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How to Calculate Voltage Unbalance and the Expected Rise in HeatFigure 1.9 a ) S t e p 1 Add together the three voltage readings as(248 + 236 + 230) = 714 volts. b ) S t e p 2 Find the average voltage.(714/3) = 238 volts. c ) S t e p 3 Subtract the average voltage from one of the voltages that will indicate thegreatest voltage difference.In this example: (248 238) = 10 volts. d ) S t e p 4 100 x ( greatest voltage /difference average voltage)= 100 x (10238)= 4.2 percent voltage unbalance. e ) S t e p 5 Find the expected temperature rise in the phase winding with the highest current by taking2 x (percent voltage unbalance) 2 i.e. (2 x (4.2) 2 ) = 35.28% temperature rise.Therefore, for a motor rated with a 60C rise, the unbalanced voltage condition in theabove example will result in a temperature rise in the phase winding with the highestcurrent of 60C x 135.28% = 81.17C. SINGLE PHASING PREVENTERPage 11

Fig 1.10: Motor during Normal OperationFig 1.11: Motor during Single Phasing SINGLE PHASING PREVENTERPage 12

Hazards of Single Phasing for a Three-Phase Motor When one phase of a secondary opens, the current to a motor in the two remaining phases theoretically increase to 1.73 (173%) times the normal current draw of them o t o r . T h e i n c r e a s e c a n b e a s m u c h a s 2 t i m e s ( 2 0 0 % ) b e c a u s e o f p o w e r f a c t o r changes. Where the motor has a high inertia load, the current can approach

lockedrotor valves under single -phased conditions. Figures: 1.8 & 1.9 illustrate the 173%current increase. Three properly sized time -delay, dual -element fuses, and/or three properly sized overload devices will sense and respond to this over current. Figure 1.12: (Delta-Connected Motor)Diagram showing the increase in current in the remaining twophases after single-phasing SINGLE PHASING PREVENTERPage 13

Figure 1.13: (WYE-Connected Motor)Diagram showing the increase in current in the remaining twophases after single phasing SINGLE PHASING PREVENTERPage 14

DESCRIPTION OF SINGLE PHASING PREVENTER 1.Suitable for any HP motors for complete protection against single phasingunbalance supply.2 . E n s u r e s c o r r e c t p h a s e s e q u e n c e . 3.Automatic SWITCH OFF at dangerously LOW/HIGH voltage.4.Built in time delay to bypass momentary transients.5.Fail safe feature keeps the relay off against an open circuit in the control unit. 6 . V o l t a g e sensing & Current sensing. Figure 1.14: Connection Diagram using single phase preventer SINGLE PHASING PREVENTERPage 15

The SINGLE PHASING PREVENTER consists of the following blocks 1.POWER CIRCUIT Basically it consists of step down Transformer, 4 Diodes, Shunt Resistance, Zener Diode and Filter capacitor. During the positive half cycle of Secondary voltage V i ,the diodes D2 and D3 are forward biased and conduct the current through load resistance.Whereas D1 and D4 are reverse biased and are in off state. It may be observed that D2, R1 and D3

are in series. During the Negative half cycle of secondary voltage V i the current will appears diodes D1 , D4 are forward biased and D2, D3 are reversed biased. Therefore the forw ard biased diode conducts the currentthrough load resistance. The most important result is that the polarity across the load resistance R1 is same i.e. current flowing through R1 is same direction.In this circuit the Zener diode reverse biased p -n junction and operates only in break down region. Sometimes called as voltage regulator diode because itmaintains a fairly constant output voltage during reverse biased operation. 2 . C O M P A R A T O R An op-amp used as a COMPARATOR. A fixed reference voltage V ref o f 1 V i s applied to the (pin-3) (-) input and the other varying signal V in is applied to the( p i n - 2 ) ( + ) i n p u t . B e c a u s e o f t h i s a r r a n g e m e n t t h e c i r c u i t i s c a l l e d t h e n o n - inverting Comparator.When V in is less than V ref , the output voltage V o is at +V sat because the voltage atthe (-) input is higher than that at the (+) input. On the other hand, when V in isgreater than V ref

, the (+) input becomes positive with respect to the ( -) input and V o goes to +V sat . Thus, V o changes from one saturation level to another. The Comparator is a typeof analog-to-digital converter. At any given time the V o wave form shows whether V in is greater or less than V ref . SINGLE PHASING PREVENTERPage 16

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