Two decades later, more contemporary reporting situation remains unsatisfactory.

In their measurement mega-metaanalysis of prior RG

Vacha-Haase et al. after this

studies Vacha-Haase, Henson and Caruso (2002) reported that, of the thousands of journal articles reviewed in prior RG studies, only 24.4% of these thousands of articles cited reliability coefficients for the data actually being analyzed, and a stunning 56.2% of the thousands of journal articles reviewed contained no mention whatsoever of reliability! General Linear Model (GLM) The General Linear Model (GLM) is the concept that "all analytic methods are correlational ... and yield variance-accounted-for effect sizes analogous to r2 (e.g., R2, 2, 2)" (Thompson, 2000, p. 263). As Graham (2008) explained, The vast majority of parametric statistical procedures in common use are part of [a single analytic family called] the General Linear Model (GLM), including the t test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), multiple regression, descriptive discriminant analysis (DDA), multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), canonical correlation analysis (CCA), and structural equation modeling (SEM). Moreover, these procedures are hierarchical [italics added], in that some procedures are special cases of others. (p. 485)

Block Quote >= 40 words

In 1968, Jacob Cohen explained that multiple regression analysis subsumes all univariate parametric statistical analyses (e.g., t tests, ANOVA, ANCOVA, Pearson r) as special cases. In 1978, Knapp showed that all commonly utilized univariate and multivariate analyses (e.g., Hotelling's T2, MANOVA, MANCOVA, descriptive discriminant analysis) are special cases of canonical correlation analysis (CCA). Thompson (1984, 1991) and Zientek and Thompson (2009) provide more detail on CCA and the GLM. These traditional univariate and multivariate parametric analyses dominated quantitative research reports for many years (Willson, 1980), and remain common (Kieffer, Reese & Thompson, 2001). But none of these analyses (e.g., t tests, ANOVA, ANCOVA, Pearson r, Hotelling's T2, MANOVA, MANCOVA, descriptive discriminant analysis) incorporate estimates of or adjustments for measurement error within the scores being analyzed. In effect, traditional statistical analyses presume perfect or near-perfect score reliability. More recently, a modern statistical analysis today called structural equation modeling (SEM; see Thompson, 2000, for an accessible introduction) has been developed and popularized in various software packages, such as AMOS (Arbuckle, 2007). In 1981, Bagozzi, Fornell, and Larcker demonstrated that structural equation modeling (SEM) is an even more general case of the GLM (see Fan, 1997 for a cogent explanation). Even though SEM is the broadest case of the GLM, and subsumes CCA and classical parametric analyses as special cases, unlike CCA and multiple regression and the other classical analyses, SEM does estimate and make adjustments for score reliability estimates as part of the statistical analysis. In other words, SEM is both simultaneously a statistical and a measurement analysis.