ECONOMIC CRISIS OF PAKISTAN

Dancing around the fire is not the solution to any problem. One should try to see beneath the surface in order to grasp an idea about the basic issue. Deposit a stream of strong words and announcements made by the past rulers of Pakistan, nothing concrete has been done to introduce a proper economy revival plan. Rather the situation has taken a quantum leap for the worse. At present the sorry state of the economy, tops the problems facing the country. Seeing the horrible economic distress, some still suggest restoring to the begging bowl and further subjugation of donor agencies as the only solution to it. Such an approach can not provide a way out; it aggravates the situation and amount to commit suicide. Therefore, the present leadership has realized that there is not option but to reshape the economic strategy altogether. The economy of Pakistan has fallen up to this extent that it requires serious attention and endeavor to revive its state. The revival of economy means to bring the economy on track whereby country becomes self sufficient and economy self sustained to meet its internal demands and fulfill foreign obligations. Sustained economy provides a balance in trade, potential of paying back foreign loans and gradual growth in gross domestic and national product. Rise in foreign exchange reserves, minimum inflation rate, strong local currency are a few indicators of a sustained economy whereas better social indicators reflect its civic effects. Developed economies are movers, developing economies are the followers and the underdeveloped economies have no say in the scheme of things. All economic conditions are the certain result of policies. No economy can itself produce positive results. It is the people and their actions which steer the effects. The economy of Pakistan was not doomed for disaster. It has become the victim of eccentric policies of our past rulers. It has been mismanaged up to this extent that the country has virtually become bankrupt and made to dance on the tunes of donor agencies as Pakistan has bartered its freedom with them. For the last thirteen years there has been no noticeable addition to basic industries and the economic infrastructure of the country. Instead the number of sick industrial units increases each year. The public sector is shrinking and suffering losses. Although agriculture has helped the nation to survive but the sector itself is faced with crises. In regard to oil, retrogression has set in after a good progress.After attaining one third self sufficiency in the countrys oil requirements, advancing steps have been retracted and the annual import of oil has increased. Exports could not be enhanced despite repeated devaluation of the rupee. External debt are touching new heights and the irony is that new loans are obtained simply to pay back a portion of the earlier loans. According to the genesis of the present situation the deterioration in economic activity is mainly caused by weak performance of large scale industry, erratic behavior of agriculture, decline in real investment, macro economic instability that includes large fiscal deficit, large bank barrowing, using interest payments on domestic debts double digit inflation and personal aggrandizement.

The economic situation of Pakistan at the time of independence was also very bleak but it improved over the years. Its economic policies were exemplary and countries like Korea had learned the tricks of economics from Pakistan in 60s, while Pakistan revived meager financial resources at the time of independence, it was deprived of Kashmir. Ever since, the Kashmir issue has been haunting Pakistan for which Pakistan has fought several wars with India and each war had its price paid by Pakistan. It had to maintain a large armed forces causing huge burden on economy. Agriculture has always been neglected. Feudalism is in vogue even today and about six thousand families posses forty percent of the total cultivable land. There is no retrieval policy in regard to the agricultural inputs. The cost of seed is four times higher than its cost of production. Irrigation system is also upset. Per acre productivity of East Punjab and Haryana is four times higher than that of West Punjab and Sindh. The level of land and human efforts are the same but the difference in policies, facilities and other factors account for the disparity. Pakistan may become self sufficient in agriculture within two to three years but at present twenty percent of total imports comprise food cereals. On the one hand, there is the common cultivator who finds it difficult to meet his expenses, on the other, there is a particular class that not only rolls in wealth but also upholds the oppressive and unjust system. As we are very heavily dependent on borrowing to meet the resource gap, our major donor International Monetary Fund insists upon narrowing the revenue expenditure gap to under five percent of the gross domestic product. Since other lenders follow the policies of International Monetary Fund, Pakistan has no choice but to enhance its taxes and revenues. These foreign lenders and donors also demand that we reduce taxes on international trade which means the reduction in the custom duties which has always been the main source of our revenues. This puts further pressure on the other taxes to make up for the loss caused by the reduction in the custom receipts. The real issue of our economy is how to achieve higher productively, and to strengthen and develop the infrastructure. For this purpose the foremost need is to restore the confidence of our businessmen, cultivators and industrials to engage them in product processes. In the past, various Government of Pakistan have made some efforts to build up infrastructure and productive potential of the economy, through the process of many plans which was the beginning to prepare for future advancement. It was started by launching a six year Development Program in in 1951. The plan was suspended two years before its completion due to the repercussions of the Korean war. Besides this plan, five other five years development plans were drawn up. These efforts did not prove successful due to economic, social cultural and administrative obstacles. As majority of the people in Pakistan are poor and backward, they have always been preoccupied mainly in meeting the basic needs. They live in unhygienic conditions. Electricity is a luxury for them. Health services havebeen thinly spread in the country. Floods, drought or diseases affect people and the livestock. The combination of malnutrition, illiteracy, diseases, high birth rate, unemployment and low income has closed the avenues of escape from serious economic crises. The most unfortunate aspect of these serious economic crises and pathetic state of affairs is not because of the lack of natural resources but due to inefficient use of the key factors of production.

The socio cultural attitude of the people is also an obstacle in the way of economic development of Pakistan. More than 50 % people are illiterate. They are ignorant of what is happening in their own country and the world at large. The majority of the people are extravagant. Pakistan, in fact, has a consumption oriented society. The native culture and are generally not receptive to new foreign methods of production. The caste system functioning mostly in terms of occupations like tailoring, carpentry, jewelry etc. restrict occupational and geographical mobility. For accelerating the rate of economic development, there should be political stability in the country. If there is a change in the government set up due to election, or of dictatorship, the planning projects initiated by the previous government should not be altered or given up altogether. The planning machinery and all others involved in administration should be loyal to the country. They should be competent and honest in the performance of the duties assigned to them. In Pakistan, since its inception, there have been rapid changes of governments. Each government which came in power condemned the planning work done by the previous governments. They introduced their own plans, formulated their own strategies of development and left the chain without achieving the targets of their plans. A history of planning shows that with the exception of fifth five year plan, all other plans have failed to achieve their objects and have proved mere rigmaroles. Now the time has come to adopt some practical means to set aside the barriers to economic development. It is a big challenge to the planners. According to the above mentioned circumstances the following suggestions can be recommended in order to raise the economic development of Pakistan: Export Promotion Bureau and Embassies/ High commissions abroad should explore markets for Pakistans products through trade shows, business delegations and international advertising. Moreover the export base should be broadened by exporting software handicrafts, fresh fruits, vegetables, fish, livestock and flowers etc. Suitable arrangements for processing or packaging of fish, fruits and vegetables should be made. In order to counter the huge debt a debt management committee comprising Ministers of Commerce and Finance, Chairman Privatization Commission and Governor Sate Bank of Pakistan should be formed. This committee will develop debt retirement instruments independently having power to implement them in letter and spirit. The committee should draft two separate policies for short term and long term debts. The difference of US Dollar and Pakistani rupee in official and open market rats should be kept minimum and confidence of the overseas Pakistanis may be restored which was shaken after freezing of foreign currency accounts in May 1998. Steps may be taken to attract investment from overseas Pakistanis and international investors. New dams should be constructed to increase availability of water for irrigation purposes, as irrigation water has a vital importance for better agricultural production. The quantity and quality of irrigation water should be improved through desalting and other water conservation techniques.

The of electricity for agriculture purpose should be lowered to ensure at least 40 % share of agriculture sector in consumption of power. The health facilities provided by private and autonomous hospitals are not within the reach of the poor. The government should discourage commercialization of health and ensure availability of adequate health facilities to all segments of society at reasonable rates. In the field of education a new policy broadly aiming at increasing literacy rate by universalizing basic education, enforcing compulsory primary education encouraging private investment and increase in total expenditure on education up to 4 per cent of gross national product is required to be implemented. The construction of deep sea port at Gawadar and its connection to the rest of the country should be taken up at the earliest to facilitate exports from Balochistan to provide transit for trade of Central Asian States and to get suitable share in international trade, making use of ideal geographical location of Gawadar. Another important recommendation is regarding information technology policy. This policy mainly emphasized on human resource development and providing infrastructure, should be announced and implemented at the earliest. So, conceived in this way, although a critical look at Pakistans economy, presents a gloomy picture. The above mentioned measures are hoped to stabilize the ship. Today not only the country is burdened with heavy debt, it has also reached a stage where it can not simply move forward. Growth is stagnant. All other indicators too, look quite disappointing. Exports are not satisfactory and revenue from taxation is not sufficient. Unemployment is rapidly increasing. The overall scenario presents a dismal situation. This could be seen from the fact that many times a default situation emerged and it had to be faced by making great sacrifices of national sovereignty and in addition a further rise on the debt servicing front. In spite of al these cataclysmic facts, one may hope that with newly introduced economy revival plan, the time will be changed and the economic development rate will be enhanced. Now the time has come that if we want Pakistan to rise up to that extent where the prosperity, integrity, solidarity and economic stability will be all around, (then) every Pakistani will have to work as far as dedication in him lies. By working with whole concentration and conviction we may achieve that much a strong Pakistan dreamt by Quaid-e-Azam, and by working this way that day will not far away when Pakistan will bear the palm and it will show its mettle to rest of the world.
After being castigated by private sector experts for consistent poor economic management during the last few years, finance minister Dr Abdul Hafeez Shaikh held the media responsible for negative perception on the economic front and constituted five groups to give recommendations for balance of payments, reviving manufacturing sector, improving capital markets, enhancing centre-provinces financial coordination and strengthening social safety nets. The meeting of the Economic Advisory Council (EAC) reviewed the overall economic situation and discussed suggestions for the upcoming budget of fiscal year 2012-13. The meeting was attended by

Shamashad Akthar, Nasim Baig, Hussain Ali Chandio, Shoaib Sultan, Ali Habib and other experts. Addressing concerns of the council, the finance minister said the media is continuously creating negative perception among masses regarding economic performance of the government, while reality is much different. He assured the EAC that his economic team is doing its best for the country without taking into account any political biases. He claimed that over all the Annual Development Plan (ADP) and tax related measures were free and fair from any political objectives. He constituted five groups to give suggestion in specific areas for upcoming budget during next meeting. First group headed by Nasim Baig will look into the matters of balance of payments, second group will provide concrete suggestions on different concerns raised by manufacturing and industrial sector, third group will look into the matters of capital market, fourth group will cover provincial financing and coordination and fifth group will work on social safety nets. All groups will give their suggestions at the next meeting of the council on April 7. Secretary finance informed that real GDP in FY2011 was 2.4 per cent while target of FY2012 is 4.3 per cent and projected GDP of 2012 is 3.6 per cent. Inflation (CPI) stood at 13.9 per cent during FY2011, target of FY2012 is 12 per cent and projected inflation in 2012 is 12.9 per cent. The fiscal deficit stood at 6.6 per cent in FY 2011, target of FY2012 is 4 per cent and projected fiscal deficit is 4.7 per cent. He informed the council that losses to economy caused by recent flood are partially mitigated by good performance of agriculture sector in Punjab. He informed about the expected measures which will reduce the deficit. The measures include austerity measures in expenditure, auction of 3G license, tariff and fuel adjustments and recovery from Coalition Support Fund. Chairman FBR briefed EAC about the overall performance of FBR and measures adopted to enhance revenue collection during the current fiscal year. Secretary planning gave overview of the Public Sector Development Plans (PSDP 2011-12). He presented an outline of 20 mega projects under PSDP. He informed that foreign aid to PSDP has been increased to a significant level, which is reducing the overall burden on our existing financial resources. He discussed in detail the hurdles like political and bureaucratic pressure, poor project appraisal, over run cost of projects etc, faced by planning commission in overall project planning and implementation process. Governor, State Bank of Pakistan said the banking sector seems resilient despite the European financial crisis. He informed that some foreign banks were in pipeline to operate and invest in Pakistan.

After being castigated by private sector experts for consistent poor economic management during the last few years, finance minister Dr Abdul Hafeez Shaikh held the media responsible for negative perception on the economic front and constituted five groups to give recommendations for balance of payments, reviving manufacturing sector, improving capital markets, enhancing centre-provinces financial coordination and strengthening social safety nets. The meeting of the Economic Advisory Council (EAC) reviewed the overall economic situation and discussed suggestions for the upcoming budget of fiscal year 2012-13. The meeting was attended by Shamashad Akthar, Nasim Baig, Hussain Ali Chandio, Shoaib Sultan, Ali Habib and other experts. Addressing concerns of the council, the finance minister said the media is continuously creating negative perception among masses regarding economic performance of the government, while reality is much different. He assured the EAC that his economic team is doing its best for the country without taking into account any political biases. He claimed that over all the Annual Development Plan (ADP) and tax related measures were free and fair from any political objectives. He constituted five groups to give suggestion in specific areas for upcoming budget during next meeting. First group headed by Nasim Baig will look into the matters of balance of payments, second group will provide concrete suggestions on different concerns raised by manufacturing and industrial sector, third group will look into the matters of capital market, fourth group will cover provincial financing and coordination and fifth group will work on social safety nets. All groups will give their suggestions at the next meeting of the council on April 7. Secretary finance informed that real GDP in FY2011 was 2.4 per cent while target of FY2012 is 4.3 per cent and projected GDP of 2012 is 3.6 per cent. Inflation (CPI) stood at 13.9 per cent during FY2011, target of FY2012 is 12 per cent and projected inflation in 2012 is 12.9 per cent. The fiscal deficit stood at 6.6 per cent in FY 2011, target of FY2012 is 4 per cent and projected fiscal deficit is 4.7 per cent. He informed the council that losses to economy caused by recent flood are partially mitigated by good performance of agriculture sector in Punjab. He informed about the expected measures which will reduce the deficit. The measures include austerity measures in expenditure, auction of 3G license, tariff and fuel adjustments and recovery from Coalition Support Fund. Chairman FBR briefed EAC about the overall performance of FBR and measures adopted to enhance revenue collection during the current fiscal year. Secretary planning gave overview of the Public Sector Development Plans (PSDP 2011-12). He presented an outline of 20 mega projects under PSDP. He informed that foreign aid to PSDP has been increased to a significant level, which is reducing the overall burden on our existing financial resources. He discussed in detail the hurdles like political and bureaucratic pressure, poor project appraisal, over run cost of projects etc, faced by planning commission in overall project planning and implementation process. Governor, State Bank of Pakistan said the banking sector seems resilient despite the European financial crisis. He informed that some foreign banks were in pipeline to operate and invest in Pakistan.

For a handful of people who can deliver a speech in English on fiscal policy using a PowerPoint presentation, the last two weeks have been very busy. Be it pre-budget seminars or post-budget briefings held to influence the ensuing debate over the Finance Bill in parliament, one can expect the same old, familiar speakers to show up on nearly all such occasions. The Institute of Cost and Management Accountants of Pakistan (ICMAP) and the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan (ICAP) two of the three leading accounting bodies operating in Pakistan held their post-budget seminars on Tuesday night and Wednesday, respectively. Although the two seminars had many renowned experts in common, the key speaker on both occasions was the much-celebrated corporate titan-turned-politician Asad Umar, who resigned as president of Engro Corporation in April to join the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI). The economic situation of the country is so scary that the government cant even muddle through now, said Umar, while referring to the gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate which he called the lowest in the countrys history and the soaring inflation, which he termed the highest in the past six decades of the countrys existence. Investment isnt decreasing, its actually collapsing, he said with reference to the investmentto-GDP ratio that has declined from 22.5% to 12.5% in the last four years. The per-year decline in investment, according to Umar, has been $20 billion, with foreign direct investment (FDI) dropping from $6 billion to $1 billion under the current government. In view of the strong economic growth in neighbouring India, Umar claimed that per-capita income there would double in 12 years. However, Pakistan would take 70 years to achieve 100% growth in its per-capita income. Making the economic situation sound further scary, Umar told the audience that the Sub-Saharan Africa one of the least developed parts of the world grew 50% faster than Pakistan in the last four years. Calling him a thorough professional, Umar praised the federal finance minister lavishly at one of the seminars. Hafeez Shaikh knows the economy far better than I do. But the problem is that he has no control over the economic situation. AF Ferguson & Co Partner Shabbar Zaidi, another sought-after speaker who participated in both seminars, was highly critical of the performance of the governments economic team. Awash with words like disaster and crisis, the central theme of Zaidis speech was that the government, businessmen and the public at large were all responsible for the fiscal mess the nation finds itself in.

Noting that debt servicing, defence, subsidies and administrative expenses formed 31%, 16%, 25% and 11%, respectively, in the proposed budget, he said that 83% of the allocations were set aside for non-productive expenditure. He stated that the increase in total debt was approximately Rs1.5 trillion per year. With the debt level reaching Rs13 trillion, he said the fiscal deficit would be around Rs1.8 trillion next year. This country cant be run with this kind of a fiscal deficit. Users of electricity, especially commercial consumers, ask for electricity, but contribute nothing to the exchequer, he said, adding that the agriculture sector both production and trading segments paid little in taxes. Criticising those calling for severing trade ties with the western world to make the country sovereign, Zaidi said the United States would always remain the main buyer of Pakistani products. Referring to a research study, he said US per-capita income was likely to be $88,000 in 2050 as opposed to Chinas $39,000. The aging populations of the European Union and the US are an asset for countries like ours. Published in The Express Tribune, June 7th, 201

Related material
Education occupies an important place in every civilized society because it has the potential to bring about a socioeconomic revolution. Unfortunately, the situation in Pakistan is not satisfactory. Over time there has been a gradual decline in the quality of education. According to Hathaway (2005), Pakistan's education system is regularly cited as one of the most serious impediments preventing the country from achieving its potential. International donor agencies like World Bank and Asian Development Bank have provided additional funds for Pakistan's education sector but their efforts have not been met with much success. The banks' efforts to upgrade the education sector failed because Pakistan's bureaucracy was so corrupt, inefficient and dysfunctional that resources funded through these channels had no chance of achieving the targeted results (Burki 2005). The objective of this paper is to scrutinize why educational reforms fail in Pakistan. It also seeks to offer some recommendations to make policies and reforms successful in the educational sector of Pakistan by applying the concept of force field analysis, and a change management model to combat corruption. Why policies and reforms fail in Pakistan? Asian Development Bank, in a report in 2007, describes Pakistan's education sector as being damaged by corruption. Similarly, the World Bank and a number of donor agencies spent billions of dollars on a "Social Action Program" for Pakistan during the late 1980's through the 90's (Curtis 2007). The program failed because it did not address problems such as corruption and inefficiency within the Pakistani bureaucracy. A study conducted by Din and Ansari for HRCP in 2008 showed that only one-third of the Parha Likha Punjab funds were utilized by the first quarter of 2007. There were also reports in May 2007 of embezzlement worth millions of rupees in a nationwide presidential reform programme for provision of basic necessities to schools. At least 738 schools in Nawabshah remained nonfunctional because they had been constructed for political reasons in areas where they were not needed. Financial irregularities worth over Rs. 100 million were unearthed in the audit of the Sindh Education Foundation for the year 2005-06. There were reports in April 2007 that colleges in Islamabad had misused students' fund on fake courses. The Federal Government and the Ministry of Education spent an amount of Rs. 133 million out of student funds for unauthorized expenditure on fake summer courses and for the purchase of vehicles. The staff hired to teach a second shift during the vacations did not in fact teach at all. These are just a few examples. As corruption leads to inefficiencies and erects barriers to the smooth delivery of services, it is the root cause of most of the problems being faced by the education sector. What should be done to make policies and reforms successful in Pakistan?

To make policies and reforms successful, we need to curb corruption as this will lead to effective utilization of available resources. Due to the current economic situation and energy crisis prevalent in the country, there is little chance that the government will increase GDP funding to 4% in the near future. Hence, the aim should be to use the available resources as efficiently and effectively as possible. UNESCO defines corruption as "the systematic use of public office for private benefit whose impact is significant on access, quality or equity in education". It also identifies major practices of corruption in education. These practices include embezzlement, school mapping and equipment, appointment of teachers on basis of favoritism, nepotism and bribes. Likewise existence of ghost schools is recognized as another area encompassing academic corruption. Unfortunately, Pakistan's education sector possesses almost all the qualities identified as corruption' by UNESCO. An evaluation report by the ADB suggests that a drastic improvement in planning and reform management is required if Pakistan is to meet its millennium development goals (MDGs). The Force Field Analysis Force Field Analysis can be used in the field of education in Pakistan to assess the status of corruption and to suggest anti corruption measures for improving the standard of education. The University of Cambridge identifies it as being widely used in change management. For the desired change to take place, we first need to identify our vision and then assess and analyze the current situation using the force field analysis as a tool. Our vision and desired change in this particular case is to take anti-corruption measures to elevate the standard of education. Desired Change: Taking anti-corruption initiatives collectively to improve the standard of education Driving Forces (Those which currently exist & support or drive the desired change)

Government is aware that deficiencies in education pose a long term risk and the issues demand a fundamental re-orientation. People are not satisfied with the quality of education provided especially in the public sector. NGO's and social welfare organizations are working to upgrade the education sector. International donor agencies realize that their investment will be wasted if corruption is not curbed.

Restraining Forces (Forces that may inhibit the implementation of the desired change.)

Centralization of resources Poor monitoring of programmes Lack of commitment on part of the government. Information systems and files not accessible to the public for monitoring. Lack of accountability by the local community in the functioning of individual schools especially in rural areas. Capacity of NGO's to design, deliver, manage and monitor schools is insufficient. Poor monitoring of programmes Not enough setting of benchmarks for release of funds. No practical steps being taken to stop drain of resources on ghost schools. Feudalism and corrupt bureaucracy are a major hindrance in successful implementation of these reforms.

Recommendations The next phase of change management is to assess and identify the tools needed to curb corruption. Subsequently, the desired change can take place through systematically minimizing the forces against change, maximizing the driving forces and creating some new positive forces. To meet this goal, international organizations, government, civil society and private sector should work together as a team to eliminate corruption. UNESCO has provided some guidelines on assessing corruption through Corruption Perception Index (CPI). It reflects the perception of business community, academics and risk analysts. This methodology should be carried out regularly and independently to find out the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist amongst the public officials and politicians. The input of mass media in carrying out this survey cannot be ignored. UNESCO recommends the help of Public Expenditure Tracking Surveys (PETS) and multiple indicators (QSDS) to minimize corruption in public sector. International donors should provide aid only after the relevant departments meet the set benchmarks. They should develop a comprehensive system for monitoring of reforms. Decentralization of the release of funds system to the local level would ensure their timely release, transparency, as well as greater participation of the local community in monitoring and funding of reforms. This would lead to identification of ghost schools. The revenue saved could be used to improve the pay scale of the teachers. Political interference should be avoided at all costs. Immediate action should be taken against any organization or individual which tries to prevent or disrupt development or reform initiatives. Media can highlight such irregularities. The role of media in fighting corruption can not be ignored. It is a powerful tool which can be used to create awareness about educational ethics. It can help the authorities to communicate effectively with all the stakeholders. Moreover, the monitoring capacity of the educational department at the provincial level should be increased by appointing more staff. The monitoring staff should be provided attractive

incentives and facilities for travelling especially to rural areas. This would make it easier for them to manage the change process. Evaluation of the implemented projects should be carried out by some internal, as well as, external unbiased agencies. Their aim should be to examine the effectiveness of the reforms or changes which have taken place. Evaluation and monitoring of reforms would provide data to the government and the civil society, and empower them to learn from past experiences. They would ensure improvement and accountability. To ensure the continued success of reforms, information and research system should be updated on a regular basis. Its results should be available to the civil society and all the stakeholders on demand. The individuals and organizations whose performances have been commendable should be publicly acknowledged. Fighting corruption is a long term strategy and requires commitment of the government as well as the civil society. Conclusion Only a strong and effective education system free of corruption would help steer Pakistan towards political stability, economic prosperity and development. Pakistan has committed to achieving Education for All goals by 2015. It has prepared a National Action Plan for EFA (2001-2015) which sets targets of bringing 100% children into schools and raising literacy rate up to 86%, by 2015 (Universal Periodic Review of Pakistan by UNESCO, 2007). The major factor which is going to inhibit the achievement of these targets is corruption. Corruption is a major drain on the effective use of resources for education and should be drastically curbed (EFA Dakar, 2000). Against the recommended 4% of GDP, only 2% has been reserved for education sector. We are fortunate that international donor agencies, for whatever vested interests, are willing to generate additional funds. The government should take advantage of these generous offers and do its best to eliminate corruption and improve the framework of education. Changes in the educational sector may be very challenging, but they can be realized through a comprehensive analysis of the as-is situation, the minimization of inhibitors to change and the maximization of the driving forces. References Hathaway, R. M. (2005). Education Reform in Pakistan: Building for the Future. Burki, S. J. (2005). Educating the Pakistani Masses Din, N. & Ansari, S. (2008). State of Human Rights in 2007. Hallak, J. & Poisson, M. (2006). Resource Leakage and Corruption in Education. Curtis, L. (2007). U.S. Aid to Pakistan: Countering Extremism through Education Reform. UNESCO Islamabad. (2007). Universal Periodic Review (UPR) of Pakistan (2007)

Pakistan Education Sector Marred by Corruption - ADB. (2007).