplto
,

it[:-li'lA N{Tl,Si- [-AW

PE RIQD

. .

1tiij8
1,rrr,

ii.A l-r415

crctll'ij

Cr i n1r11i5.ij611 c

rr licorU;r

incnrl

I r'lrrui;r'V

!hf inrc!Ir;!trjd ["'corglnizalir)n i(,,ilpilt -- i:0'i?'t ircntcrl tlro

iri nir;lti$l wllic h i:rtc'r

tlrer i1r*siiiierrf

on,

Pintb

iieofganiratiern Flap)
9

courlle irrt,r I1 arlrrrirris;trnlir,,c rqlJiorri rvitlI

r*r i*na i q apit;ll:1, cr,rii k:ri
[.1,i:

- rielinc;rteri th
c

coorrlirratlr pl ivatc I rirl ;rr;i.rlir: invcsllircrris

rlrr.:l.ri l-rr!vilJoillr'r trl i::(!rnrrliltl; c:; lr.,'arl,:t! llV Iy, r1, irr 1: r;ri rltl,.,ilir ilit tt'rt t (:orrf (!in;ltOr,l; *, lLt lcr., ! i I) r(\n;) f (: Ijic,v.ir)c i;rI (lovqild plrifi tIt []litt1r ai!rJ

I'rr,l

lh* I,lclir:rila

ur;

lililrrrtl ll

lrir:rlr,r.rrr

r(jitld(l Llrc lfl:rf icrr;rl ric i.lr,vcltillnlcriL Ar r Lll+ irty irs IIrrr
Corr lrc ils ;

' Plrysic.lii Plarrning Fri:t

r.rl 106fl - to iirorlrrc<: ;r (;{}r}l})rf}irt}rl$ive ar1(l worh;rbN* pllilnirrg act; to rDniiltiy tlic i'iti!tly rlcfect$ i:f lllilnrrirrg und to i' r tr{}rl u{r {.r arr * I f i:*tivi.r il ri {l ci i'ic i$ n I l}i,it ll tl it!U

Iii<1i:tst ccoirurrti{ prJirlyiirrr.; l:uily ,1,:rfiu$ly ?'1, -1!)73 -the 1s7i] iloustitution lvas r ltifie cl wlriclr, ar.non*; othcrs, rrrr the

r:rt';itil?r of flrr l{.rtirirr:ri $c<iltlrr llrc'rr:irrr'rrrcnl An{!t!}rilV

5\',Ltrll11

MARTIAL
I
L

I-

A\,IU

PHRIOD
0

trftAFtTtA[- LAW F]trF?t#n

Sr:plcrntrcr 19, 1ti7;i - l:O 419 * tlta'l'rrsNr F:li'cc ovl lJilnr;lrr jict'rlfir!ent$ wiis crcal.Li(t to cr.rrrrlrrct ;l corn!reteilt $turJy sn tli* naturr+, poli4i$, issueu and $lfatelliesi rai*tcd tc fionipreh*nsive ,i:ilid ints'Jrativo l!il$ian $*ttlflment$ prograrn irl tile Philippile$; to frrnflulBto iln crvcrall irartrelvor$i Flan for f lrrr rtaflort .lariu;try 2"{, '1974 * pl} t{}? crfiitlL.{l tlre f'{[D.A, tcr ira rrd ie silci fi I anrl 6coDornic alevelsnriil nt
u!;r

j,r*, l,

11.i74

tr'D l?.1

tr]6y1.1'ri1r1:i6v1 -..

;r

ir

$t tti t3r.ri,,,'ml:rIt re -luly l)1, 1$75 -.'pD 757 cre atbci thc National

llt in r,"rr:iroilolilan lrlarrnin{

crcirlur{ tire i\"4etro fiiarllr

l-lr:r;sirt

11

.A.uthority

rr1;ry X"t, 1!:)?tr,.-

Ptl fl3.!

rlrriili] acli!iili0$

llurli,rrr .!icltlcrncntsi Cnnllrussiort llo s(trvc as a p h rinir] g, r'fi g ilIfi t{lry, lrn6llcrrrcirtin g and r:cor(liniitit i it lri.!(i,J Ar;gr,st r? arnS '!8, 1ii7(i - l-Ol$ 4zl7 arid 440 et
rr.r n gl

c'lcv.rl,c:tl i-Fl-tli to

"
I I

fi{ay '17, 1574

* t'u

tl re

.;lr

ru;l1.*d

tlle lJeprarlrn'lnt

rii

N a tu

r;i{ F{e.so *-*'cs.'s

I

r*tiierlrai nltit*s fiy orii*rillgl the cl*;icglation of sr.rh*ita ntivr: arrri ndrni nis! rativr a utllaritv to tl-re

irr 91

tine adwri

n i s tra

tiv c

c;.r p;e c

i$

f tli *

ttiliottai

cf iiE:lg

-**"**"*;
il

-"--*j

r-*"

F-hrr6;ry. lB, 1g;F - LOI 5J'! Creatcd tho I ' linticrrral Coorclin:rting Council {or Towrt t Irianning, Houi;!ng anci ZonirlfJ (i{f,CTril-17) xo I 'lia.,ten the prcpar3tioir of lorvfl plan$ ilnLl I ?o!rirrS ordinlnC.'s tlrrouEl!tor;t ll'rl courrtn' I i1r'tarch il, {!?7 ??? It F i 16t I * "itrnc 2, 1!.!7U - Pn 13i){i creatrrt tlrc Mirii:try ol l Fiuri'ran $.rttlonrcnls to prornu!gnlo r,fiti$n;t! | .;l..ilrl;rrds and guiclciinasr for htilnan i

-* -"
iotA[.:nAL LAVV
11

*
r)tri[:iri.J[]

*l
I

srltlcnlcnt$,cr)vi{oJ}lllrfiillllt'lttaSclttt-'ttt, I l 4l lr,. g u l ttr l y sli$ter r.tt f o r z* n ilt g;, $ Ll b d it i$ io ; l

I
t-1 i.-! |

iii;:i:;rr* a 11;?tioili;tI nrulti-yenr [{ur*all $u{.tlr:tnent

F:'i;rn

! I I I | I . | i I i '.nnt,,.' i..r'uicl: lirl! $uttpori 1oi111' ,.lc,vernnrcnt 1:clicie: | .,ii'l ]tr(l,l'nirls oil nttrllatt stlrlc,ttctrtS tl,rol,Ull nficct ve i ::.rrr! r.i': Iir: (lov,ilc,illllc!1t cclll.ic'l rnciJstlrr,'s fjy I r'.t" rr:it,unirl{l tlre r(:(ll.!laiurY a[m
.

lC r',D;lrnud tl)c flSC t(j i krflr;rn Seitlr:r,rcl[ i ',t, I:ilr.;r,{:rt':11' (lorl}lrlisslr1ll nlld was dslil(llled il9 tllc I rcgulrtcrv arrn c'f lvlHS I tlii,l -. LOI 7?'l dir*(lcd tltc frllll; l{r pirpJre 16nd usc tilanl .:rrr,l zrrr)irrr.; l:l;lr:; {str:l Ltir}! r:trfrircttl t)y i ILR[f] I tf;,, '. I n ir] crr.;:iil:rl tlre tl;rfl,)i],rl Slri;llr:r Ptillrarn I ..lLrilir 2i tl'i I - Ptj l61B ci{:illi}d l!}'} Allt,Jnornou'j I tt,,,ti,. l\ ,ln{: )ill I 'i: '.,,r,,,,,0 7, i3t1. [{) 648 rr:otyanl/erJ thc l'lSRC wiilr thr I
I I I

-j

ii t.----.**j

I'

ltl

i', llrr 1''r

[1'l'i/i
1,, l-/,l],r"'hr Fr H

i,

lpl,A l;lTlA.

t..

Lirtry

F E n tCI m

Io t]re t*rrilrtt [,Jl*r]$ atrrj

Irru IiSliaJ fl;r:; tlrc lritlrorrly, [o {]ucrs(rc ll}o L:lii,!ri:t:ir] (}.[ ,ronirt!.1 fio.rlir]f-ti, ili tilt *r]{r:rcerr}et}t (]'? ./'(!llirlli (tlllirlllitc$; {}fitp/)tq,,{ll.utl t(, rcview alltl ilrt rtrt ;t ll 6Jq 0 ;1q;ii 1; cl ttt:r j or ;tr I lL" !; iJ Dtf st{ :j or ri:v is ititt
r:r,qf

firiA

. . '

itl $if,

irtancr:g

't,D 5n,!.* l?c.i,iilulrf.i;,I Corrdor1irri,r1t allri $filrrji,r ig:rr ri

Fn 1${i/ estahlislred 1 rl*y-carc cori{rlr ;:' cvcry hrr;lrlq;rV for;1.1;siJ 6 allel llirfutw --' iir
1{.f8"{ -"

"lirp{*rrrlrtr
$ rr hrii'r,,isi6rr

;15,

lrJtJl

-- {-!i}

$gvcl*1:nl*1t)

l?0 {Low"lrlrlorrrrl

ur l)[] UIi'

Pi:l.i_t]1,. tiir:tirfiliing 3$% oPun space as

ili:rJtt

userd

,iirrrlL:r,t;'i. llll:1 - Lfil l:rIil rroale(l thc Naliorral l";lrri! lj:;r illonurrit{,u* {0,J1-{J$} to servo as {.irg r:{\ rr rr1 i ri ii I tv{} lricr: h.1 fi iliri.: i r: illy:; ic;l I l;rr I ninrg I 1t
l

lrU

tLrrilr.iing

r-ilrlc of ifrr: frfiiliilpi;16x

:rl"

fii$!{,r rjFiuncRAC r':

PccA

N$A/
.,itrrtp 10,
1

flH$14fl]fr

f{Aijy ; p*Ci\
(Cc,rr;;;r.r;htrrsirin reforrn
I

iJc.)r.{} rrrlrer. 1'l ,1l|'j li;urs.f irr it.r funetiilltd

f0
ia

IJU

ther

'

croate $pr$ial ffiefroirolitail $uhdivi$ioil, ci-3;rticrt of ihc RDfis ald an inciepcndcnt 1,.1a nrrirrr_; a gcnfi y.

it a..; iii-Lilt[J; encJ creatirlt| tire FiL!i)S(] tu conrrrirrate and sui}]rvise il!s ixc{ivitios irf key hotrsirrg nsoncio$ irr the irn6lfonrr:nt'ltion o!'flie !{,rii<lt.rl $ lrl:iicr Frcgr.lnr f:ehrrary ;, ,l9Sf - th* 1g8Z fronstilrrtion iarns r{itif!r}il, cillir {q}r thil cio&ti$n of arltono$!,.}ri$ rcEiorrrl in iViuslirn tJlinelanao atld tho Ccrciillqr*. ' llio lorrruri;rtiq;rl ri{ loc;rl uor.*rnn,*,rt a;;,

abolish*tj I{ll.lS airil t.l$l{{: and renanring

$B& *,

RA

/;r1r*ri.llr i(r:Ic'l.riI [_arv] rJcclarcrl tit"it ;r:l a$ri$ulliural l*rrc:fs aru cover$r! fuy ;1,;lrlriart
A,*glnst'1,'!'0It9

iitsi

of llnytiilior;r Artminis,,iratiroe

I.,l.or

[]],J,t prouir.lurl t]r$

flq:r<iio,n

cr{}alion

/i.iltnn{:ilr*utiFtergion<r!idre:itiliii}!iirtianao " fidi,?[)ui '${1, 1g*1 -.i...,,\ f i0fi ij..oua j Coucr.lln+;lt tii:rl*) i:, l.;{.ior. , ,,." arrd
fr:r*tioru* rif tlt* naiiolr;ll g+vrirrlrnie,,tt io

alld

tfie

! l

i
t I

o"rerilnrent rr ri i,[$ ; irecyeass$ l.i]c resirsns;Lriiril8,9 i. I of LGI-i* in the nranagertir.lnt and d*velopnrcnt of I
9j

locul

iltlir ret:rrurr:es

*!

l''l

f W $ H{vlCIff l{A{i y : pCC,q

$5

l\4ifilt) 2,1, 1'r$?... [{/r ?g:rS {l-,rb$i} L)cvr+l*trrrrrerrt arrd iiousriilg A1:{} wa:i e}aci*rJ vrhi*h replaces tl}o Urbail lanr:l li:cirtrrn /irt
Ji.rly

[x

Vf ?,{\Dnil

},, I S1"1.1'4.T

{ih,l

i, '1S'J- R,rr 758(i (lli:t!:{orli r;f F'rotected },rr;as Sy[Lenr) vras pa$se,'r$.

'!-fre !!trild L.a,r,r !lliA *.s,oerlEi refcrm ;rgenda ;rnd

cd)

nvlifils!:trt() orlorl

Juiy 11, 1$$?

fdlala*ana*i;

ly1d.,:

l.l

!.lovr:nlm,0It do;:urlrnl}nis, $ff

e,!ir.actinfi

*tl

ifl os.

ijnC itxiintfl {",lrti:!litisri,

;rrclu(liti[, l.$Us to lormul;.rtrt {}rsir i$e {llurii"tcrn plails ;:nd public invilslrn;lnt lrroglanr+ ('i 903-'! $g&) Uarch ?5, 1$03 - fvlai,rc+nan$ f{:r ?'3 $xandatod U}s cify 13 ;-:r u n ii: i rl I cle v* ir ;: rnLr nl c.r,: u nc ils to i niiiai.s* thc "rn {nrrruliltilrt or utl{tt" ling tireir land uso pl;uls, irr { $ s u ll.1 $ n lvi I h fl f : c cll c it I ll.] cl {,i e c to r$ i !r h $
1

!e r,r.r (c c,il ;:n r r es, i n t! lr g { ri a I e sto {,c s, tnilrir:lrtr ar',::rl;) 'ljlt3 ii arran(tenir{ittl$ {variaritr; ri, jo!nt ,,Ji}nt$re}

ii Eiul.

1,.:l

t.r i n :il i e.: I rr"'ue !.)ir r ;r lr 11t i Fifi

Sl

I]

;t

t[i

itria

F)irilippi*e Ag;r:nila 2'l ) [!ii irr irnl ri-tr $ i* * ir::, iri*rtri*

fu'rilrirrq 1\r;t

1 i

.{

coi* rr r.i t1ity,

FJ EH

anrl

PGPdtA

ADMINiSTFU\STIfltNS
and

irng;rt Finoy
PGMA

* trabailo, pagkain, osklvela

lrousing for tlro poor

m"4&ffi4&YH

,;,1 it
rl'

,t
I

1,,