Presentation on Advances in Material Science

Rank

Country/Region World World

2007 1,351.3

2008

1
2 3 4 5

China People's 494.9 Republic of China EU European Union Japan Japan United States United States Russia Russia India India 209.7 120.2 98.1 72.4 53.1

500.5
198.0 118.7 91.4 68.5 55.2

The ability of metals to resist corrosion is to some extent dependent upon their position in the electrochemical series

Going from bottom to top, the metals: increase in reactivity; lose electrons more readily to form positive ions; corrode or tarnish more readily; require more energy (and different methods) to be separated from their ore

Metal K Na Li Sr Ca Mg Al Zn Cr Fe Cd Co Ni Sn Pb H2 Cu Ag Hg Au Pt

Ion K+ Na+ Li+ Sr2+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Al3+ C Zn2+ Cr2+ Fe2+ Cd2+ Co2+ Ni2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ H+ Cu2+ Ag+ Hg2+ Au3+

Reactivity

Extraction

reacts with water electrolysis

reacts with acids included for comparison

reacts with acids

smelting with coke

included for comparison

may react with heat or some physical strongly oxidizin extraction g acids

They may be tempered and hardened. Martensite gives steel great hardness, but it also reduces its toughness and makes it brittle, so few steels are fully hardened.
Martensite is not shown in the equilibrium phase diagram of the iron-carbon system because it is not an equilibrium phase. Equilibrium phases form by slow cooling rates allowing sufficient time for diffusion, whereas martensite is usually formed by fast cooling rates

Too much martensite leaves steel brittle, too little leaves it soft

(Fe) accounts for more than 95% by weigh, Carbon and Silicon are other alloying elements
Applications of grey cast irons: gears, flywheels, water pipes, engine cylinders, brake discs, gears

White cast iron is named after its white surface when fractured, due to its carbideimpurities which allow cracks to pass straight through.
White cast iron C 3.4, Si 0.7, Mn 0.6

Applications of white cast irons: brake shoes, shot blasting nozzles, mill liners, crushers, pump impellers and other abrasion resistant parts.

Ductile or nodular iron

C 3.4, P 0.1, Mn 0.4,Ni 1.0, Mg 0.06

Malleable iron (ASTM A47)

C 2.5, Si 1.0, Mn 0.55

Die Casting

Investment Casting

Continuous Casting

CO2 + C ---> 2 CO Reaction of Cementite to Carbon Monoxide: 2 CO + 3 Fe --->Fe3C + CO2

1. % C in medium carbon steels ranges from _____________. (a) 0.3 0.4 (b) 0.3 0.5 (c) 0.3 0.6

(d) None

2. Stainless steel is so called because of its ________________. (a) High strength (b) High corrosion resistance (c) High ductility 3. In white cast irons, carbon present as ________________. (a) Graphite flakes (b) Graphite nodules (c) Cementite 4. Refractory metal (a) Ag (b) W 5. Not a noble metal (a) Cu (b) Ag 6. Noble metal (a) Al (b) Ag (c) Mo (d) W

(d) Brittleness

(d) Carbon does not exist

(c) Pt

(d) Ni

(c) Au

(d) Pt

7. Usual casting method for making dental crowns (a) Sand casting (b) Die casting (c) Continuous casting (d) Investment casting

8. Prime structural disadvantage of P/M products

(a) Low density

(b) Porosity

(c) High damping capacity

(d) None

9. Not an important heat treatment process parameter (a) Heating rate (b) Temperature (c) Cooling rate (d) Atmosphere

10. Final structure of austempered steel (a) Pearlite (b) Ferrite + graphite (c) Bainite (d) Martensite

11. The following statement is true for Explosive forming a. Very large sheets with relatively complex shapes, although usually axisymmetric can be formed b. Low tooling costs, but high labor cost c. Suitable for low-quantity production d. All 12. The Drawing Operation is a. Shallow or deep parts with relatively simple shapes b. High production rates c. High tooling and equipment costs d. All

13. Cold-working metal forming is performed at a temperature above the recrystallization a. True b False
14 The most widely used drill is the general-purpose twist drill, which has many variations. The flutes on a twist drill are helical and are not designed for cutting but for removing chips from the hole. a. True b. False

Thank You