Group Statistics Client Sex Female Male N 120 301 Mean 32.48 30.43 Std. Deviation 7.399 9.

646 Std. Error Mean .675 .556

Interpreting an Independent Samples t-test in SPSS

Client Age

Indicates number of subjects in the analysis (120 females and 301 males)

Indicates individual group means (females = 32.48 and males = 30.43)

Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper .126 .328 3.973 3.772

F Client Age Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed 14.534

Sig. .000

t 2.094 2.343

df 419 283.332

Sig. (2-tailed) .037 .020

Mean Difference 2.050 2.050

Std. Error Difference .979 .875

Indicates the probability of error (p) Since the probability of error is < .05, the analyst must reject the null hypothesis of no difference and conclude that there is a significant difference between the mean ages of males and females.

Interpreting a One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in SPSS

Descriptives Total Prior Convictions 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Bound Upper Bound 1.88 3.91 2.19 1.61 2.01 1.51 .27 2.03 2.70 2.12 2.88 2.29 2.46 2.35

N 8th Grade or Below 9th Grade Up (No Graduation) Graduated High School G.E.D. Certificate Some College Bachelor's Degree Total 28 146 112 47 79 11 423

Mean 2.89 2.45 1.87 2.45 1.90 1.36 2.19

Std. Deviation 2.615 1.558 1.359 1.472 1.744 1.629 1.656

Std. Error .494 .129 .128 .215 .196 .491 .081

Minimum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Maximum 12 6 5 6 9 5 12

Indicates number of subjects in the analysis (e.g. 112 subjects graduated high school)

Indicates individual group means (e.g. subjects possessing a G.E.D. had, on average, 2.45 prior convictions)

ANOVA Total Prior Convictions Sum of Squares 52.406 1105.084 1157.489 df 5 417 422 Mean Square 10.481 2.650 F 3.955 Sig. .002

Between Groups Within Groups Total

Indicates the probability of error (p)

Since the probability of error is < .05, the analyst must reject the null hypothesis of no difference and conclude that there are significant differences in mean prior convictions among education categories.

Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: Total Prior Convictions Tukey HSD Mean Difference (I-J) .448 1.027* .446 .994 1.529 -.448 .579 -.002 .546 1.082 -1.027* -.579 -.581 -.033 .502 -.446 .002 .581 .548 1.083 -.994 -.546 .033 -.548 .535 -1.529 -1.082 -.502 -1.083 -.535

Interpreting a Tukeys Post-hoc analysis in SPSS

(I) Highest Year of Education Completed 8th Grade or Below

9th Grade Up (No Graduation)

Graduated High School

G.E.D. Certificate

Some College

Bachelor's Degree

(J) Highest Year of Education Completed 9th Grade Up (No Graduation) Graduated High School G.E.D. Certificate Some College Bachelor's Degree 8th Grade or Below Graduated High School G.E.D. Certificate Some College Bachelor's Degree 8th Grade or Below 9th Grade Up (No Graduation) G.E.D. Certificate Some College Bachelor's Degree 8th Grade or Below 9th Grade Up (No Graduation) Graduated High School Some College Bachelor's Degree 8th Grade or Below 9th Grade Up (No Graduation) Graduated High School G.E.D. Certificate Bachelor's Degree 8th Grade or Below 9th Grade Up (No Graduation) Graduated High School G.E.D. Certificate Some College

Std. Error .336 .344 .389 .358 .579 .336 .204 .273 .227 .509 .344 .204 .283 .239 .514 .389 .273 .283 .300 .545 .358 .227 .239 .300 .524 .579 .509 .514 .545 .524

Sig. .767 .035 .861 .063 .090 .767 .054 1.000 .157 .276 .035 .054 .315 1.000 .925 .861 1.000 .315 .449 .352 .063 .157 1.000 .449 .911 .090 .276 .925 .352 .911

95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound -.51 .04 -.67 -.03 -.13 -1.41 -.01 -.78 -.10 -.38 -2.01 -1.16 -1.39 -.72 -.97 -1.56 -.78 -.23 -.31 -.48 -2.02 -1.20 -.65 -1.41 -.96 -3.19 -2.54 -1.98 -2.64 -2.04 1.41 2.01 1.56 2.02 3.19 .51 1.16 .78 1.20 2.54 -.04 .01 .23 .65 1.98 .67 .78 1.39 1.41 2.64 .03 .10 .72 .31 2.04 .13 .38 .97 .48 .96

Indicates a significant difference in prior convictions between the education categories 8th grade education or below and Graduated High School

Indicates the same as above

Specifically, since there were significant differences ONLY between 8th Grade or Below and Graduated High Schoolthe analyst must modify the hypothesis analysis and conclude that significant differences in mean number of prior convictions exist between those subjects with an 8th grade education or below and subjects who graduated from high school.

*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

Interpreting an

Correlations Total Prior Convictions 1 Total Violations .252** .000 427 406 .252** 1 .000 406 406

Interpreting a Pearsons Product Moment Correlation in SPSS

Total Prior Convictions

Total Violations

Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N

Correlation coefficient (r) examine for strength and direction

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Probability of error (p) Since the probability of error is < .05, the analyst must reject the null hypothesis of no directional relationship (or correlation) between total prior convictions and total (program) violations and conclude that there is a significant correlation between total prior convictions and total (program) violations. Since there IS a significant directional relationship (correlation) between the two variables, the analyst must examine r (the correlation coefficient) for strength and direction. Direction is determined by ascertaining the sign of r (positive or negative). Strength is determined by the absolute value of r and its approximate distance to 1. In this case, r is positive indicating a POSITIVE correlation between total prior convictions and total (program) violations. This indicates that subjects with greater numbers of prior convictions will likely violate program guidelines at a higher rate. However, the absolute value of r is not very close to 1, indicating a somewhat weak correlation. This could lead the analyst to conclude that

ALTHOUGH THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN TOTAL PRIOR CONVICTIONS AND TOTAL (PROGRAM) VIOLATIONS, THE CORRELATION IS RELATIVELY WEAK.

Client Race * Client Sex Crosstabulation Client Sex Female Male 78 151 34.1% 65.9% 65.0% 50.5% 18.6% 36.0% 40 147 21.4% 78.6% 33.3% 49.2% 9.5% 35.1% 0 1 .0% 100.0% .0% .3% .0% .2% 1 0 100.0% .0% .8% .0% .2% .0% 1 0 100.0% .0% .8% .0% .2% .0% 120 299 28.6% 71.4% 100.0% 100.0% 28.6% 71.4%

Interpreting Crosstabulation and Chi Square (2) in SPSS

Total 229 100.0% 54.7% 54.7% 187 100.0% 44.6% 44.6% 1 100.0% .2% .2% 1 100.0% .2% .2% 1 100.0% .2% .2% 419 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Client Race

Caucasian

African-American

Hispanic

Native American

Other

Total

Count % within Client Race % within Client Sex % of Total Count % within Client Race % within Client Sex % of Total Count % within Client Race % within Client Sex % of Total Count % within Client Race % within Client Sex % of Total Count % within Client Race % within Client Sex % of Total Count % within Client Race % within Client Sex % of Total

Indicates that 65.9% of Caucasians are Male

Indicates that 50.5% of Males are Caucasians

If you get confused as to which percentage represents what, use RAW numbers to calculate the desired percentage: What percentage of CAUCASIANS are MALE? # of Male Caucasians = 151 # of Caucasians = 229 151 / 229 = .6593 OR 65.9%

Chi-Square Tests Value 13.487a 13.956 2.094 419 df 4 4 1 Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) .009 .007 .148

Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valid Cases

Probability of error (p)

a. 6 cells (60.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .29.

Since the probability of error is < .05, the analyst must reject the null hypothesis of no relationship and conclude that there is a significant relationship between race and gender.