Project Report On Application of GIS and Remote Sensing In Mineral Resources

Completed under the guidance of Dr.Jasmeet Kaur (Professor of S.G.T.B Khalsa College)

Submitted by: Hakim Asif Haider Life Science

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ACKNOWLEMENT

No significant achievement can be a solo performance especially when starting a project from ground up. This project on Application of GIS and Remote Sensing in Mineral Resources has by no means been an exception. Apart from the efforts of me, the success of this project depends largely on the encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this project. I would like to show my greatest appreciation to Dr. Jasmeet Kaur , Professor of S.G.T.B Khalsa College. I cant say thank you enough for Your tremendous support and help. I feel motivated and encouraged every time I attend her class. Without her encouragement and guidance this project would not have materialized.

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The guidance and support received from my parents . I am grateful for their constant support and help.

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Abstract
The search for metals and materials needed to sustain our culture has been carried out since primitive man has searched for flint to craft hand tools. Today, the materials needed to drive our economic and technological growth are just as crucial. Most of the easily accessible metal ores were discovered decades ago; and thus the search has turned to more subtle deposits and more remote locations. Since the inception of rudimentary aerial photography at the turn of the twentieth century, remote sensing has been used as a tool in the search for economic mineral deposits. As the level of technology has improved, the value of remotely sensed data has increased. The page will highlight the history and implementations of remote sensing on mineral exploration today.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1) Acknowledgement......................................................................................2 2) Abstract.......................................................................................................4 3) Introduction..............................................................................................6-13
A Pegmatite hosted gem mine in California. Pegmatites can often be located within granite bodies due to differential vegetation growth and erosion patterns. This is prominent in aerial photos A fault trace near Moab Utah that would be difficult to detect on the ground is easily seen in an aerial photograph. The Ray Rock Gold Prospect, North West territories, Canada. A Large Scale Linear Feature related to an ophiolite sequence developed during Precambrian tectonism. 4) GIS Approach In Mineral Targeting with Narayanpet Kimberlite Spatial Datasheet.........................................................................................................15

a) Kimberlite Emplacement Model: Theoretical facts.........................16 b) Narayanpet Kimberlite Field...........................................................20 i) Geology........................................................................................21 ii) Tectonic Elements........................................................................22 iii) Geophysical Surveys.....................................................................22 c) Project Work/ Methodology..............................................................23 i) Data Capture................................................................................24 ii) Derivation of Theme Based Evidence Maps...............................30 iii) Spatial analysis using Bayesian Probability Principle coupled with Index............................................................................................33 d) Conclusion.........................................................................................40 5) Mineral Prediction Using Remote Sensing and GIS in Rajasthan.......42 a) Abstract ............................................................................................42 b) Introduction......................................................................................44 c) Objective...........................................................................................45
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d) Materials and Methodology...........................................................46 e) Study Area .....................................................................................47 f) Result And Discussion....................................................................48 g) Conclusion......................................................................................52 6) Summary.............................................................................................53 7) Bibliography.....................................................................................54-59

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Introduction
The value of remote sensing data to mineral exploration has evolved and increased as technology has improved. In the early days of aerial photography, aerial photos were used when available to evaluate topography and plan prospecting and sampling forays. After World War II, the analysis of aerial photo data became much more sophisticated and actual

geological data began to be extracted. The use of stereoscopic pairs enabled geologist to interpret subtle structural features. Nonetheless, the primary use of remotely gathered data was comparative. If a particular type of deposit was being mined in a district, aerial photos would be used to locate similar features elsewhere within the district. These trends of comparative photography

continued until well into the satellite age when

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satellite imagery became commercially available. The availability of multi-spectral, radar, and IR imaging, in variety of combinations allowed geologists to evaluate regions in much more detail than ever. In addition, the multiple flyovers allowed a prospect to be viewed in different light during different seasons. This greatly reduced the cost of regional exploration by precluding the need for repeated trips to a locale to reassess. Another advantage was the ability to gather data through cloud and surface cover with radar imagery. This allowed data to be collected from the tropics and arid regions that had previously been inhospitable to large regional field exploration. The computer age further enhanced the usefulness of data by allowing imagery to be digitally enhanced to highlight specific features. Now spectral studies can be done which allow the identification of specific minerals from space.

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A Pegmatite hosted gem mine in California. Pegmatites can often be located within granite bodies due to differential vegetation growth and erosion patterns. This is prominent in aerial photos.

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The most elementary operation of remote sensing in mineral exploration is using aerial photographs to identify topographic surface features which may imply the subsurface geology. Such telling surface features as differential erosion, outcropping rock, drainage patterns, and folds/faults can be identified. These features can be compared to other potential targets in the region when looking for similar deposits. Faults fractures and contacts often provide a conduit or depositional environment for hydrothermal or magmatic fluids in regions of known mineralization, and thus make excellent targets for further investigation.

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A fault trace near Moab Utah that would be difficult to detect on the ground is easily seen in an aerial photograph.

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An Extension of simple air photo comparison is utilising satellite imagery to locate structural features on a regional level. This can allow geologists to narrow a large field of targets to a more manageable group. The same basic parameters exist, the search for favourable structural trends, only on a regional level. Field teams can than prioritise their energy in a more effective and efficient manner.

The Ray Rock Gold Prospect, North West territories, Canada. A Large Scale Linear Feature related to an ophiolite sequence developed during Precambrian tectonism.

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As Satellite image collection and data management improved a new kind of remote sensing application began being used by exploration geologists. Multispectral imaging and thematic mapping allowed surface mapping to be performed remotely in ways only dreamed about during the era of early photo interpretation. Different scanning spectrums enabled researchers to begin cataloguing various reflection and adsorption properties of soils, rock and vegetation. These spectra could be utilised to interpret actual surface lithologies from remote images. With a field crew providing ground truth data, large areas could be geologically mapped in a short time at a fraction of the cost of traditional geologic mapping.

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The Pogo district granitics, as seen from LandSat 5. These granites are clearly seen in this enhanced false color image. The Pogo district deposits are among the richest mineral locals in the world.

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Diamond, as a lustrous precious stone, has human fascination since historical times. In India, well known epics the Ramayana and the Mahabharata have mention of ornaments of diamonds. India continued to have dominant position in diamond mining and trade till beginning of the 18th century. But, mining of the diamond on large scale started with real rush in the last quarter of the 19th century in South Africa. The rush in gradual process founded the basis for the modern scientific methods of exploration. Kimberlite was identified as the primary source. Index minerals were identified as exploration tools. Thermodynamics of diamonds and hostrock-mineralentities and association helped in re-establishing the relation between the host rock and diamonds.

Mineralogical assemblage, geophysical signatures and

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geochemical attributes of the primary rock become the implements for integrated approach in prospecting.

Airborne Surveys and remote sensed data were inducted in the search process. By now, there are sufficient numbers of discoveries world-over to establish the pattern of distribution in tectonic set-up and localisation in plate-tectonics model. The broad outlines used in exploration for primary source of diamonds can be summarised in the following lines: Kimberlite Emplacement Model: Theoretical facts World over, majority of the kimberlites are emplaced in ancient cratonic blocks (Clifford, 1966) or where Archaean basement is underlain by deep lithospheric keels (Haggerty, 1986). Productive or diamond bearing kimberlites are emplaced in areas where surface heat flow is generally less than 40 Mw/m2 .This condition is suitably available in majority of the cratonic blocks.
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 Ascent of Kimberlite melt is from upper mantle but below the graphite-diamond stability surface (i.e., where pressure >45 to 60 Kb 150-200 km depth and temperature from 900 to 1300 C). The melt intrudes through pre-existing deep-seated faults / fractures, which have their roots in upper mantle. The deep-seated faults and deep-seated fractures are well depicted on the imageries in the form of lineaments traversing hundreds of kilometres. After reaching the lower level of the upper crust, the melt finds a number of shallow faults / fractures in its way. The melt intrudes into these weak zones of varied orientation in the form of cones and dykes.

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 The kimberlites are usually localised in zones of high magmatic permeability and repetitive basic and ultra basic magmatic activity (Kaminski et al., 1995).

The kimberlites occur in clusters and such clusters make a field (of 1 to 50 or more bodies Janse, 1984, Mitchell, 1986) and a set of fields a province. Mantle-xenoliths and xenocrysts, along with diamonds, are inducted into the accelerated ascent of melt from the upper mantle environment and diamond stability zone.

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The above stated facts could serve as conceptual model or exploration model in search of the locales of the primary sources for diamonds. A detailed account on conceptual facts in diamond exploration and identification of prioritised zones in India was dealt in the compilation work of Satyanarayana, 2000. With the advent of GIS technology with tessellation and vector encoding, the integrated approach in search of the primary sources for diamond also get a boost in
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identification of statistically derived favourable zones from the overlaid predictive thematic layers. The present work constitutes an analysis for mineral targeting in 2953 sq km area falling in the Narayanpet Kimberlite Field, southern India, where integration of evidence maps is attempted on 'Index Overlay Model' coupled with 'Bayesian Probability Principle' in a vector GIS.

Narayanpet Kimberlite Field

The Geological Survey of India since 1984-85 has been discovering Kimberlite bodies in Maddur-Narayanpet area (Nayak et al., 1987: Sarma, 1990; Rao, 1995), Mahboob nagar district of Andhra Pradesh. Till date more than 30 Kimberlite bodies have been located, now this area which is designated as Narayanpet Kimberlite Field (NKF) (Satyanarayana et al., 1997) is a promising zone for kimberlites after the well-known Wajrakarur Kimberlite Field (WKF) in Dharwar Craton. The NKF measures about 60 km x 40 km in
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western part of Mahboob nagar district, Andhra Pradesh and eastern part of the adjoining Gulberga district, Karnataka. The kimberlites of both the fields have broad similarities in mineralogical, petrological

characters and major element chemistry, but there are subtle differences in REE distribution, indicator minerals and mantle nodules (Rao et al., 2001). The kimberlites of both NKF and WKF are in similar tectonic set-up, and of contemporary ages (Anil Kumar et al., 1993).

Geology
The area comprises broadly Archaean gneisses, migmatites and granites with enclaves of schistose rocks, Proterozoic granitic intrusive and sediments of Bhma Group and Cretaceous Deccan Basalts.

Emplacement of kimberlites of the NKF is noticed in the gneisses and granites (Rao et al., 1998). For prognostication purpose, the geology is simplified into
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three litho domains i.e., gneissic domain, granitic domain and basalt domain.

Tectonic Elements
A number of faults, fractures and lineaments of varied dimensions, in different orientation related to different tectonic events are recorded in the area. Some of these are occupied by basic (including ultrabasic) intrusive, pegmatites, quartzo-feldspathic veins, younger acidic intrusive etc. These intrusive are suggestive of zones of magmatic permeability and repetitive basic and Ultrabasic magmatic activity in the area. The various tectonic elements of this area are grouped into E-W, NE-SW, N-S, NW-SE sets on the basis of their orientation.

Geophysical Surveys
Multidisciplinary studies involving detailed satellite imagery, aerial photo interpretation and ground
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geophysical surveys were initiated in the NKF to locate new Kimberlite occurrences. Regional gravity and magnetic surveys carried out (Reddy et al., 2001) and interpretation of satellite and aerial photo data distincty brought out the co-axial relations existing between Geophysical anomaly linears and major lineaments / faults (Rao, 2001). The computer based dataset for the present work is derived from the analogue maps generated during the actual surveys and field activities in the NKF. Present Work Methodology The present GIS Project involves the following stages: 1. Data capture from analogue maps 2. Derivation of theme based evidence maps 3. Spatial analysis using Bayesian Probability Principle coupled with Index Overlay Model for mineral targeting
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Data Capture: Approach in search of new targets in an area is mostly based on the philosophy of known to unknown. In this respect the first step was to bring out all the appropriate data together into GIS database. The foresaid maps were digitised into GIS software Arc/Info version 8.2. The software captures data into workspace-coverage storage model. Two types of datasets i.e., evidence set and over plotting set, are delineated among the captured spatial dataset. The evidence spatial dataset comprising those discrete geographic objects evidencing the causative role in the emplacement process or defining the signatures of probable locales of Kimberlite and allied rocks in NKF. And thus they are of predictor nature in Prognostication process. The spatial database from the evidence set are: i. Lithology ii. Structure faults/fractures and lineaments

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iii. Gravity contours interpreted too high and low axes represented as lines iv. Ground magnetic contours interpreted too high and low anomalies represented as lines

The other set represents the existing Kimberlite prospects in the NKF: The database of 33 discrete known bodies of Kimberlite and allied rocks.

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The dataset was captured, populated with attribute values, assigned Polyconic projection with map-centre of the mosaic of four 1:50,000 topobases as origin of co-ordinate axes, edge-matched and mosaiced, thereby,
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all the themes were brought to a common reference system. This facilitated overlaying and over plotting of spatial databases for GIS analysis. Study of over plotted digital maps is helpful in revealing the pattern of occurrence, field controls on known bodies and theoretical understanding of emplacement model for known bodies. Visual analysis in understanding the pattern of distribution of kimberlites in NKF aided in

understanding the controls on Kimberlite emplacement. Small outcrops of geographic object like Kimberlite represented by points on the digital map may have three fundamental distribution patterns i.e., a) Complete spatial randomness, b) Clustered pattern and c) Regular pattern. The kimberlites of WKF and NKF represent a clustered pattern. Each cluster has limited aerial spread And the spread of kimberlites of NKF is in the form of an ellipse. On the whole, the ellipse precisely defines the Kimberlite points. The major axis of this elliptical
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distribution suggests a probable E-W control on the Kimberlite emplacement. But the ellipse has a considerably broad secondary axis perpendicular to the major axis, which suggests role of additional controls besides the E-W control.

A) An ellipse define overall distribution of kimberlites of NKF domains and distribution of kimberlites of NKF

B) Lithological

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Over-plotting of the Kimberlite occurrences on the generalised Lithological domains (comprising gneisses, diapiric granites and Deccan Basalt) brings out a modified distribution pattern influenced by the lithodomains. Though the number of known Kimberlite occurrences is almost equal in gneiss and granite (17 and 16 respectively), the controls on distribution pattern in these two Lithological domains is attributed to different sets of faults. The major axis of orientation of the Kimberlite distribution is E-W in gneissic domain, whereas it is NNW-SSE in granitic domain. Most of the theoretical concepts of Kimberlite emplacement hold good for the NKF. The emplacement model for kimberlites emphasises - clustering in a form of nest of crustal faults and fractures in proximity of a mega lineament. The mega lineament in NKF is traced from the Cuddapah Basin to the east that extends hundreds of kilometres in E-W disposition. It is thus
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Obvious that the linear geographic objects like faults, lineaments and gravity axes have controls on the pattern of distribution of kimberlites. The directional sets of feature-elements have different degree of controls, i.e., from significant to least significant.

Derivation of theme based evidence maps:

GIS

provides unlimited opportunities to make observations on over-plotted thematic maps, delineation of predictive features and understanding their role in identification of prognostication zones. Following the understanding of the cause and effect relationships, the second phase in an analysis process, is to manipulate the data so as to derive theme base evidence maps. Table 1 gives the details of the need for manipulation, the analysis tool applied in spatial data manipulation and its objective as a part of prognostication over the Narayanpet dataset:

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Table 1: Manipulation, a chain of operations to make the data usable in analysis process

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A chain of operations through near, buffer and statistics reporting tools are utilised to establish the precisely defined proximity between the predictive features of different themes and locales of any economic consequence (target). 'Near tool' - provides opportunity to define the closest nearness in quantitative terms, between the predictive line features (for present study faults & lineaments and interpreted gravity linears) and the target point objects (kimberlites).

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Spatial analysis using Bayesian Probability Principle coupled with Index Overlay Model for mineral targeting: Index overlay model (Bonham-Carter, 1996 and Westen, 1997) is selected for analysis with the Narayanpet evidence dataset. The procedure of the model is that each class of a predictive map is given different score as well as each predictive thematic map itself receives different weight. Before integration into a multi thematic map, each class or subset of a thematic map was weighted, ranking on a suitability scale (0 9, maximum 10 weighted classes). The spatial association between known occurrence and the predictive datasets are used to workout weights, which were applied to predictive areas with similar characteristics to the known occurrence. On account of standardising the weights for classes or sub-sets of a theme or for inter-thematic maps, factor (f) of posterior probability upon prior probability on
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the notion of Bayesian Probability Principle were undertaken. Prior probability is the ratio of known kimberlites (33) upon area (NKF). The expression for prior probability is the unbiased distribution of kimberlites per sq km area. Meaning thereby, the factor of prior probability is an expression of predictability at a point in the area when none of the thematic controls of predictive maps are taken into account. Whereas, posterior probability is the ratio between circumscribed Kimberlite bodies upon summed up area of the predictive zone (inside of the buffered zone). Thus, the posterior probability is a biased probability for a specific case. With the bias of known controls on the emplacement of kimberlites, there is always an improved degree of predictability for a point within the predictive zone. Assuming a common weight base (= 2) for the outside the predictive zone, the weight (integer) for inside is subscribed (Table-2) by multiplying weight base and probability factor (f). Thematic integration of subsets was carried out followed by integration into a
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multi thematic map i.e., the subset-evidences together make a factor map. Addition of weights and

normalisation was carried out in a newly created field in attribute table. Finally combining by union algorithms the three factor maps, namely1. Fault and lineament factor map, 2. Gravity factor map and 3. Magnetic factor map result into the favourability map

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* Prior probability of whole area or Dharwar Craton. # Relatively higher score is prescribed than the ratio. This is for highest upper crustal perforation along the set of faults (NW-SE) and the zone around has maximum number of Kimberlite localised. The favourability map generated on the combine of the Bayesian Probability Principle and Index Overlay Model, is a decision support map. The merit of the model could be realised when this map at decision making stage was over-plotted with Kimberlite occurrence map in ARCMAP of ARCGIS Version 8.2, for each selection of a set of polygons qualifying a
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normalised weighted value or range of value one can have selection by location of the Kimberlite bodies falling within concerned polygons. A degree of confidence can be expressed in terms of known kimberlites falling within area acquired by the polygons. So, at a decision making stage, for each unique normalised weight classes the decision maker have both figures - statistically summed up area and improved confidence level (Table-3, column-e).

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For example, polygons selected for high range of weights (8 to 9) make patches, having a total area of 80 sq km, which contain 3 known Kimberlite bodies in it. A higher ratio 3 nos/80 sq km (target area) upon 33 nos/2953 sq km (project area) propose an improved
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degree of confidence in the zone which is higher by 3.37 times from prior probability.

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Conclusion

A chain of operations on near, buffer and statistics reporting tools are utilised to establish the precisely defined proximity between the predictive features of different themes and zones of any economic

consequence. Using the proximity figures and sub-thematic weights resulted from proximity and probability driven analysis approach in working out a model for the Narayanpet Kimberlite Field could be applied on the whole to the Dharwar Craton for locating new nest of faults and fractures along mega-lineaments with any yield expectancy zones around them for kimberlites or related rocks. Most appreciating aspect of the model is the factor degree of confidence in a class or predictability of a class of the final favourability map, which prompts a prospector or a decision making authority to arrive at a right kind of decision.
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The

model is for close observation in light of new discovery in the NKF in recent years. In light of the fact that kimberlites of the NKF are in similar tectonic set-up with age-wise contemporaneous to WKF (~1100 Ma, Radiometric dating of the bodies), the model has a scope to improve and widen its application throughout the Dharwar Craton, which depicts heat flow regime of < 40 Mw/ m2 (Heat flow map of India, after Ravi

Shanker, 1988) that is favourable for diamond stability.

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Mineral Prediction using remote sensing and GIS in Rajasthan

ABSTRACT
The Indian state of Rajasthan is rich in mineral deposits including asbestos, mica, barite and talc. Integration of available background information (viz. geology,

tectonics, mineralogy and geomorphology) in GIS environment leads to development of Mineral

Exploration Geographic Information System. This study examines the use of remote sensing in geological studies in south east Rajasthan. Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) and TM were used to (i) classify the various geological units found in study area (ii) Discriminate the Lithology and structure of this area
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(iii) Delineate the associated zones for mineral identification. A wide variety of digital image processing techniques were applied such as the principal components analysis. The colour composite of principal components (1, 2, and 3), enabled us to determine the different types of sedimentary rocks in the study area. The selective PCA of ETM+ using bands 1, 3, 4, and 5 was used in mapping iron and iron oxide bearing minerals. GIS can describe and analyse interactions, to make predictions with models and to provide support for decisionmakers. Steps of mineral potential mapping includes identify mineralisation recognition criteria, data

preparation and structuring, producing factor maps and combining factor maps in the appropriate inference networks. In this research, conventional models for combining factor maps have been investigated and GIS model selected in mineral deposit exploration in detailed stage. An integration model using of

appropriate models has also been proposed.

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INTRODUCTION
Aravalli Mountain range hosts several economically viable mineral deposits. The mineral deposits found in this area include lead-zinc deposits, copper deposit, tungsten deposit and several other industrial mineral deposits. A careful study indicates a close association of most of the mineral deposits to the neighbouring fault/thrusts. Remote sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) tools, mineral composite characteristics (ferrous minerals (FM), iron oxide (OI), and clay minerals (CM)) of south east Rajasthan were integrated and mapped. The resulting mineral

composition index maps were summarised in nine classes by using natural breaks classification method in GIS. Using field data for which their geographic coordinates had been determined by global positioning system (GPS), developed MC maps were verified and found dependable for environmental studies.

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OBJECTIVE
The objectives were:

To understand the geologic and geomorphic setting of study area.

To

understand

image

lineament

and

their

importance in mineralisation zone.

To understand the mineralisation pattern using remotely sensed data and GIS modelling.

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Materials and Methodology

Materials:-

Spatial Data and Non- spatial data: Topographic

sheet (scale 1:50,000 and 1: 2,50,000) and remote sensing data - IRS LISS III, SRTM data, thematic Mapper (TM), enhanced thematic Mapper (ETM+), geological maps and district resources maps.

Software: ArcGIS 9.2, ERDAS IMAGINE, ILWIS,

AutoCAD Map. Methodology:The methodology is based on mineral composition and normalised difference vegetative (NDVI) indices (Tucker 1079; Sabins 1987; Jensen 1996; Campbell 1996). Mosaicing is the first step for Landsat ETM+ data and topographical data. The mosaic image was subset the area of interest by using vector AOI that was created on the map of S-E Rajasthan. Geological, geomorphologic, lineament, ferrous mineral, iron
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oxide, clay minerals and mineral composition map or thematic layers was prepared. Then, weightages map of all layers for overlay analysis were prepared. Study Area:The study area is located in the S-E part of Rajasthan. The main minerals present in the study area are Pb, Zn, Cu and gold. The study area (figure 1) extends between Latitude - 240 40 - 250 37 N and Longitude - 740 50 - 750 40 E. The covering area is 7549.45 km.

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION Geology: Rajasthan is endowed with a continuous geological sequence of rocks from the oldest Archaean, metamorphites, represented by Bhilwara Super Group to sub-recent alluvium and windblown sand. The sedimentaries include the rocks of Aravalli Super group, Delhi Super group, Upper Precambrian

Vindhyan Super group and of Cambrian to Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary ages. The south-eastern extremity of the state is occupied by a pile of basaltic flows of Deccan traps of cretaceous age (figure 2 (a)).

Geomorphology: Geomorphology is the science of the evolution and the development of the landforms. It is concerned mainly with the study of the landforms and their genesis on the earths surface. The landforms are carved and/or developed on earth surface as a consequence deposition. of weathering and erosion and/or

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Different types of landforms are available in the study area. These include alluvial plain, pediplain,

denudational hill, dissected hill, plateau, residual hill, structural hill, valley fill and ridges (fig.2 (b)).

Figure2(a) geological formation, (b) Geomorphological map of the study area

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GIS modelling for minerals: The study of minerals is called mineralogy. It includes mineral identification and description, the classification of mineral groups and the study of where minerals occur. Minerals have an internal, crystalline structure. Molecules that make up the minerals are arranged in a set pattern. This crystalline structure is sometimes reflected as a crystal if the mineral is given room to grow. However, even organic substances can grow crystals (figure 4, 5).

Figure 4. (a) Clay minerals (b) ferrous minerals of the study area
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Figure 5. (a) Iron oxide (b) mineral composition map of the study area

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CONCLUSION
In this study, mineral composition raster maps of the study area were studied using remote sensing and GIS. The overall results indicated that a considerable amount of area has moderate iron oxide but poor ferrous and clay mineral contents. Negative correlations between iron (FM, IO) and clay (CM, clay %) variables suggested that the dominant clay minerals of the study area have low iron content (figure 6).

The known mineral occurrences in SE Rajasthan are controlled by the Jahazpur Thrust and Great Boundary Thrust. The lineament length, lineament density and lineament intersection density, all these indicate NESW as dominant lineament trend in SE Rajasthan. Barite, steatite and tin are other important minerals present in SE Rajasthan. The techniques employed in the present study may be extended to prepare the

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mineral potential map in other potential areas for mineral exploration programme.

SUMMARY:As population increases and more nations industrialize the demand for natural resources continues to increase. Growing pressure for environmental sustainability and the spread of population centres has driven the search for economically viable mineral deposits into more remote and desolate regions. Increased competitiveness and price consciousness from investors has produced intense pressure to maximize the return on exploration capital expenses. These are among the many factors contributing to the increased use of remote sensing in geologic mineral exploration. As technology improves so will geologists ability to gather even more detailed data information from remotely sensed data.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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ARTICLES: Primary sources Verma, P.K., and Roy, A.B., 1999: Preliminary Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) study on mafic rocks from the south-eastern part of the Aravalli Mountain, Rajasthan: strain pattern and tectonic implications. In: T.

Radhakrishna and J.D. Piper (Eds.) the Indian

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subcontinent and Gondawana: a palaeomagnetic and rock magnetic perspective. Mem. Geol. Soc. India, V. 44, pp. 25-32. Bakliwal, P.C. and Sharma, S.B., 1980: On the migration of river Yamuna. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, 21 (9), pp. 461-463. Balsley, J. R. and Buddington, A. F., 1960: Magnetic susceptibility anisotropy and fabric of some Adirondack granites and orthogenesis, Am. J. Sci.,v. 258A, pp. 6-20. Banerjee, A.K. and Singh Maharaja, H. J., 1981: Palaeogeography and sedimentation of

Vindhyans in eastern Rajasthan. Geol. Surv. Ind., Misc. Publ. No. 50, pp. 89-94 Barton, C.C., 1995: Fractal analysis of scaling and spatial clustering of fractures. In: C.C., Barton, and P.R., La Pointe (eds.), Fractals in the Earth Sciences. New York: Plenum Press, pp.141-178.

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 Bates, R.L., & Jackson, J., 1987: Glossary of geology: geological Alexandria, Institute, Virginia, 788 p. American Bhan S.K.,

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